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IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester > MICROBES 2 > Flashcards

MICROBES 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bifidobacterium

A

Gram postive Bac
Branched, non spore forming
Anaerobic
Normal Flora in GI, Vagina, mouth

Important component of probiotics

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2
Q

Mumps Virus

A

RNA Virus
Enveloped single strand

Person to person- cough, sneeze, droplets,

Causes parotitis (MUMPS)
Fever, muscle pain, headache, fatigue, followed by swelling of parotid glands,
Symptoms occur 16-18 days post exposure and resolve 4-10 days

Complications includeL meningitis, pancreatitis, permenant deafness, gonad swelling.

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3
Q

Japanese encephalitis

A

RNA virus

Transmitted by mosquitos
Most prevalent in SE Asia, S pacific
China, Korea, India, Japan

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4
Q

Hepatitis B

A

DNA
Enveloped
Has two antigens: Core antigen (HBcAg) and e antigen (HBeAg)
E more infectious.

Most commonly transmitted via parental route. Contact with blood, needles, or syringes.

Most at risk homosexuals, needle users, dialysis patients, hemophiliacs.

Incubation 45-180 days replicates in liver

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5
Q

What does HIV attach to on macrophages

A

CCR5

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6
Q

Peptosterpococcus

A

Gram Positve Cocci in chains
Anaerobic
Normal Flora of vagina, GI, skin

Causes Nec Fac and PID, bone and joint infections.

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7
Q

Herpes Simplex 1 and 2

A

DNA virus
Enveloped Virus

Causes latent and often recurring diseases

Fever, blisters, col sores, gingivostomatisis,
Keratoconjunctivitis, genital lesions, meningitis

Virus sequesters in ganglia

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8
Q

Fusobacterium

A

Gram neg Bac
Anaerobic
Periodontal infections and skin ulcers

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9
Q

What event suggest the resolution of Hepatitis B infection

A

Seroconversion from HBeAg to antiHBe

Usually occurs during late acute phase

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10
Q

What is tertiary syphilis

A

Multi organ involvement if not treated

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11
Q

Myxovirus Type A

Common Swine Types

A

H1N1

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12
Q

Norwalk virus

Aka Norovirus

A

RNA virus
Nonenveloped

Major epidemic cause of viral gastroenteritis
-18-48 hours incubation
NVD, cramps, and low grade fever
Least 12-60 hours.

CRUISE SHIPS!
Very difficult to control spread
Via food, water, and vomitus

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13
Q

Corona Virus

A

RNA virus

2nd most common agent of colds

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14
Q

Dengue fever

A

RNA
Enveloped

Transmitted via Mosquitos

Tropical semi trópical regions

Fever, backbone fever, joint pain, headache, conjunctivitis. 
Hemorrhagic fever (low fq)
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15
Q

Flaviviridae Family

A

Dengue, yellow fever

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16
Q

Rhinovirus

A

RNA virus

Most prevalent agent of the common cold

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17
Q

Flioviridae family

A

Ebola and Marburg

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18
Q

Parainfluenza virus

A

Enveloped RNA virus
Paramyxovirus family

Causes CROUP , bronchitis in children.

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19
Q

What is secondary syphilis

A

Rash over wide area of body occurs 1-6 months in not treated

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20
Q

Myxovirus Type A

Common human subtypes

A

H3N2, H1N1

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21
Q

Histoplasmosis capsulatum

A

Systemic Mold Pathogen

Via spores (birds droppings in soil)

Ohio River, and Mississippi River , africa and Asia

causes localized lung lesions
Flu like symptoms cough, fever,
Can develop pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, __- often fatal without treatment

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22
Q

Eastern/ western? Venezuelan Virus

A

POSSIBLE BIO THREAT

RNA
Mosquito,
Encephalitis

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23
Q

Measles virus

A

RNA Virus

Via person to person- cough, sneeze, droplets

HIGH CONTAGIOUS
Causes measles
-cough, rhinitis, high fever, red eyes, Joplin spots, macropopular rash.
Contagious from 4 days before to 4 days after start or stop rash

Secondary complications:
Diarrhea, blindness, inflammation of brain, pneumonia

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24
Q

Rubella Virus

A

RNA
Enveloped
Single Strand

Person to person- cough, sneeze, droplets

Causes Rubella
Mild fever, rash, sore throat, lymph nodes.
S/s occur 14 days post exposure and resolve 2-3 days.

Complications include bleeding problems, inflammation of nerves, and congenital rubella syndrome,

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25
Q

Rabies virus

A

Genus: Lyssa Virus
Family: rhabdoviridae

RNA Virus
Via virus laden saliva of rabid animal

8 weeks incubation
Replicated in bite tissue, and travels to the nervous system

Infects brain, eye, salivary glands.
Almost always fatal once S/s appear
(ENCEPHALOMYLITIS)

Headache, fever, spasms, delirium, convulsions
Often death due to respiratory paralysis

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26
Q

HIV GP 120 attaches to…

A

CD4 marker on cell membrane

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27
Q

Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)

A

Enveloped RNA virus
Paramyxovirus family

Upper and lower respiration illness

-common cold, pneumonia, croup
(ALL AGES)
More common in late winter, early spring

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28
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome

A

RNA
Enveloped

Transmitted via inhaled rodent excrement

Hemorrhagic fever!

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29
Q

What are the long term medical effects of Ebola survivors

A

Fatigue, headache, muscle/ joint pain , memory loss, eye pain/ blurry vision, hearing loss

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30
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Non pathogen except in AIDS pts

Via spores

Causes sinus infection, bronchial masses, sometimes multi organ

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31
Q

When should antivirals for myxovirus be started to be effective

A

Within 48 hours

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32
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

DNA
Very small non enveloped virus

Via Respiratory droplets

Causes Slapped cheek syndrome in kids
5th most common cause of pink eye (fifths disease)

Uncommon anemia complication

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33
Q

Aspergillus Flavus

A

Causes aflatoxin in improperly stored nuts, grains, seeds, (DAMP)

LIVER DAMAGE, often severe

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34
Q

HPV

A

DNA virus
STD

Causes genital wart and skin warts
can lead to cervical cancer.

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35
Q

Togoviridae family

A

Chikungunya

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36
Q

Murray Valley Virus

A

RNA

Mosquito
Encephalitis
Australia

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37
Q

Adenovirus

A

DNA virus
Non-enveloped

Acute respiratory disease in military population

Conjunctivitis
Cold like illness
GI diseases
Atypical pneumonia

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38
Q

St Louis, La Crosse encephalitis virus

A

RNA

Mosquito
North, central, South America

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39
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

From skin contact with urine of infected animals
(Rats, swine, badgers, rodents, deer, fox)
VIA CONTAMINATED WATER

Cause leptospirosis
Fever, headache, myalgia, chills, renal and liver failure.

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40
Q

Stage III HIV/AIDS

A

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or
AIDS related complex

High rate of virus replication
P24 Ag increases, Ab decreases

Reduction in CD4 cells

Swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea
Kaposis sarcoma
Oppurtunistic infections (CD4 less than 200/300)
Oral yeast infections, recurrent shingles, bacterial skin infections.

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41
Q

Enterovirus

A

RNA virus,
Non enveloped

Includes coxsakie, polio, echo, and enterovirus

Transmission fecal to oral, respiratory secretions, vesicle fluid

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42
Q

Stage 1 HIV/ AIDS

A

Primary HIV infection
Last 1-4 months

P24 antigen (Capsid) can be detected for about 2-6 weeks after infection

Mono like symptoms, fever, night sweat, rash, muscle and joint pain.
becomes asymptomatic after 1-3 weeks

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43
Q

Latent Phase TB

A

Skin Test Positive
Chest X Ray negative

No Symptoms, no shedding of bacteria

potential presence of bacteria in tubercles

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44
Q

Sporothorix schenckii

A

Subcutaneous mold

Via rose thorns, wood splinters

“Rose Gardners Disease”

Primary lesion 3 weeks post injury,
Small and painless progresses to necrotic

45
Q

What indicates recovery or immunity from Hep B

A

Presence of anti HBs

occurs during convalescence

Failure to produce AntiHbs signals chronic infection

46
Q

Cytomegalovirus

CMV

A

DNA
Enveloped
(herpes virus)

Causes congenital cytomegalic inclusion in children

Baby is infected with bacteria during birth, can lead to mono w/ microcephaly, jaundice
Mental or physical retardation

Or can cause febrile mono in immunocomprimised pts

47
Q

Herpes Zoster

A

DNA virus
Enveloped

Causes chicken pox and shingles

Acquired via respiratory tract
Produces vessicle like lesions

Available vaccine for both chicken pox and shingles

48
Q

Lassa fever virus

A

RNA
Enveloped

Via rodent excrement
West Africa

49
Q

Burkholderia psuedomallei

A

Gram Neg Bac
BIOLOGICAL THREAT

Causes Melioidosis
2- 4 weeks after exposure
-acute pulmonary infection, ulcers, nodules and abscess, septicemia, and multi organ involvement
Especially in patients with pre existing conditions

South Asia, Australia, and South Pacific

Direct contact with contaminate soil and surface water (animals)

50
Q

Stage IV HIV/AIDS

A

AIDS

CD4 less than 200
Decrease in CD8 cells
No Anitbody defense

Oppurtunistic infections!
TB, Pneumo, Fungal, Herpes 1-2
Dementia

51
Q

Stage II HIV/AIDS

A

Latent Asymptomatic
(Years)

Virus replicating
HIV Ab detectable
CD4 cells gradually decrease

52
Q

Mycobacterium TB

A
  • Neither Gram-positive or negative
  • Acid Fast Stain
  • culture requires 1 to 4 weeks

Causes Tuberculosis

  • pulmonary lesions
  • disseminated kidney, liver, testes, CNS
  • *Highly Communicable**
  • *Aerisol and Dust particles**

Prevalent in AIDS community

53
Q

Faecalibactrium

A 
Gram Positve Bac 
Non spore forming 
**BENEFICIAL** 
Anaerobic 
Normal Flora of the GI
Clinical disorders may occur when bacteria to low
54
Q

What is the TB Vaccine

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

BCG
(Bovine TB)

Not used in USA

55
Q

Bunyavirdae family

A

Hantavirus

Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever

56
Q

Hep A

A

RNA
Non enveloped

Transmission fecal-oral
Prisons, child care, world travelers, military, drug addicts

Blood and feces are infectious for 2-6 weeks
no chronic carrier state

has a vaccine

57
Q

Propionibacterium acnes

A

Gram positive bac
Non sporeforming
Diphtheriod
Anaerobic

Causes Acne and dermal inflammation

58
Q

HIV GP-41 attaches to…

A

CXCR4 protein

59
Q

Burkholderia mallei

A

Gram Neg Bac
causes GLANDERS disease in horses
EPIDEMIC to Africa, Asia, Middle East, and S. America

RARE transmission to humans
From blood or bloody fluids into skin abrasions or mucosal surfaces

95% mortality if untreated
50 % in treated

60
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syndrome

A

RNA
Enveloped
Transmitted via inhaled rodent excrement

China, Korea, Russia

61
Q

Zika Virus

A

RNA

Mosquito and semen

Fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, headache, Guillian barre syndrome,

AFRICA!
Asia, South Pacific, Brazil

62
Q

What is the early indicator of a hepatitis B infection

A

HBeAg

Most infectious period !
Active virus replication

(Presence beyond 10 weeks indicates progression to chronic carrier state, chronic liver damage)

63
Q

Molluscum contagosum virus

A

DNA pox virus

Via affected skin contact

Casues water warts on skin, most common on face, arms, legs, trunk

64
Q

Crytopcoccus neofomans

A

Yeast
Thick capsule

Via inhalation
Attacks CNS
Meningitis
More commonly in AIDS pts

ID: India ink prep of CSF

65
Q

Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever

A

RNA
Enveloped
Via Ticks

Africa, Middle East to west china

66
Q

What is the earliest marker of an acute hepatitis B infection

A

HBsAg

Surface antigen

(Presence over 6month indicated chronic disease)

67
Q

Hep C

A

RNA
Lipid enveloped virus

Transmission parental route

Very similar disease to HBV
High co infection with HIV

NO VACCINE!

68
Q

Myxovirus

A

Causes influenza
-runny nose, sore throat, mild cough, aches, muscle pain.
Incubation 1-2 days, S/s 5-7 days
Cough 7-14 days.

Transmitted by droplets, contact (hands), and inhalation of droplets.
Effects young and old more.

69
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

STD
SPIROCHETE
Causes syphilis
Transmission from direct contact with chancre lesion

ID: RPR or Imunofluorescence microscopy of lesion fluid

70
Q

Coccidioides Immitis

A

Systemic mold pathogen

Via spores, after dust producing incident

Southerwestern USA, northern Mexico, and South America (dry, alkaline soil)

San Joaquin Fever, VAlley Fever, Desert Fever

Pulmonary lesions and flu like symptoms

71
Q

Marburg Virus

A

Clinically simular to Ebola, with a low fq

72
Q

HIV

A 
RNA 
Envelope: GP-41 and GP 120 
Two strands of RNA in core 
**reverse trascptionase**
CAUSES AIDS 
Infects CD4 and Marcophages 
New Virons released from budding and killing CD4 cell
73
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

EBV

A

DNA
Enveloped
(Herpes virus)

Via oral secretions
Infects B-cells

Infectious mononucleosis
Fever, sore throat, swelling of lymp nodes, liver and spleen.

74
Q

Bulkholderia cepacia

A

Gram Neg Bac

Very challenging microbe in hospitals

Causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients or cystic fibrosis

75
Q

What are the drugs used to treat TB

A

High drug resistance

  • Isoniazid
  • Rifampin
  • Ethambutol
  • Streptomycin
76
Q

What is primary syphilis

A

Small painless round firm chancre

Lasts 36 weeks and heals without treatment

77
Q

Secondary TB

A

(CLINICAL DISEASE)

  1. CMI fails
  2. tubercles become necrotic
  3. become a cellular masses caseous material
  4. creating Ghon complexes
  5. macrophages become MORE activated
  6. release of IL 1 and TNF
  7. weight loss
  8. Ghon Complexes enlarge and rupture alveoli
  9. Cough up the caseous material
  10. Major Organ involvement
  • rapid failure of CMI can lead to miliary TB**
78
Q

What is the lab diagnosis for all species of TB

A

Acid fast or fluorochrome stain

Newest method : nucleic acid probe

Culture: 4-6 weeks plus 2 weeks with Lowenstien-JEnsen or Middlebrook Media

79
Q

Tick borne encephalitis

A

RNA

Tick borne

Easter and Central Europe

80
Q

Human herpes 6 and 7

A

Causes Roseloa

Fever, diarrhea and rash
Can cause MS, encephalitis, and pneumonitis

Via olfactory tissues
Salivary glands can serve as reservoir

81
Q

West Nile fever virus

A

RNA

Mosquito

Peaks late summer to early fall
Neuroinvasive

AFRICA, India, Middle East, Europe, USA

82
Q

Myxovirus Type A

Common Avain Types

A

H5N1, H7N9 (considered dangerous)

83
Q

Ebola

A

RNA
Enveloped

Via fruit bats and bush meat
Animal, human contact

Mucosal tissue, eyes, and skin breaks
super spreaders

21 days incubation

S/s
Sudden onset fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat
Vomiting, diarhea, rash, INTERNAL AND EXTernAL BLEEDING
Petechia
SHOCK AND DEATH

84
Q

Chickungunya Virus

A

RNA
Enveloped

via mosquitos
Africa, SE Asia, Central America

Dengue like illness,
Hemorrhagic fever RARE

85
Q

Coxasckie

A

RNA virus
Non enveloped

Causes myocarditis, pleurodynia, vascular rash

86
Q

Poliovirus

A

RNA
Nonenveloped

Attacks CNS
Muscle deterioration and paralysis

87
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Yeast

Normal flora 
Can cause 
Thrush 
Vaginitis 
Cutaneous 
Onchymycosis 
Candidiasis -
Can be the first sign of clinical aids

KOH wet prep

88
Q

Candida auris

A

Yeast

Emerging health threat

Causes severe invasions blood infections, heart, brain, eyes, bone

Causes outbreaks In healthcare settings

89
Q

What is the infection process of SARS- Cov- 2

A

Antigen spikes attach to ACE-2 and NRP-1 receptors, leading to an increase expression of ACE-2 receptors and silencing the bodies pain signaling pathways.
Triggers Bradykinin storm, decreases BP.
Blood vessels become leaky, leading to swelling of tissue, decrease O2 uptake.

Enters cell within 10 minutes
Eclipse phase 7-8 hours
Virion release 700 virion so per replication cycle
(3 cycles per 24 hours)

90
Q

Primary TB

A

-mild, often asymptomatic
(Flulike)

Alveoli-> Macrophages -> Becomes Tubercles-> CMI slows infection over 30 days -> Chest X ray shows growing patches of density (calcified tubercles)

spontaneous healing
Skin Test Positive

91
Q

What is the antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2

A

Remdesivir
Immunoglobins- convalescent plasma, conoclonal Ab
(Regeneron)

92
Q

What is the virion structure of SARS-CoV-2

A

Spike glycoprotein envelope
Single Strand RNA w/ hair pin loops
Has its own RNA polymerase and proofreading enzymes

uses forward and reveres frame shifts

93
Q

Virus Structure for Myxovirus

A 
Core with 8 strands of RNA 
(High rate of gene recombination and mutation) 
Envelope: 
-Lipid bilayer from previous host cell
-hemagglutinin and neuraminidase 
(Attachment and virulence)

Matrix protein (capsid)

94
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

RSV

A

Human orthopneumovirus
-primary agent in infants and young children
(COLDS)

95
Q

What is seroconversion

A

An immune response that is characterized by a conversion of the absence of a specific antibody to the presence of that antibody

96
Q

What is PPD

A

TB skin test
(Purified protein derivative)

Vaccine can cause false postive

97
Q

Rotavirus

A

RNA virus
Most common cause of severe epidermic diarrhea in infants and young children

Fecal to oral transmission
Has a vaccine

98
Q

Varilla Major virus

A

DNA virus

Causes smallpox
Via droplets and powdered scabs

Rash, máculas, vesicle, pustules, scabs.
Face, hands, forearms, and spreads to lower extremity in 7-16 days

WOULD BE A BIO THREAT OR A BIG FUCKING DEAL

99
Q

What must you rule out in Ebola

A

Malaria, Lassa fever, typhoid fever

100
Q

Viral Hepatitis S/s

A

Anorexia, weight loss, hepatic tenderness, Jaundice, and dark urine.

101
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

A

Pneumonia in cancer, chemo, or aids pts

Attacks lungs causing hypoxia

Non productive cough, SOB, night sweats, fever

102
Q

Yellow fever virus

A

RNA
Enveloped
Transmitted via mosquitos

Tropical africa, amazon basin

Hemorrhagic fever

103
Q

Enterovirus D68

A

RNA
Non enveloped

Causes polio like symptoms
Acute flaccid paralysis
Reprints try tract illnesses in children

104
Q

Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton

A

Dermatophyic Molds

Cause Ringworm, Athletes foot, tines corpris, tinea cruis, Jock itch, and toenail fungal infection

105
Q

Rift Valley virus

A

RNA
Enveloped

Via mosquitos
Africa

Infrequent in HUMANS

106
Q

M. Avium Intracellulare

MAI) (MAC

A

Commonly recovered from AIDS pts

May cause chronic pulmonary lesions and lymphadenitis

107
Q

Lactobacillus spp.

A

Gram Postive bac
Non spore forming
Anaerobic or microaerobic

Normal Flora
Mutualistic bacteria
Common probiotic, used in food production

108
Q

Borrelia burgdoferi

A

From a tick bite
SPIROCHETE
Causes Lyme disease
(Lyme borreliosis)

From prolonged association with tick bite (+24 hrs)

Fever, Headache, fatigue, muscle joint pain, swollen lymph nodes,
BULLS EYE TARGET
Can lead to fibromyalgia, encephalitis, facial palsy.

Requires treatment for months to years

109
Q

Stachybotrys chatarum

A

Indoor mold from moisture
May produce mycotoxins, allergies, asthma

Less common

IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester (22 decks)

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