MICROBES 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Bifidobacterium
A
Gram postive Bac
Branched, non spore forming
Anaerobic
Normal Flora in GI, Vagina, mouth
Important component of probiotics
2
Q
Mumps Virus
A
RNA Virus
Enveloped single strand
Person to person- cough, sneeze, droplets,
Causes parotitis (MUMPS)
Fever, muscle pain, headache, fatigue, followed by swelling of parotid glands,
Symptoms occur 16-18 days post exposure and resolve 4-10 days
Complications includeL meningitis, pancreatitis, permenant deafness, gonad swelling.
3
Q
Japanese encephalitis
A
RNA virus
Transmitted by mosquitos
Most prevalent in SE Asia, S pacific
China, Korea, India, Japan
4
Q
Hepatitis B
A
DNA
Enveloped
Has two antigens: Core antigen (HBcAg) and e antigen (HBeAg)
E more infectious.
Most commonly transmitted via parental route. Contact with blood, needles, or syringes.
Most at risk homosexuals, needle users, dialysis patients, hemophiliacs.
Incubation 45-180 days replicates in liver
5
Q
What does HIV attach to on macrophages
A
CCR5
6
Q
Peptosterpococcus
A
Gram Positve Cocci in chains
Anaerobic
Normal Flora of vagina, GI, skin
Causes Nec Fac and PID, bone and joint infections.
7
Q
Herpes Simplex 1 and 2
A
DNA virus
Enveloped Virus
Causes latent and often recurring diseases
Fever, blisters, col sores, gingivostomatisis,
Keratoconjunctivitis, genital lesions, meningitis
Virus sequesters in ganglia
8
Q
Fusobacterium
A
Gram neg Bac
Anaerobic
Periodontal infections and skin ulcers
9
Q
What event suggest the resolution of Hepatitis B infection
A
Seroconversion from HBeAg to antiHBe
Usually occurs during late acute phase
10
Q
What is tertiary syphilis
A
Multi organ involvement if not treated
11
Q
Myxovirus Type A
Common Swine Types
A
H1N1
12
Q
Norwalk virus
Aka Norovirus
A
RNA virus
Nonenveloped
Major epidemic cause of viral gastroenteritis
-18-48 hours incubation
NVD, cramps, and low grade fever
Least 12-60 hours.
CRUISE SHIPS!
Very difficult to control spread
Via food, water, and vomitus
13
Q
Corona Virus
A
RNA virus
2nd most common agent of colds
14
Q
Dengue fever
A
RNA
Enveloped
Transmitted via Mosquitos
Tropical semi trópical regions
Fever, backbone fever, joint pain, headache, conjunctivitis. Hemorrhagic fever (low fq)
15
Q
Flaviviridae Family
A
Dengue, yellow fever
16
Q
Rhinovirus
A
RNA virus
Most prevalent agent of the common cold
17
Q
Flioviridae family
A
Ebola and Marburg
18
Q
Parainfluenza virus
A
Enveloped RNA virus
Paramyxovirus family
Causes CROUP , bronchitis in children.
19
Q
What is secondary syphilis
A
Rash over wide area of body occurs 1-6 months in not treated
20
Q
Myxovirus Type A
Common human subtypes
A
H3N2, H1N1
21
Q
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
A
Systemic Mold Pathogen
Via spores (birds droppings in soil)
Ohio River, and Mississippi River , africa and Asia
causes localized lung lesions
Flu like symptoms cough, fever,
Can develop pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, __- often fatal without treatment
22
Q
Eastern/ western? Venezuelan Virus
A
POSSIBLE BIO THREAT
RNA
Mosquito,
Encephalitis
23
Q
Measles virus
A
RNA Virus
Via person to person- cough, sneeze, droplets
HIGH CONTAGIOUS
Causes measles
-cough, rhinitis, high fever, red eyes, Joplin spots, macropopular rash.
Contagious from 4 days before to 4 days after start or stop rash
Secondary complications:
Diarrhea, blindness, inflammation of brain, pneumonia
24
Q
Rubella Virus
A
RNA
Enveloped
Single Strand
Person to person- cough, sneeze, droplets
Causes Rubella
Mild fever, rash, sore throat, lymph nodes.
S/s occur 14 days post exposure and resolve 2-3 days.
Complications include bleeding problems, inflammation of nerves, and congenital rubella syndrome,
25
Rabies virus
Genus: Lyssa Virus
Family: rhabdoviridae
RNA Virus
Via virus laden saliva of rabid animal
8 weeks incubation
Replicated in bite tissue, and travels to the nervous system
Infects brain, eye, salivary glands.
Almost always fatal once S/s appear
(ENCEPHALOMYLITIS)
Headache, fever, spasms, delirium, convulsions
Often death due to respiratory paralysis
26
HIV GP 120 attaches to…
CD4 marker on cell membrane
27
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
Enveloped RNA virus
Paramyxovirus family
Upper and lower respiration illness
-common cold, pneumonia, croup
(ALL AGES)
More common in late winter, early spring
28
Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome
RNA
Enveloped
Transmitted via inhaled rodent excrement
Hemorrhagic fever!
29
What are the long term medical effects of Ebola survivors
Fatigue, headache, muscle/ joint pain , memory loss, eye pain/ blurry vision, hearing loss
30
Aspergillus fumigatus
Non pathogen except in AIDS pts
Via spores
Causes sinus infection, bronchial masses, sometimes multi organ
31
When should antivirals for myxovirus be started to be effective
Within 48 hours
32
Parvovirus B19
DNA
Very small non enveloped virus
Via Respiratory droplets
Causes Slapped cheek syndrome in kids
5th most common cause of pink eye (fifths disease)
Uncommon anemia complication
33
Aspergillus Flavus
Causes aflatoxin in improperly stored nuts, grains, seeds, (DAMP)
LIVER DAMAGE, often severe
34
HPV
DNA virus
STD
Causes genital wart and skin warts
can lead to cervical cancer.
35
Togoviridae family
Chikungunya
36
Murray Valley Virus
RNA
Mosquito
Encephalitis
Australia
37
Adenovirus
DNA virus
Non-enveloped
Acute respiratory disease in military population
Conjunctivitis
Cold like illness
GI diseases
Atypical pneumonia
38
St Louis, La Crosse encephalitis virus
RNA
Mosquito
North, central, South America
39
Leptospira interrogans
From skin contact with urine of infected animals
(Rats, swine, badgers, rodents, deer, fox)
*VIA CONTAMINATED WATER*
Cause leptospirosis
Fever, headache, myalgia, chills, renal and liver failure.
40
Stage III HIV/AIDS
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or
AIDS related complex
High rate of virus replication
P24 Ag increases, Ab decreases
Reduction in CD4 cells
Swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, weight loss, diarrhea
Kaposis sarcoma
Oppurtunistic infections (CD4 less than 200/300)
Oral yeast infections, recurrent shingles, bacterial skin infections.
41
Enterovirus
RNA virus,
Non enveloped
Includes coxsakie, polio, echo, and enterovirus
Transmission fecal to oral, respiratory secretions, vesicle fluid
42
Stage 1 HIV/ AIDS
Primary HIV infection
Last 1-4 months
P24 antigen (Capsid) can be detected for about 2-6 weeks after infection
Mono like symptoms, fever, night sweat, rash, muscle and joint pain.
becomes asymptomatic after 1-3 weeks
43
Latent Phase TB
Skin Test Positive
Chest X Ray negative
No Symptoms, no shedding of bacteria
**potential presence of bacteria in tubercles**
44
Sporothorix schenckii
Subcutaneous mold
Via rose thorns, wood splinters
“Rose Gardners Disease”
Primary lesion 3 weeks post injury,
Small and painless progresses to necrotic
45
What indicates recovery or immunity from Hep B
Presence of anti HBs
occurs during convalescence
Failure to produce AntiHbs signals chronic infection
46
Cytomegalovirus
| CMV
DNA
Enveloped
(herpes virus)
Causes congenital cytomegalic inclusion in children
Baby is infected with bacteria during birth, can lead to mono w/ microcephaly, jaundice
Mental or physical retardation
Or can cause febrile mono in immunocomprimised pts
47
Herpes Zoster
DNA virus
Enveloped
Causes chicken pox and shingles
Acquired via respiratory tract
Produces vessicle like lesions
Available vaccine for both chicken pox and shingles
48
Lassa fever virus
RNA
Enveloped
Via rodent excrement
West Africa
49
Burkholderia psuedomallei
Gram Neg Bac
BIOLOGICAL THREAT
Causes Melioidosis
2- 4 weeks after exposure
-acute pulmonary infection, ulcers, nodules and abscess, septicemia, and multi organ involvement
**Especially in patients with pre existing conditions**
South Asia, Australia, and South Pacific
Direct contact with contaminate soil and surface water (animals)
50
Stage IV HIV/AIDS
AIDS
CD4 less than 200
Decrease in CD8 cells
No Anitbody defense
Oppurtunistic infections!
TB, Pneumo, Fungal, Herpes 1-2
Dementia
51
Stage II HIV/AIDS
Latent Asymptomatic
(Years)
Virus replicating
HIV Ab detectable
CD4 cells gradually decrease
52
Mycobacterium TB
- Neither Gram-positive or negative
- Acid Fast Stain
- culture requires 1 to 4 weeks
Causes Tuberculosis
- pulmonary lesions
- disseminated kidney, liver, testes, CNS
* *Highly Communicable**
* *Aerisol and Dust particles**
Prevalent in AIDS community
53
Faecalibactrium
```
Gram Positve Bac
Non spore forming
**BENEFICIAL**
Anaerobic
Normal Flora of the GI
Clinical disorders may occur when bacteria to low
```
54
What is the TB Vaccine
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BCG
(Bovine TB)
Not used in USA
55
Bunyavirdae family
Hantavirus
| Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever
56
Hep A
RNA
Non enveloped
Transmission fecal-oral
Prisons, child care, world travelers, military, drug addicts
Blood and feces are infectious for 2-6 weeks
**no chronic carrier state**
has a vaccine
57
Propionibacterium acnes
Gram positive bac
Non sporeforming
Diphtheriod
Anaerobic
Causes Acne and dermal inflammation
58
HIV GP-41 attaches to…
CXCR4 protein
59
Burkholderia mallei
Gram Neg Bac
causes GLANDERS disease in horses
**EPIDEMIC to Africa, Asia, Middle East, and S. America**
RARE transmission to humans
From blood or bloody fluids into skin abrasions or mucosal surfaces
95% mortality if untreated
50 % in treated
60
Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syndrome
RNA
Enveloped
Transmitted via inhaled rodent excrement
China, Korea, Russia
61
Zika Virus
RNA
Mosquito and semen
Fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, headache, Guillian barre syndrome,
AFRICA!
Asia, South Pacific, Brazil
62
What is the early indicator of a hepatitis B infection
HBeAg
Most infectious period !
Active virus replication
(Presence beyond 10 weeks indicates progression to chronic carrier state, chronic liver damage)
63
Molluscum contagosum virus
DNA pox virus
Via affected skin contact
Casues water warts on skin, most common on face, arms, legs, trunk
64
Crytopcoccus neofomans
Yeast
Thick capsule
Via inhalation
Attacks CNS
Meningitis
More commonly in AIDS pts
ID: India ink prep of CSF
65
Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever
RNA
Enveloped
Via Ticks
Africa, Middle East to west china
66
What is the earliest marker of an acute hepatitis B infection
HBsAg
Surface antigen
(Presence over 6month indicated chronic disease)
67
Hep C
RNA
Lipid enveloped virus
Transmission parental route
Very similar disease to HBV
High co infection with HIV
NO VACCINE!
68
Myxovirus
Causes influenza
-runny nose, sore throat, mild cough, aches, muscle pain.
Incubation 1-2 days, S/s 5-7 days
Cough 7-14 days.
Transmitted by droplets, contact (hands), and inhalation of droplets.
Effects young and old more.
69
Treponema pallidum
STD
**SPIROCHETE**
Causes syphilis
Transmission from direct contact with chancre lesion
ID: RPR or Imunofluorescence microscopy of lesion fluid
70
Coccidioides Immitis
Systemic mold pathogen
Via spores, after dust producing incident
Southerwestern USA, northern Mexico, and South America (dry, alkaline soil)
San Joaquin Fever, VAlley Fever, Desert Fever
Pulmonary lesions and flu like symptoms
71
Marburg Virus
Clinically simular to Ebola, with a low fq
72
HIV
```
RNA
Envelope: GP-41 and GP 120
Two strands of RNA in core
**reverse trascptionase**
CAUSES AIDS
Infects CD4 and Marcophages
New Virons released from budding and killing CD4 cell
```
73
Epstein-Barr virus
| EBV
DNA
Enveloped
(Herpes virus)
Via oral secretions
Infects B-cells
Infectious mononucleosis
Fever, sore throat, swelling of lymp nodes, liver and spleen.
74
Bulkholderia cepacia
Gram Neg Bac
Very challenging microbe in hospitals
Causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients or cystic fibrosis
75
What are the drugs used to treat TB
High drug resistance
- Isoniazid
- Rifampin
- Ethambutol
- Streptomycin
76
What is primary syphilis
Small painless round firm chancre
| Lasts 36 weeks and heals without treatment
77
Secondary TB
(CLINICAL DISEASE)
1. CMI fails
2. tubercles become necrotic
3. become a cellular masses caseous material
4. creating Ghon complexes
5. macrophages become MORE activated
6. release of IL 1 and TNF
7. weight loss
8. Ghon Complexes enlarge and rupture alveoli
9. Cough up the caseous material
10. Major Organ involvement
* rapid failure of CMI can lead to miliary TB**
78
What is the lab diagnosis for all species of TB
Acid fast or fluorochrome stain
Newest method : nucleic acid probe
Culture: 4-6 weeks plus 2 weeks with Lowenstien-JEnsen or Middlebrook Media
79
Tick borne encephalitis
RNA
Tick borne
Easter and Central Europe
80
Human herpes 6 and 7
Causes Roseloa
Fever, diarrhea and rash
Can cause MS, encephalitis, and pneumonitis
Via olfactory tissues
Salivary glands can serve as reservoir
81
West Nile fever virus
RNA
Mosquito
Peaks late summer to early fall
Neuroinvasive
AFRICA, India, Middle East, Europe, USA
82
Myxovirus Type A
| Common Avain Types
H5N1, H7N9 (considered dangerous)
83
Ebola
RNA
Enveloped
Via fruit bats and bush meat
Animal, human contact
Mucosal tissue, eyes, and skin breaks
**super spreaders**
21 days incubation
S/s
Sudden onset fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache, sore throat
Vomiting, diarhea, rash, INTERNAL AND EXTernAL BLEEDING
Petechia
SHOCK AND DEATH
84
Chickungunya Virus
RNA
Enveloped
via mosquitos
Africa, SE Asia, Central America
Dengue like illness,
Hemorrhagic fever RARE
85
Coxasckie
RNA virus
Non enveloped
Causes myocarditis, pleurodynia, vascular rash
86
Poliovirus
RNA
Nonenveloped
Attacks CNS
Muscle deterioration and paralysis
87
Candida Albicans
Yeast
```
Normal flora
Can cause
Thrush
Vaginitis
Cutaneous
Onchymycosis
Candidiasis -
Can be the first sign of clinical aids
```
KOH wet prep
88
Candida auris
Yeast
Emerging health threat
Causes severe invasions blood infections, heart, brain, eyes, bone
Causes outbreaks In healthcare settings
89
What is the infection process of SARS- Cov- 2
Antigen spikes attach to ACE-2 and NRP-1 receptors, leading to an increase expression of ACE-2 receptors and silencing the bodies pain signaling pathways.
Triggers Bradykinin storm, decreases BP.
Blood vessels become leaky, leading to swelling of tissue, decrease O2 uptake.
Enters cell within 10 minutes
Eclipse phase 7-8 hours
Virion release 700 virion so per replication cycle
(3 cycles per 24 hours)
90
Primary TB
-mild, often asymptomatic
(Flulike)
Alveoli-> Macrophages -> Becomes Tubercles-> CMI slows infection over 30 days -> Chest X ray shows growing patches of density (calcified tubercles)
**spontaneous healing**
Skin Test Positive
91
What is the antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2
Remdesivir
Immunoglobins- convalescent plasma, conoclonal Ab
(Regeneron)
92
What is the virion structure of SARS-CoV-2
Spike glycoprotein envelope
Single Strand RNA w/ hair pin loops
Has its own RNA polymerase and proofreading enzymes
*uses forward and reveres frame shifts*
93
Virus Structure for Myxovirus
```
Core with 8 strands of RNA
(High rate of gene recombination and mutation)
Envelope:
-Lipid bilayer from previous host cell
-hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
(Attachment and virulence)
```
Matrix protein (capsid)
94
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
| RSV
Human orthopneumovirus
-primary agent in infants and young children
(COLDS)
95
What is seroconversion
An immune response that is characterized by a conversion of the absence of a specific antibody to the presence of that antibody
96
What is PPD
TB skin test
(Purified protein derivative)
Vaccine can cause false postive
97
Rotavirus
RNA virus
Most common cause of severe epidermic diarrhea in infants and young children
Fecal to oral transmission
Has a vaccine
98
Varilla Major virus
DNA virus
Causes smallpox
Via droplets and powdered scabs
Rash, máculas, vesicle, pustules, scabs.
Face, hands, forearms, and spreads to lower extremity in 7-16 days
WOULD BE A BIO THREAT OR A BIG FUCKING DEAL
99
What must you rule out in Ebola
Malaria, Lassa fever, typhoid fever
100
Viral Hepatitis S/s
Anorexia, weight loss, hepatic tenderness, Jaundice, and dark urine.
101
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Pneumonia in cancer, chemo, or aids pts
Attacks lungs causing hypoxia
Non productive cough, SOB, night sweats, fever
102
Yellow fever virus
RNA
Enveloped
Transmitted via mosquitos
Tropical africa, amazon basin
Hemorrhagic fever
103
Enterovirus D68
RNA
Non enveloped
Causes polio like symptoms
Acute flaccid paralysis
Reprints try tract illnesses in children
104
Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
Dermatophyic Molds
Cause Ringworm, Athletes foot, tines corpris, tinea cruis, Jock itch, and toenail fungal infection
105
Rift Valley virus
RNA
Enveloped
Via mosquitos
Africa
Infrequent in HUMANS
106
M. Avium Intracellulare
| MAI) (MAC
Commonly recovered from AIDS pts
May cause chronic pulmonary lesions and lymphadenitis
107
Lactobacillus spp.
Gram Postive bac
Non spore forming
Anaerobic or microaerobic
Normal Flora
Mutualistic bacteria
Common probiotic, used in food production
108
Borrelia burgdoferi
From a tick bite
**SPIROCHETE**
Causes Lyme disease
(Lyme borreliosis)
From prolonged association with tick bite (+24 hrs)
Fever, Headache, fatigue, muscle joint pain, swollen lymph nodes,
**BULLS EYE TARGET**
Can lead to fibromyalgia, encephalitis, facial palsy.
Requires treatment for months to years
109
Stachybotrys chatarum
Indoor mold from moisture
May produce mycotoxins, allergies, asthma
Less common
