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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Theory

A

Explanation, supported by observations/ experiments

Used to explain related occurrences

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2
Q

Evolutional theory

A

Gradual CHANGE in a POPULATION over TIME

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3
Q

Trends shown by evolution

A

Organisms change over time
Life evolved from SIMPLE to COMPLEX forms
Life went form UNICELLULAR to MULTICELLULAR

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4
Q

Misconceptions of evolution

A
  1. only the strong will survive
    - survival of the FITTEST (not always strength) FIT = ADAPTED
  2. humans evolved from apes
    - humans and apes evolved from a COMMON ANCESTOR
  3. organisms change bc they need to
    - populations change due to VARIATION passed on genetically from one generation to the next
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5
Q

Lamarack was WRONG

A

You can’t pass on traits you acquire during your lifetime

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6
Q

Lamarack’s law of use and disuse

A

The more an animal uses a certain part of his body, the stronger/ more developed that part of its body becomes

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7
Q

Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

If you develop a characteristic during your life you can pass it of to your offspring

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8
Q

According to Lamarck

A

Ancestors of giraffes short necks, as food decreased they stretched their necks, necks became longer, long necks passed on to offspring

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9
Q

Charles Darwin was RIGHT, his theory:

A

Sailed to SA, studied Galapagos finches

Overproduction–Competition–Variation–Adaptations–Natural selection–Speciation

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Organisms with favorable variations survive/produce more offspring than less well-adapted organisms

Survival of the fittest

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11
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

Time frame; millions of years

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12
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

Evolved bc limited niches

Niche= role in environment / how they get their food

Speciation

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13
Q

How fast does evolution occur?

A 
Gradualism (Darwin's theory, gradual changes, millions of years) 
Vs.
Punctuated equilibrium (rapid evolution in a short interval, supported by fossils)
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14
Q

So environmental changes always cause evolution?

A

NO:

Times when there is NO SELECTION means that the organisms’ traits are still fit for the environment (already adapt)

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15
Q

Organisms that don’t resemble their ancestors?

A

= DRASTIC CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT

Ex: elephants

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16
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

=Natural selection

The ENVIRONMENT selects individuals with the best traits

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17
Q

Sources of Variation

A 
Sexual Reproduction (the one that's more fun) : meiosis (crossing over) and fertilization, new genes produced each time,
Asexual Reproduction (not as fun): mutation, random (change in genetic info)

Multicellular organisms: mutation: rare/random has to be in GAMETES to go to offspring and sexual repro

Unicellular organisms: mutation only (they don’t have fun)

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18
Q

Examples of Adaptations that = best fit

A

Camouflage, mimicry, warning coloration (poisonous)

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19
Q

Types of Camouflage

A 
Cryptic coloration (checkered fish)
Disruptive coloration (zebra)
Counter shading (squirrel)
20
Q

Modern day evolutionary theory

A

Darwin’s theory + knowledge on genetics

21
Q

Results of genetic variation

A
  • Structural change (thick furred polar bears)
  • Functional change (electric eel, poisonous snake, antibiotic resistant bacteria, digesting certain foods)
  • Behavioral change (nocturnal animals, firefly blinking, octopus)
22
Q

Isolation

A

Anything preventing two groups WITHIN A SPECIES form interbreeding

23
Q

Types of Isolation

A

Geographic isolation (natural barrier: mountains, river, lava)

Reproductive isolation (loss in the ability to interbreed, diff in courtship behavior -ex the dance- and mating times)

24
Q

Species

A

Organisms
Share characteristics
Can mate/ produce offspring

Isolation often leads to speciation

25
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

=Darwin’s fiches
=Divergent evolution

One species evolved into several diff species each having their own NICHE (role)

26
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Organisms that are non related develop similar characteristics and look alike

Koala (marsupial) an bears

27
Q

Variation vs no variation

A

Variation (sex + mutations) + change in environment = evolution (ex:horses)

No variation + change in environment = endangered / extinction (ex:panda bears)

28
Q

IMPORTANT

A

⬆️variation= ⬆️survival

⬇️variation= ⬆️ extinction

You CANT develop a trait that you NEED, you either have it or you don’t

29
Q

Supporting evidence of evolution

A

Comparative anatomy (homologous analogous vestigial structures), comparative embryology and comparative biochem

30
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

The study of structural similarities and diff among living species

31
Q

Homologous structures

A

SAME STRUCTURE and embryonic development, DIFF FUNCTION

Ex: human arm, whale fin, cat leg, bat wing, bird wing

Shows that organisms are adapted to diff environments bc they’re being used for diff things (diff niches)

32
Q

Analogous structures

A

SAME FUNCTION DIFF STRUCTURE

Ex: bird and insect wings

Shows that they have a similar niche/environment but a DIFF COMMON ANCESTOR

33
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Remnants of a structure that was FUNCTIONAL in ANCESTRAL FORM

more than 100 in humans

Tail bone, appendix, wisdom teeth, muscles with nose and ears

34
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Similarities during the earliest stage of development

*Common Ancestry

35
Q

Comparative biochem

A

Similar DNA, RNA and protein like enzymes

MOST RELIABLE

36
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotics treat bacteria
Natural variation=ability to resist antibiotic
Variation= gene carried on by bacteria
Least resistant bacteria die 1st
Stoping antibiotic=greater proportion resistant
Pop of resistant⬆️
Diff antibiotic requires

37
Q

Preventing antibiotic resistance

A

Avoid using antibiotics unnecessarily
Follow prescription : finish taking it
Use the most specific antibiotic possible

38
Q

Population

A

Same species, same time, same place

39
Q

Population Genetics

A

The study in the changes in the genetic makeup of a population

40
Q

GENE POOL

A

All the alleles in the individual that make up a population at any given time

“Reservoir” of genes for next generation

Where genetic variation is stored

41
Q

Shift in the gene pool

A

= evolution

42
Q

Allelic Frequency

A 
How often can certain genes be expressed in a gene pool
Mathematic formula (%)
43
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

NON EVOLVING
Hardy-Weinberg theory describes a non evolving pop, pop @ equilibrium

Generation after generation, gene pool stays the same

44
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

Each variable represents a diff type of allele

45
Q

Need page 18 and 19 in pkt

A

Look at those pages in packet

46
Q

Need page 18 and 19 in pkt

A

Look at those pages in packet

Biology (23 decks)

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