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IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester > SEX Anatomy (MALE) > Flashcards

SEX Anatomy (MALE) Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the male urethra

A

~8inches long (internal and external)

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2
Q

Testes is….

Testis is…

A
  • plural

- Singular

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3
Q

What is the nerve that passes with the spermatic cord into the inguinal canal

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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4
Q 
At puberty (males) 
GnRH increases to
A

Stimulate gonadotrophs (Ant. Pituitary) to secrete LH and FSH

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5
Q

What is the composition of seminal vesicle fluid

A

Fructose (ATP production by sperm)
Prostaglandins for motility and help contact the female reproductive tract for motility
Clotting proteins, helps coagulate after ejaculation

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6
Q

These produce and secrete sex hormones

A

Gonads

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7
Q

What are the male sexual reproductive supporting structures

A

The scrotum and the penis

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8
Q

What is the concentration of testosterone in the testicles

A

100 times greater than what’s in sys. Circ.

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9
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus

A

Tortuous network of veins that drains the scrotum and the testicle

Ascends anterior to the vas deferens on both sides

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10
Q

The terminal portion of the vas deferens widens into the

A

Ampulla

Where it eats the seminal vesicles

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11
Q

How do most testicular torsions occur

A

When the testicles rotates medially in the scrotum

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12
Q

What are the 4 parts of the sperms tail

A

Neck-containing the centrioles
Middle- contains the mitochondria
Principle piece- longest portion
End piece- terminal portion

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do spermatocyctes contain

A

2n (46 chromosomes)

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14
Q

What should unilateral right sided varicocele prompt…

A

Investigation for a proximal mass

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15
Q

What is the in-the-field treatment for testicular torsion

A

Taking the affected testicle and gently rotating it laterally

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16
Q

The right veins of the scrotum drain into the…

A

Inferior vena cava

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17
Q

What part of the testicles forms from the peritoneum

A

The tunica Vaginalis parietal and visceral layer

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18
Q

Circulating FSH and testosterone stimulate Sertoli cells to…

A

Promote mitosis and the meiosis

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19
Q

A single primary spermatocyte produces how many spermatids

How many rounds of Meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

2 rounds of meiosis

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20
Q

How does sperm move from the seminiferous tubules into the straight tubules

A

Pressure generated by the fluid secreted from Sertoli cells pushes sperm into straight tubules

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21
Q

What is the inner most layer of the scrotum and the outer most layer of the testicle

A

The Tunica Vaginalis

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22
Q

All the efferent ducts in the testes drain into the

A

Ductus epididymis

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23
Q

What secretes most of the fluid in semen

A 
Seminal vesicle (60%) 
Prostatic Secretion (25 %) 
Bulbourethral Gland (14-15%) 
Seminiferous tubules (1%)
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24
Q

What are some of the causes of ED

A 
Hyper/hypotension 
]diabetes 
Drugs 
Trauma 
Illnes 
Psychological
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25
Q

What is the reflex that is responsible for ejaculation

A

Sympathetic reflex

(lumbar portion of spinal cord)

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26
Q

What are the actions of estradiol

A
  • epiphyseal closure
  • prevention of osteoporosis
  • feedback regulation of GnRH secretion
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27
Q

What are the actions of DHT

-

A
  • embryonic development of prostate
  • decent of testicles
  • phallic growth
  • male pattern balding
  • development of pubic and underarm hair
  • activity of Sebaceous glands
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28
Q

How many chromosomes do secondary spermatocytes contain

A

n (23 chromosomes)

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29
Q

How many sperm complete spermatogenesis each day?

A

150-300 million

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30
Q

Describe the prostate

A 
Single, walnut shaped gland 
Size of a gold ball 
Inferior to the bladder 
Surrounds the prostatic urethra 
Grows from puberty to age 30 
(May enlarge after 45)

Secretes prostatic fluid

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31
Q

What kind of muscle if the cremaster muscle

A

Smooth and Skeletal

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32
Q

What is the tunica albuginea

A

Lies internal to the tunica vaginalis layer, and is white fibrous dense tissue

-forms septa that decides the testis into lobules

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33
Q

How many chromosomes do spermatogonia contain

A

2n ( 46 chromosomes)

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34
Q

Describe Leydig Cells

A

Located OUTSIDE the seminiferous tubules
Locates in the tunica albuginea

Produces testosterone
Synthesis of cholesterol from LDL/HDL

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35
Q

The left side veins of the scrotum drain into the

A

Left renal vein

Much more pathology is found on the left side

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36
Q

Peripheral conversion of testosterone to DHT occurs mostly where?

A

The skin

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37
Q

How are the two Sacs of the scrotum divided

A

By the scrotal septum

Each sac contains one testis

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38
Q

What are the 4 ducts of the male reproductive system

A

Epididymis
Ducts deferens (Vas deferens)
Ejaculatory Ducts
Urethra

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39
Q

How long would the ductus epididymis be if unwound/?

A

20 feet long

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40
Q

What is the path of the male urethra

A

Passes through the prostate, deep muscles of the perineum, and then the penis

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41
Q

These structures store and transport gametes

A

Ducts

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42
Q

What is varicocelle

A

Swelling of the scrotum due to dilation of the pampiniform plexus veins

More apparent when the pt stands

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43
Q

What bridges the straight tubules and the efferent ducts

A

Rete testis

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44
Q

What is the function of the male testes

A

To produce sperm and secrete hormones

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45
Q

Describe Sertoli Cells

A

Aka sustentacular cells
Aka Nurse cells
Extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the table

Maintains the blood testis barrier 
Produces fluid for sperm INSIDE the tubules 
Supports mitosis and meiosis 
Providers sustenance 
Phagocytize leftover cytoplasm 
Secrete inhibit 
Produces androgen binding proteins 
Produces antimullerian during gestational growth
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46
Q

Where is the bulbosongiousus muslce and what does it do

A

In the root of the penis

Aids in ejaculation

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47
Q

What makes up the spermatic cord

A 
Ductus deferens 
Testicular artery 
Veins (carry testosterone into circulation) 
Lymphatic vessels 
Autonomic nerves 
Cremaster Muscle
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48
Q

The production of offspring by making germ cells called gametes is…

A

Sexual Reproduction

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49
Q

How long does it take sperm to pass through the epididymis and complete maturation

A

1-2 weeks

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50
Q

What is the acrosome of the sperm

A

Cap like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm perpetrate the secondary oocyte

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51
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis

A

Development of haploid spermatids into sperm

Spermatids start to elongate

  • across Europe forms
  • flagellum develops
  • mitochondria multiply
  • Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm
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52
Q

Define Gynocology

A

Medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

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53
Q

What is the treatment for priapism

A

Blood must be drained manually by a needle to prevent necrosis

54
Q

What are the three masses of erectile tissue in the body of the penis, and what holds them together

A

The two dorsolateral masses of the corpora cavernosa
And the singular midventral mass of the corpus spongiosum

Held together by the tunica albuginea

55
Q

What is the margin that surrounds the glans penis called?

A

The corona

56
Q

What part of the spinal cord initiates and maintinas an erection

A

The parasympathetic fibers

-produce and releases Nitric oxide

57
Q

What do the accessory Sex Glands do…

A

Produce substances to protect the gamete and facilitate their movement

58
Q

How does the scrotum respond to decreased temperature changes

A

Muscles contract in colder temperatures to preserve heat

  • cremaster contracts to bring the testicles closer to the body
  • Dartos causes scrotum to become tighter and more wrinkled (preserving heat)
59
Q

How do the testes develop

A

Develop near the kidneys , descend through the inguinal canal in the 7th month of fetal development

60
Q

What is epididymis hypertension

A

Aka blue balls

During sexual arousal, blood collects in the veins of the testicles

61
Q

What is the path of cholesterol in the leydig cells

A 
Is converted to pregnenolone 
Then processes to
-progesterone 
-17hydoxyprogesterone 
-androstenedione 
(Gets converted to 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)
62
Q

Faster Rate of spermatic production=

A

Increased inhibin secretion

63
Q

What two structures from the ejaculatory duct

A

Union of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

64
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands

65
Q

What stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis ?

A

Testosterone

66
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum

A 
Dartos fascia/ Dartos Muscle 
External spermatic fascia 
Cremaster Muscle 
Cremaster Fascia 
Internal spermatic fascia

Tunica Vaginalis
-parietal/ visceral layer

67
Q

Fertilization produces..

A

One cell containing one set of chromosomes from each parent

68
Q

Describe capacitation

A

After sperm are deposited in the female reproductive tract for 4-6 hours, surface proteins become rearranged and cholesterol is withdrawal from sperm membrane
The tail also becomes more whip like

69
Q

What does seminalplasmin do

A

Decrease the number of bacteria in semen

70
Q

How long is the epididymis

A

1.5 inches long

71
Q

What is a negative thing that can happen from a high riding tunica Vaginalis

A

Testicular torsion

72
Q

What prevents urine from getting mixed in with semen

A

A smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the bladder contracts during ejaculation

73
Q

What are some causes of priapism

A

Medication, spinal trauma, tumors, leukemia, sickle cell

74
Q

What is the location of spermatogenesis?

A

The seminiferous tubules

75
Q

What are the actions of testosterone

A
  • embryonic development of male characteristics
  • postpubertal secretions
  • growth of larynx and seeping of voice
  • anabolic effects on muscles
  • erythropoesis
  • inhibition of breast development
  • libido
  • spermatogensis
76
Q

Is there fat in the scrotum ?

A

NO

There are numerous sebaceous and sweat glands

77
Q

What are the 3 sections of the male urethra

A 
Prostatic urethra (1 inch ) 
Membranous urethra (0.5 inches) 
Spongy urethra (6-8 inches)
78
Q

What is the typical volume of ejaculation

A

2.5- 5 ml

79
Q

What is epididymitis

A

Inflamation or infection of the epididymis

Usually STD transmittied under the age of 40
Usually unilateral

80
Q

What is the functional unit of the testicles

A

Lobules,
Each testis contains 200-300
Made up of seminiferous tubules
(1-3) per lobule

81
Q

What is spermation

A

When the sperm is released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen

82
Q

What is the Raphe of the Scrotum

A

The external ridge, fold of tissues,

NOT A TRUE SEPTUM

83
Q

Can sperm swim on their own during spermiation ?

What helps them travel to the ducts of the testes?

A

NO

Fluid from Sertoli cells helps them travel to the duct of the testes

84
Q

What is the function of the male accessory sex glands

A

Provide secretions to semen

85
Q

When the supreme cell unites with the secondary oocyte… this is called?

A

Fertilization

86
Q

What is the nerve that contracts the muscles of the penis

A

The pudendal nerve

bulbospongiosus/ ishiocavernousus

87
Q

What is the pH of sperm

A

7.2-7.7

Slight alkaline

88
Q

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis ?

A

Spermiogenesis

89
Q

Hematopermia is what?

A

The presence of blood in the sperm

Usually caused by Inflamation of the blood vessels lining the seminal vesicles or other glands

Or trauma, prolonged abstinence, over indulged, or hypertension

90
Q

What is the role of LH (males)

A

Stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone

Making testesterone lipid soluable to pass into the interstitium and into blood and seminiferous tubules

91
Q

Once a normal level of spermatogenesis occurs Sertoli cells realease…

A

Inhibin, reduces the production of FSH

92
Q

What is the role of inhibin secreted by the Sertoli cells

A

Decrease production of GnRH and FSH (negative feedback)

93
Q

What structure is at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum

A

The Glans Penis

  • acorn shaped structure
  • contains the external Ruth earl orifice
94
Q

What is the hydrocele in the scrotum

A

A space in the scrotum that is connected by the processes Vaginalis to the peritoneum,

Can be an area for third spacing of fluid in trauma and disease

95
Q

Varicocele is more common on which side of the scrotum

A

Of the left side becase of the acute angle formed by the left renal vein and the left testicular vein

(Increases pressure in the vein)

96
Q

What does nitric oxide do in the role of an erection

A

Causes smooth muscle in the Arturo to walls to relax which dilated the blood sinuses

97
Q

What propels sperm into the ductus deferens during sexual arousal

A

The epididymis

98
Q

What are the supporting structures of sexual reproduction

A

The penis and the Uterus

99
Q

How long is the ejaculatory duct and where does it terminate

A

~1 inch

Terminates at the prostatic urethra

100
Q

What are the characteristics of prostatic fluid

A 
Milky appearance 
Slight acidic (6.5) 
Citric Acid (ATP production) 
Proteolytic enzymes 
-pepsinogen 
-lysozyme 
-amylase
-hyaluronidase
101
Q

How does the scrotum respond to increased temperature changes

A

The cremaster and Dartos muscles relax.. moving the testicles further away from the body.

102
Q

Define Andrology

A

Concerned with male disorders such as infertility and sexual dysfunction

103
Q

What are the enzymes in the acrosome

A

Hyaluronidase and proteases

104
Q

What is the role of androgen binding proteins

A 
Binds androgens (testosterone) in the lumen of seminiferous tubules 
INcreases the concentration of testosterone locally
105
Q

What are Cowper’s glands

A

Bulbourethral glands

Pea sized set of glands
Inferior to the prostate on either side of teh membranous urethra
Open into the spongy urethra

During sexual arousal these glands secrete alkaline fluid into the urethra

(PRE CUM) Contains little to no sperm

106
Q

What is the anatomical tract/ path of the ductus deferens

A

Travels through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops OVER the ureter and runs down the posterior surface of the scrotum

107
Q

How many spermatids are produced at the end of Meiosis II

A

4 haploid cells each containing 23 chromosomes

108
Q

What is the site for sperm maturation

A

The epididymis

109
Q

Define Urology

A

Study of the Urinary system

Can diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system

110
Q

Why is the seminal vesicle fluid alkaline and viscous

A

Helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract

Viscous to keep semen in the female reproductive tract longer and increase chances of fertilization

111
Q

What do the efferent ducts connect to

A

Connects the rete testis to the epididymis

112
Q

Where does the Raphe extend from

A

From the urethral meatus, down the ventral shaft, scrotum, and ends at the anus

113
Q

What are the two types of cells in the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenic cells

Sertoli (sustentacular cells)

114
Q

What is the role of FSH (males)

A

Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis

Works synergistically with testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen Binding Proteins (concentrate testosterone in the testes)

115
Q

When does Meiosis I being?

A

From primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes
(~24 days)

-starts to replicate its own DNA

116
Q

How long does it take spermatogonia to differentiate into spermatocytes

A

16 days

117
Q

What is the percentage breakdown for transportion and metabolism of androgens (males)

A

60 percent of testosterone is bound to androgen binding proteins

38 percent is bound to albumin or sex hormone binding globulin (made in the liver)

2 percent is free testosterone

118
Q

Primordial germ cells differentiate into what during fetal development

A

Spermatogonia/ Spermatogonium

During the 5th week of embryonic development
Remain dormant till puberty

119
Q

When the superior medial thigh is stroked, how should the testis respond

A

The ipsilateral testicle should raise

Cremasteric Reflex

120
Q

What is the sperm count number for a male to be condiserd infertile

A

When the number of sperm per 1 ml is below 20 million

121
Q

What are the two ligaments that holds the weight of the penis

A

The fundiform ligament
(inferior part of the línea alba)
And suspensory ligament
(From the pubis symphysis)

122
Q

What is the function of the ducts of the male reproductive system

A

Transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior of the body

123
Q

Peripheral conversion of testosterone to estradiol occurs mostly where?

A

In the adipose

124
Q

When does meiosis II occur

A

From secondary spermatocytes to spermatids

125
Q

What is the function of the scrotum

A

Supports the testes

126
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles

A

Parked set of convoluted pouch like structures

2 inches in length

127
Q

What is a priapism

A

Persistent and usually painful erection that does not involve sexual desire or exitement

128
Q

What are the three portions of the penis

A

The left crus
The right crus
And the bulb of penis

129
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take..

A

~75 days

130
Q

When is the cremasteric reflex absent

A

Testicular torsion
Multiple Sclerosis
Upper/ Lower neuron dysfunction
Cuadra equine syndrome

131
Q

What is the Raphe a remnant of..

A

The fusion of the genital tubercles in embryonic development

IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester (22 decks)

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