Evolution

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

Explanation, supported by observations/ experiments

Used to explain related occurrences

Question 2

Evolutional theory

Answer 2

Gradual CHANGE in a POPULATION over TIME

Question 3

Trends shown by evolution

Answer 3

Organisms change over time
Life evolved from SIMPLE to COMPLEX forms
Life went form UNICELLULAR to MULTICELLULAR

Question 4

Misconceptions of evolution

Answer 4

1. only the strong will survive
   - survival of the FITTEST (not always strength) FIT = ADAPTED
2. humans evolved from apes
   - humans and apes evolved from a COMMON ANCESTOR
3. organisms change bc they need to
   - populations change due to VARIATION passed on genetically from one generation to the next

Question 5

Lamarack was WRONG

Answer 5

You can’t pass on traits you acquire during your lifetime

Question 6

Lamarack’s law of use and disuse

Answer 6

The more an animal uses a certain part of his body, the stronger/ more developed that part of its body becomes

Question 7

Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 7

If you develop a characteristic during your life you can pass it of to your offspring

Question 8

According to Lamarck

Answer 8

Ancestors of giraffes short necks, as food decreased they stretched their necks, necks became longer, long necks passed on to offspring

Question 9

Charles Darwin was RIGHT, his theory:

Answer 9

Sailed to SA, studied Galapagos finches

Overproduction–Competition–Variation–Adaptations–Natural selection–Speciation

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

Organisms with favorable variations survive/produce more offspring than less well-adapted organisms

Survival of the fittest

Question 11

Speciation

Answer 11

Formation of a new species

Time frame; millions of years

Question 12

Darwin’s finches

Answer 12

Evolved bc limited niches

Niche= role in environment / how they get their food

Speciation

Question 13

How fast does evolution occur?

Answer 13

Gradualism (Darwin's theory, gradual changes, millions of years) 
Vs.
Punctuated equilibrium (rapid evolution in a short interval, supported by fossils)

Question 14

So environmental changes always cause evolution?

Answer 14

NO:

Times when there is NO SELECTION means that the organisms’ traits are still fit for the environment (already adapt)

Question 15

Organisms that don’t resemble their ancestors?

Answer 15

= DRASTIC CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT

Ex: elephants

Question 16

Survival of the fittest

Answer 16

=Natural selection

The ENVIRONMENT selects individuals with the best traits

Question 17

Sources of Variation

Answer 17

Sexual Reproduction (the one that's more fun) : meiosis (crossing over) and fertilization, new genes produced each time,
Asexual Reproduction (not as fun): mutation, random (change in genetic info)

Multicellular organisms: mutation: rare/random has to be in GAMETES to go to offspring and sexual repro

Unicellular organisms: mutation only (they don’t have fun)

Question 18

Examples of Adaptations that = best fit

Answer 18

Camouflage, mimicry, warning coloration (poisonous)

Question 19

Types of Camouflage

Answer 19

Cryptic coloration (checkered fish)
Disruptive coloration (zebra)
Counter shading (squirrel)

Question 20

Modern day evolutionary theory

Answer 20

Darwin’s theory + knowledge on genetics

Question 21

Results of genetic variation

Answer 21

• Structural change (thick furred polar bears)
• Functional change (electric eel, poisonous snake, antibiotic resistant bacteria, digesting certain foods)
• Behavioral change (nocturnal animals, firefly blinking, octopus)

Question 22

Isolation

Answer 22

Anything preventing two groups WITHIN A SPECIES form interbreeding

Question 23

Types of Isolation

Answer 23

Geographic isolation (natural barrier: mountains, river, lava)

Reproductive isolation (loss in the ability to interbreed, diff in courtship behavior -ex the dance- and mating times)

Question 24

Species

Answer 24

Organisms
Share characteristics
Can mate/ produce offspring

Isolation often leads to speciation

Question 25

Adaptive radiation

Answer 25

=Darwin's fiches =Divergent evolution One species evolved into several diff species each having their own NICHE (role)

Question 26

Convergent evolution

Answer 26

Organisms that are non related develop similar characteristics and look alike Koala (marsupial) an bears

Question 27

Variation vs no variation

Answer 27

Variation (sex + mutations) + change in environment = evolution (ex:horses) No variation + change in environment = endangered / extinction (ex:panda bears)

Question 28

IMPORTANT

Answer 28

⬆️variation= ⬆️survival ⬇️variation= ⬆️ extinction You CANT develop a trait that you NEED, you either have it or you don't

Question 29

Supporting evidence of evolution

Answer 29

Comparative anatomy (homologous analogous vestigial structures), comparative embryology and comparative biochem

Question 30

Comparative anatomy

Answer 30

The study of structural similarities and diff among living species

Question 31

Homologous structures

Answer 31

SAME STRUCTURE and embryonic development, DIFF FUNCTION Ex: human arm, whale fin, cat leg, bat wing, bird wing Shows that organisms are adapted to diff environments bc they're being used for diff things (diff niches)

Question 32

Analogous structures

Answer 32

SAME FUNCTION DIFF STRUCTURE Ex: bird and insect wings Shows that they have a similar niche/environment but a DIFF COMMON ANCESTOR

Question 33

Vestigial structures

Answer 33

Remnants of a structure that was FUNCTIONAL in ANCESTRAL FORM more than 100 in humans Tail bone, appendix, wisdom teeth, muscles with nose and ears

Question 34

Comparative embryology

Answer 34

Similarities during the earliest stage of development | *Common Ancestry

Question 35

Comparative biochem

Answer 35

Similar DNA, RNA and protein like enzymes MOST RELIABLE

Question 36

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 36

Antibiotics treat bacteria Natural variation=ability to resist antibiotic Variation= gene carried on by bacteria Least resistant bacteria die 1st Stoping antibiotic=greater proportion resistant Pop of resistant⬆️ Diff antibiotic requires

Question 37

Preventing antibiotic resistance

Answer 37

Avoid using antibiotics unnecessarily Follow prescription : finish taking it Use the most specific antibiotic possible

Question 38

Population

Answer 38

Same species, same time, same place

Question 39

Population Genetics

Answer 39

The study in the changes in the genetic makeup of a population

Question 40

GENE POOL

Answer 40

All the alleles in the individual that make up a population at any given time "Reservoir" of genes for next generation Where genetic variation is stored

Question 41

Shift in the gene pool

Answer 41

= evolution

Question 42

Allelic Frequency

Answer 42

``` How often can certain genes be expressed in a gene pool Mathematic formula (%) ```

Question 43

Hardy-Weinberg

Answer 43

NON EVOLVING Hardy-Weinberg theory describes a non evolving pop, pop @ equilibrium Generation after generation, gene pool stays the same

Question 44

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Answer 44

Each variable represents a diff type of allele

Question 45

Need page 18 and 19 in pkt

Answer 45

Look at those pages in packet

Question 46

Need page 18 and 19 in pkt

Answer 46

Look at those pages in packet