SEX Anatomy (MALE) Flashcards
How long is the male urethra
~8inches long (internal and external)
Testes is….
Testis is…
- plural
- Singular
What is the nerve that passes with the spermatic cord into the inguinal canal
Ilioinguinal nerve
At puberty (males) GnRH increases to
Stimulate gonadotrophs (Ant. Pituitary) to secrete LH and FSH
What is the composition of seminal vesicle fluid
Fructose (ATP production by sperm)
Prostaglandins for motility and help contact the female reproductive tract for motility
Clotting proteins, helps coagulate after ejaculation
These produce and secrete sex hormones
Gonads
What are the male sexual reproductive supporting structures
The scrotum and the penis
What is the concentration of testosterone in the testicles
100 times greater than what’s in sys. Circ.
What is the pampiniform plexus
Tortuous network of veins that drains the scrotum and the testicle
Ascends anterior to the vas deferens on both sides
The terminal portion of the vas deferens widens into the
Ampulla
Where it eats the seminal vesicles
How do most testicular torsions occur
When the testicles rotates medially in the scrotum
What are the 4 parts of the sperms tail
Neck-containing the centrioles
Middle- contains the mitochondria
Principle piece- longest portion
End piece- terminal portion
How many chromosomes do spermatocyctes contain
2n (46 chromosomes)
What should unilateral right sided varicocele prompt…
Investigation for a proximal mass
What is the in-the-field treatment for testicular torsion
Taking the affected testicle and gently rotating it laterally
The right veins of the scrotum drain into the…
Inferior vena cava
What part of the testicles forms from the peritoneum
The tunica Vaginalis parietal and visceral layer
Circulating FSH and testosterone stimulate Sertoli cells to…
Promote mitosis and the meiosis
A single primary spermatocyte produces how many spermatids
How many rounds of Meiosis
4 haploid cells
2 rounds of meiosis
How does sperm move from the seminiferous tubules into the straight tubules
Pressure generated by the fluid secreted from Sertoli cells pushes sperm into straight tubules
What is the inner most layer of the scrotum and the outer most layer of the testicle
The Tunica Vaginalis
All the efferent ducts in the testes drain into the
Ductus epididymis
What secretes most of the fluid in semen
Seminal vesicle (60%) Prostatic Secretion (25 %) Bulbourethral Gland (14-15%) Seminiferous tubules (1%)
What are some of the causes of ED
Hyper/hypotension ]diabetes Drugs Trauma Illnes Psychological
What is the reflex that is responsible for ejaculation
Sympathetic reflex
(lumbar portion of spinal cord)
What are the actions of estradiol
- epiphyseal closure
- prevention of osteoporosis
- feedback regulation of GnRH secretion
What are the actions of DHT
-
- embryonic development of prostate
- decent of testicles
- phallic growth
- male pattern balding
- development of pubic and underarm hair
- activity of Sebaceous glands
How many chromosomes do secondary spermatocytes contain
n (23 chromosomes)
How many sperm complete spermatogenesis each day?
150-300 million
Describe the prostate
Single, walnut shaped gland Size of a gold ball Inferior to the bladder Surrounds the prostatic urethra Grows from puberty to age 30 (May enlarge after 45)
Secretes prostatic fluid
What kind of muscle if the cremaster muscle
Smooth and Skeletal
What is the tunica albuginea
Lies internal to the tunica vaginalis layer, and is white fibrous dense tissue
-forms septa that decides the testis into lobules
How many chromosomes do spermatogonia contain
2n ( 46 chromosomes)
Describe Leydig Cells
Located OUTSIDE the seminiferous tubules
Locates in the tunica albuginea
Produces testosterone
Synthesis of cholesterol from LDL/HDL
The left side veins of the scrotum drain into the
Left renal vein
Much more pathology is found on the left side
Peripheral conversion of testosterone to DHT occurs mostly where?
The skin
How are the two Sacs of the scrotum divided
By the scrotal septum
Each sac contains one testis
What are the 4 ducts of the male reproductive system
Epididymis
Ducts deferens (Vas deferens)
Ejaculatory Ducts
Urethra
How long would the ductus epididymis be if unwound/?
20 feet long
What is the path of the male urethra
Passes through the prostate, deep muscles of the perineum, and then the penis
These structures store and transport gametes
Ducts
What is varicocelle
Swelling of the scrotum due to dilation of the pampiniform plexus veins
More apparent when the pt stands
What bridges the straight tubules and the efferent ducts
Rete testis
What is the function of the male testes
To produce sperm and secrete hormones
Describe Sertoli Cells
Aka sustentacular cells
Aka Nurse cells
Extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the table
Maintains the blood testis barrier Produces fluid for sperm INSIDE the tubules Supports mitosis and meiosis Providers sustenance Phagocytize leftover cytoplasm Secrete inhibit Produces androgen binding proteins Produces antimullerian during gestational growth
Where is the bulbosongiousus muslce and what does it do
In the root of the penis
Aids in ejaculation
What makes up the spermatic cord
Ductus deferens Testicular artery Veins (carry testosterone into circulation) Lymphatic vessels Autonomic nerves Cremaster Muscle
The production of offspring by making germ cells called gametes is…
Sexual Reproduction
How long does it take sperm to pass through the epididymis and complete maturation
1-2 weeks
What is the acrosome of the sperm
Cap like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm perpetrate the secondary oocyte
What happens during spermiogenesis
Development of haploid spermatids into sperm
Spermatids start to elongate
- across Europe forms
- flagellum develops
- mitochondria multiply
- Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm
Define Gynocology
Medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
What is the treatment for priapism
Blood must be drained manually by a needle to prevent necrosis
What are the three masses of erectile tissue in the body of the penis, and what holds them together
The two dorsolateral masses of the corpora cavernosa
And the singular midventral mass of the corpus spongiosum
Held together by the tunica albuginea
What is the margin that surrounds the glans penis called?
The corona
What part of the spinal cord initiates and maintinas an erection
The parasympathetic fibers
-produce and releases Nitric oxide
What do the accessory Sex Glands do…
Produce substances to protect the gamete and facilitate their movement
How does the scrotum respond to decreased temperature changes
Muscles contract in colder temperatures to preserve heat
- cremaster contracts to bring the testicles closer to the body
- Dartos causes scrotum to become tighter and more wrinkled (preserving heat)
How do the testes develop
Develop near the kidneys , descend through the inguinal canal in the 7th month of fetal development
What is epididymis hypertension
Aka blue balls
During sexual arousal, blood collects in the veins of the testicles
What is the path of cholesterol in the leydig cells
Is converted to pregnenolone Then processes to -progesterone -17hydoxyprogesterone -androstenedione (Gets converted to 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)
Faster Rate of spermatic production=
Increased inhibin secretion
What two structures from the ejaculatory duct
Union of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens
What are the male accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands
What stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis ?
Testosterone
What are the layers of the scrotum
Dartos fascia/ Dartos Muscle External spermatic fascia Cremaster Muscle Cremaster Fascia Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica Vaginalis
-parietal/ visceral layer
Fertilization produces..
One cell containing one set of chromosomes from each parent
Describe capacitation
After sperm are deposited in the female reproductive tract for 4-6 hours, surface proteins become rearranged and cholesterol is withdrawal from sperm membrane
The tail also becomes more whip like
What does seminalplasmin do
Decrease the number of bacteria in semen
How long is the epididymis
1.5 inches long
What is a negative thing that can happen from a high riding tunica Vaginalis
Testicular torsion
What prevents urine from getting mixed in with semen
A smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the bladder contracts during ejaculation
What are some causes of priapism
Medication, spinal trauma, tumors, leukemia, sickle cell
What is the location of spermatogenesis?
The seminiferous tubules
What are the actions of testosterone
- embryonic development of male characteristics
- postpubertal secretions
- growth of larynx and seeping of voice
- anabolic effects on muscles
- erythropoesis
- inhibition of breast development
- libido
- spermatogensis
Is there fat in the scrotum ?
NO
There are numerous sebaceous and sweat glands
What are the 3 sections of the male urethra
Prostatic urethra (1 inch ) Membranous urethra (0.5 inches) Spongy urethra (6-8 inches)
What is the typical volume of ejaculation
2.5- 5 ml
What is epididymitis
Inflamation or infection of the epididymis
Usually STD transmittied under the age of 40
Usually unilateral
What is the functional unit of the testicles
Lobules,
Each testis contains 200-300
Made up of seminiferous tubules
(1-3) per lobule
What is spermation
When the sperm is released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen
What is the Raphe of the Scrotum
The external ridge, fold of tissues,
NOT A TRUE SEPTUM
Can sperm swim on their own during spermiation ?
What helps them travel to the ducts of the testes?
NO
Fluid from Sertoli cells helps them travel to the duct of the testes
What is the function of the male accessory sex glands
Provide secretions to semen
When the supreme cell unites with the secondary oocyte… this is called?
Fertilization
What is the nerve that contracts the muscles of the penis
The pudendal nerve
bulbospongiosus/ ishiocavernousus
What is the pH of sperm
7.2-7.7
Slight alkaline
What is the final stage of spermatogenesis ?
Spermiogenesis
Hematopermia is what?
The presence of blood in the sperm
Usually caused by Inflamation of the blood vessels lining the seminal vesicles or other glands
Or trauma, prolonged abstinence, over indulged, or hypertension
What is the role of LH (males)
Stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone
Making testesterone lipid soluable to pass into the interstitium and into blood and seminiferous tubules
Once a normal level of spermatogenesis occurs Sertoli cells realease…
Inhibin, reduces the production of FSH
What is the role of inhibin secreted by the Sertoli cells
Decrease production of GnRH and FSH (negative feedback)
What structure is at the distal end of the corpus spongiosum
The Glans Penis
- acorn shaped structure
- contains the external Ruth earl orifice
What is the hydrocele in the scrotum
A space in the scrotum that is connected by the processes Vaginalis to the peritoneum,
Can be an area for third spacing of fluid in trauma and disease
Varicocele is more common on which side of the scrotum
Of the left side becase of the acute angle formed by the left renal vein and the left testicular vein
(Increases pressure in the vein)
What does nitric oxide do in the role of an erection
Causes smooth muscle in the Arturo to walls to relax which dilated the blood sinuses
What propels sperm into the ductus deferens during sexual arousal
The epididymis
What are the supporting structures of sexual reproduction
The penis and the Uterus
How long is the ejaculatory duct and where does it terminate
~1 inch
Terminates at the prostatic urethra
What are the characteristics of prostatic fluid
Milky appearance Slight acidic (6.5) Citric Acid (ATP production) Proteolytic enzymes -pepsinogen -lysozyme -amylase -hyaluronidase
How does the scrotum respond to increased temperature changes
The cremaster and Dartos muscles relax.. moving the testicles further away from the body.
Define Andrology
Concerned with male disorders such as infertility and sexual dysfunction
What are the enzymes in the acrosome
Hyaluronidase and proteases
What is the role of androgen binding proteins
Binds androgens (testosterone) in the lumen of seminiferous tubules INcreases the concentration of testosterone locally
What are Cowper’s glands
Bulbourethral glands
Pea sized set of glands
Inferior to the prostate on either side of teh membranous urethra
Open into the spongy urethra
During sexual arousal these glands secrete alkaline fluid into the urethra
(PRE CUM) Contains little to no sperm
What is the anatomical tract/ path of the ductus deferens
Travels through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops OVER the ureter and runs down the posterior surface of the scrotum
How many spermatids are produced at the end of Meiosis II
4 haploid cells each containing 23 chromosomes
What is the site for sperm maturation
The epididymis
Define Urology
Study of the Urinary system
Can diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system
Why is the seminal vesicle fluid alkaline and viscous
Helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract
Viscous to keep semen in the female reproductive tract longer and increase chances of fertilization
What do the efferent ducts connect to
Connects the rete testis to the epididymis
Where does the Raphe extend from
From the urethral meatus, down the ventral shaft, scrotum, and ends at the anus
What are the two types of cells in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli (sustentacular cells)
What is the role of FSH (males)
Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis
Works synergistically with testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen Binding Proteins (concentrate testosterone in the testes)
When does Meiosis I being?
From primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes
(~24 days)
-starts to replicate its own DNA
How long does it take spermatogonia to differentiate into spermatocytes
16 days
What is the percentage breakdown for transportion and metabolism of androgens (males)
60 percent of testosterone is bound to androgen binding proteins
38 percent is bound to albumin or sex hormone binding globulin (made in the liver)
2 percent is free testosterone
Primordial germ cells differentiate into what during fetal development
Spermatogonia/ Spermatogonium
During the 5th week of embryonic development
Remain dormant till puberty
When the superior medial thigh is stroked, how should the testis respond
The ipsilateral testicle should raise
Cremasteric Reflex
What is the sperm count number for a male to be condiserd infertile
When the number of sperm per 1 ml is below 20 million
What are the two ligaments that holds the weight of the penis
The fundiform ligament
(inferior part of the línea alba)
And suspensory ligament
(From the pubis symphysis)
What is the function of the ducts of the male reproductive system
Transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior of the body
Peripheral conversion of testosterone to estradiol occurs mostly where?
In the adipose
When does meiosis II occur
From secondary spermatocytes to spermatids
What is the function of the scrotum
Supports the testes
Describe the seminal vesicles
Parked set of convoluted pouch like structures
2 inches in length
What is a priapism
Persistent and usually painful erection that does not involve sexual desire or exitement
What are the three portions of the penis
The left crus
The right crus
And the bulb of penis
How long does spermatogenesis take..
~75 days
When is the cremasteric reflex absent
Testicular torsion
Multiple Sclerosis
Upper/ Lower neuron dysfunction
Cuadra equine syndrome
What is the Raphe a remnant of..
The fusion of the genital tubercles in embryonic development
