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IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester > Parasites Review Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Parasites Review Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Taxonomy name for a Tape Worm

A

Cestode

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2
Q

What is the head of the tapeworm called

A

A scolex

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3
Q

What are the individual segments of an tape worm called

A

proglottids

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4
Q

What is a chain of proglottids called

A

A strobilli

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5
Q

Was is the sex of a cestodes

A

Hermaphrodites

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6
Q

What is the digestive system of cestodes

A

They dont have one

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7
Q

Can humans serve as the intermediate host of cestodes

A

Yes

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8
Q

When humans are the host for cestodes what happens

A

We get the “baby” tape worm

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9
Q

When humans are the Intermediate host for tapeworms ( cestodes) what happens

A

Cysiticercosis
Echinococcosis
Sparganosis

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10
Q

In cestodes, is it worse to be the initial host or the intermediate host

A

Intermediate host

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11
Q

What is the difference between Taenia solium and Cysticerosis

A

They are the same parasite and the same egg.

If egg is ingested: you’ll be the intermediate host. S/s cysts

If larva is ingested: you’ll grow an adult tapeworm that will release eggs.

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12
Q

How does someone get cysticerosis

A

Contact with human feces

Eating the T. Solium eggs

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13
Q

How is Taenia Solium ingested

A

By eating undercooked pork

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14
Q

What are the S/s of Taenia Solium

A

Indigestion and Diarrhea

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15
Q

What is the sign of someone with cysticercosis

A

Development of cyst following ingestion of T. Solium

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16
Q

How do you prevent ingestion of T. Solium

A

Cooking pork

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17
Q

How do you prevent Cystercosis

A

Proper Saniation

Avoiding feces

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18
Q

What is the name for the Cow Tape worm

A

Taenia Saginata

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19
Q

Are humans the intermediate host for Taenia saginata

A

No, the cow is

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20
Q

How is Taenia saginata ingested

A

By eating undercooked beef or contact with human feces

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21
Q

S/s of ingesting Taenia saginata Aka Cow tapeworm

A

Can be asymptomatic
Vagua abdominal pains
Chronic indigestion
Hunger pains

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22
Q

How can you prevent ingesting Taenia saginata

A

Cook meat properly and sanitation

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23
Q

What is the definitive host for Cow Tape worm

A

Aka Taenia saginata

Definitive host humans

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24
Q

What is the name for the Fish Tape worm

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum

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25
Q

What is the structure of proglottids for the fish tape worm

A

Aka diphyllobothrium latum

Structure: wide flat and thin

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26
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts for diphyllobothrium latum

A

The crustacean and freshwater fish

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27
Q

How is Diphyllobotrium latum ingested

A

Eating fish carrying the tapeworm

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28
Q

How are humans infected by Diphlyllobothrium latum

A

Eating raw or undercooked fish

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29
Q

Where is Diphyllobothrium latum most prevalent

A

In cool lake regions

Where raw or pickled fish is popular

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30
Q

What are the most common causes of Diphyllobothrium latum ingestion

A

Cooking fish over campfires or geflite fish

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31
Q

What are the s/s of diphyllobothrium latum infection

A

Usually asymptomatic

Occasionally Epigastric pain, abdominal cramps, N/V, and weight loss

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32
Q

40 percent of patients who ingest Diphyllobothrium latum present with what finding

A

Low b12

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33
Q

What is the larva form of D. Latum

A

Sparganosis

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34
Q

How is sparganosis ingested

A

(Larva form of D. Latum)
Drinking pond or ditch water that contains crustaceans (copepods)

Eating tadpoles, frogs, or snakes

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35
Q

What are the S/s of sparganosis ingestion

A

Painful inflammatory tissue reactions in subQ tissue

In the eye: painful, periorbital edema, corneal ulcers and ocular involvement

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36
Q

If there are hydatid cycst… think…

A

Echinococcos granulosas

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37
Q

Where is echinococcus most prevalent

A

In sheep farmers

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38
Q

How is Echinococcus ingested

A

Contaminated water or vegetation from sheep or canines

Hand to mouth transmission of canine feces

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39
Q

What are teh S/s of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Cysts!

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40
Q

When diagnosing Echinococcus granulosus what must you be cautious of..

A

Aspiration might confirm the diagonis but has a HIGH risk of anaphylaxis reaction.

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41
Q

If you are going to aspirate a Echinococcus granulosus cyst what should you add…

A

Formalin

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42
Q

Where does the Adult Echinococcus Granulosus reside in its definitive host?

A

In the bowel

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43
Q

Are humans the intermediate or definitive host for E. Granulosus

A

No

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44
Q

What are the hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis

A

Rodents, foxes, wolves, dogs, cats

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45
Q

What is the intermediate host for E. Multilocularis

A

Rodents

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46
Q

How are humans infected with cyst stage E. Multilocularis

A

Contact with foxes, dogs, or cat feces contaminated with eggs

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47
Q

What occupation is most associated with E. Multilocularis

A

Trappers

Handle fur pelts and inhale fecal dust with the eggs

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48
Q

What causes hydatid cycst in the liver and lungs

A

E. Multilocularis

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49
Q

What egg tapeworm mimics the appearance of carcinoma

A

E. Multilocularis

Because there are no protoscolices

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50
Q

What tapeworm causes obstruction of the biliary and portal pathways in the liver

A

E. Multilocularis

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51
Q

What tapeworm mimics hepatic cirrhosis

A

E. multilocularis

-malnutrition, ascites, and portal hypertension

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52
Q

If left untreated what is the mortality rate of E. multilocularis

A

70 percent

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53
Q

How do you prevent E. Multilocularis

A

Deworming farm dogs and cats

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54
Q

What is the size of hymenolepis nana

A

Dwarf tapeworm 2-4cm

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55
Q

Does hymenolepis nana require and intermediate host

A

No

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56
Q

Do hymenolepis nana need to leave there host at any point?

A

No

Eggs are able to hatch into larva, then grow into adults, without leaving the host

Can lead to hyper infection and several clinical symptoms

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57
Q

Other than humans what two vectors are associated with hymenolepis nana

A

Beetles and mice

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58
Q

What is the most common tape worm in N. America

A

Hymenolepis nana

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59
Q

What are the places you can ingest Hymenolepis nana from

A

Contaminated grain and flour

Day Care centers for children are hot spots

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60
Q

What are the S/s of Hymenolepis nana

A

Heavy infection:

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, anorexia.

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61
Q

Because Hymenolepis nana doesn’t need to leave its host, this can cause

A

Auto reinfection and severe symptoms

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62
Q

What does H. Nana egg look like

A

Six hooked embryo and polar filaments

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63
Q

What is a tapeworm that is closely related to H. Nana and primarily found in rats and mice

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

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64
Q

What is the physical difference between H. Nana and H. Diminuta

A

The scolex of H. Diminuta lacks booklets, and the egg is larger and has no polar filaments and is bile stained

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65
Q

What does the lifecycle for Hymenolepis diminuta require

A

Requires insect for development

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66
Q

How do humans ingest Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Larval insects feed on infected rat feces and humans eat the larva in contaminated grains

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67
Q

What is the cause of H. Diminuta ingestion

A

Rodent contamination/ worms in uncooked grains

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68
Q

What are the S/ s of H. Diminuta infection

A

Can be asymptomatic

Or cause N/D abdominal discomfort, anorexia

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69
Q

What is the physical characteristics of H. Diminuta

A

Bile stained egg that lacks polar filaments

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70
Q

How do you prevent H. Diminuta

A

Rodent control where grain is stored

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71
Q

Dipylidium caninum is primarily a worm associated with what animal

A

Dogs and Cats

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72
Q

What is the life cycle for dipylidium caninum

A

Development off larva worms in dos and cat fleas

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73
Q

What do the eggs of dipylidium caninum look/ present

A

Free eggs are rarely seen

Egg packets that contain 8-15 six hooked on o sphere in a thin membrane are most commonly found in fecal specimens

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74
Q

What is the cause of Dipylidium caninum infection

A

Pet chews/ crushed fleas, licks a child mouth or direct swallowing infected fleas leads to intestinal infection

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75
Q

Who is most at risk of dipylidium caninum

A

Children near dogs and cats

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76
Q

What are the S/s of Dipylidium Caninum

A

Light- asymptomatic

Heavier- abdominal discomfort, anal pruritus, and diarrhea

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77
Q

What causes the anal pruritus associated with D. Caninum

A

Motile proglottids

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78
Q

How do you diagnose D. Caninum

A

Microscopic eggs in feces
Or Visible proglottids in feces
(Stool sample)

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79
Q

What is the name from Flukes

A

Trematodes

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80
Q

What is the shape of trematodes

A

Flat, fleshy, leaf shaped worms

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81
Q

What is the digestive system of trematodes

A

Aka flukes

Lateral tubes that do not join to form an excretory opening

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82
Q

What is the sex of most flukes and what is the exception

A

Hermaphroditism except for schistosomes

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83
Q

What do flukes require as their first intermediate host

A

Mollusks (snails and clams)

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84
Q

All flukes have an operculum except for the

A

Schistosomes

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85
Q

What is the largest, most prevalent, and most important intestinal fluke

A

Fasciolopsis buski

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86
Q

What is another name for Fasciolopsis buski

A

The giant intestinal fluke

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87
Q

How do humans ingest Fasciolopsis buski

A

Ingesting the metacercaria (encestes larva) on water chestnuts or water plants

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88
Q

Where do the metacercaria of fasciolopsis buski develop into immature flukes

A

In the Duodenum

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89
Q

Where does the adult fluke of Fasciolopsis buski attach to and what does it do there

A

In the mucosa of the small intestine and undergoes self fertilization

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90
Q

How long does it take F. Buski to go from ingestion to eggs

A

3 months

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91
Q

What is the free swimming larva of F buski called

A

Miracidium

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92
Q

What is the reservoir for F. Buski

A

Needs snail host

And in china, Vietnam, indonesia, maylasia, and India pigs, dogs and rabbits serve as reservoir host

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93
Q

What are the S/s of F. Buski infection

A

Inflamation, ulceration, and hemorrhage.

Feels like a duodenal ulcer,

Diarrhea
Malabsorption syndrome similar to giardiasis 
Intestinal obstruction 
Marked eosinophilia 
(RARELY CAUSES DEATH)
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94
Q

What does F. buski look like

A

Large, golden, bile stained egg with operculum on the top

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95
Q

What is the name of the sheep liver fluke

A

Fasciola hepatica

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96
Q

What organ does Fasciola hepatica migrate through

A

Migrates through the liver parenchyma and enter the bile ducts to become adult worms

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97
Q

At approx 3-4 months after F. Hepatica infection what do the adult flukes start to do..

A

Starts producing operculated eggs that are identical to F. Buski

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98
Q

What are the S/s of F. Hepatica

A

Liver irritation, tenderness, and hepatomegaly.
Pain in the RUQ, chills, fever, and marked eosinophilia

Worms in bile ducts cause irritation and toxic secretion leading to hepatitis, hyperplasia, and biliary obstruction

Can cause LIVER ROT
Portal cirrhosis is common

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99
Q

How do you diagnose F. Hepatica

A

Eggs are indistinguishable from F. Buski

Eggs in bile is diagnostic

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100
Q

What is the name for the Chinese liver fluke

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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101
Q

How many intermediate host does C. Sinensis require

A

2 intermediate hosts

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102
Q

What is unique about C. Sinensis (fluke)

A

Differs from other flukes in that the eggs are eaten by the snail where reproduction begins

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103
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts for C. Sinensis

A
  1. Snail

2. Fresh water fish

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104
Q

After ingestion by its secondary host (fresh water fish ) C. Sinensis does what…

A

Fresh water dish ingest the cercaríae cyst where it develops into infect metacercariae

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105
Q

What is the way in which humans ingest C. Sinensis

A

Uncooked freshwater fish are eaten

Flukes develop in the duodenum and then migrate to the bile ducts to become adults

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106
Q

How long can C. Sinensis survive in the biliary tract

A

50 years producing 200 eggs a day

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107
Q

What population has common C. Sinensis

A

Asian refugees

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108
Q

What are the reservoirs and hosts for C. Sinensis

A

Raw, pickled, smoked, or dried freshwater fish that harbor the metacercariae

Dogs, cats, and fish eating mammals can serve as reservoirs as well

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109
Q

What are the S/s of C. Sinensis

A

Usually asymptomatic

Severe infections occur with many flukes in the biliary ducts
-Fever, diarrhea, Epi gastric pain, hepatomegaly, anorexia, jaundice

Can cause biliary obstruction
Can Cause adenocarcinoma of the biliary duct

Invasion of the gall bladder can cause cholecystitis, cholethiasis, and impaired liver function

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110
Q

How do you diagnose C. Sinensis

A

Eggs in stool

Repeat stool cultures may be necessary

In acute symptomatic infection: ther are usually eosinophilia and an elevation of serum alkaline phosphate levels.
Radiographs may detect abnomalities in biliary tract

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111
Q

What is the name for the Lung Fluke

A

Paragonimus westermani

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112
Q

When does the infectious stage for P. Westermani occurs

A

In a secondary intermediate host: the muscles and gills of freshwater crabs and crayfish

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113
Q

How do humans ingest P. Westermani

A

Ingest infected meat, larval worm hatches in the stomach and ends up eventual in the plural cavity

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114
Q

Where does the adult worm for P. Westermani reside

A

In the lungs where it produces eggs that are liberated from ruptured bronchioles and appear in the sputum or when ingested in the feces

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115
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts for P. Westermani

A

Snails

Crayfish/ Crab

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116
Q

What is the cause of P. Westermani ingestion

A

Consumption of uncooked freshwater crabs and crayfish

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117
Q

What are the S/s of P. Westermani ingestion/ infection

A

Fever, chills, high eosinophilia
In the lungs, adult flukes produce, Inflamation, with fever, cough, and increased sputum

Blood sputum with eggs (rusty sputum)
And severe chest pain

Can cause dyspnea , chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and pleural effusion
As well as fibrosis in the lungs

If larva migrate to the spinal cord or brain then there may be severe neurological disease

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118
Q

How do you diagnose P. Westermani

A

Sputum and Feces reveal golden brown, operculated eggs.

Chest Radiographs show infiltrates, nodular cysts, and pleural effusions.

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119
Q

Where is Schistosomes a major parasitic infection

A

Tropical Areas

230 million infections worldwide

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120
Q

What do schistosomes cause

A

Schistosomiasis, aka bilharziasis or snail fever

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121
Q

Snail fever aka

A

Schistosomiasis

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122
Q

How are schistosomes different than flukes

A

Obligate intravascular parasites

Skin penetrating not ingested

Have no operculum

And are Male/ Female not hermaphroditism

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123
Q

Where do schistosomes develop in humans

A

In the intrahepatic portal circulation

Or in the visceral, prostatic, rectal, or uterine plexuses/ veins

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124
Q

What is the vector for schistosomes

A

Snails

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125
Q

What accounts for the chronic infections associated with schistosomes

A

The can coat themselves with substances that the host recognizes as “self”

126
Q

Where as S. Mansoni and S. Japonicum found…

A

In the Mesenteric veins

Intentional schistosomiasis

127
Q

Where is S. Haematobium found..

A

In the veins around the urinary bladder

Vesicular schistosomiasis

128
Q

What do the eggs of schistosomes elicit in their host..

A

Intense inflamarte reaction with mononuclear and polymorphnuclear cellular infiltrates and the formation of microabscesses

129
Q

What do the large inside the eggs of Schistosomes produce

A

Enzymes that air in tissue destruction, allowing the eggs to pass through the mucosa and into the lumen of the bowel and bladder

130
Q

What happens to schistosomes eggs when they reach fresh water

A

Hatch quickly realeasing motile miracidia that invade snails, become thousands of infectious cercariae, which then are immediately infectious to humans

131
Q

What are the earliest signs of schistosomes infection

A

Penetration of the skin

Causes pruritic popular rash

132
Q

What is Katayama syndrome

A

The onset of oviposition result in a symptom complex

Fever, chills, cough, urticaria, arthalgias, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and abdominal pain.

Seen 1-2 months following primary exposure to schistosomes.
(May persist for 3 months)

133
Q

What causes the more chronic and signifigant phase of schistosomiasis

A

Presence of eggs in tissues resulting the formation of granulomas and fibrosis.
Causing intense Inflammation and scarring.

134
Q

Where do S. Mansoni usually reside

A

In the small branches of the inferior Mesenteric vein near the lower colon

135
Q

What do the eggs of S. Mansoni look like

A

Oval, with a sharp lateral spine, and measure 115 to 175 um x 45 to 70 us

136
Q

What is the most widespread schistosomes

A

S. Mansoni

Endemic to africa, Saudi Arabia, and Madagascar

137
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for S. Mansoni

A

Primates, marsupials, and rodents

138
Q

Why is S. Mansoni considered a disease of economic progress..

A

The development of massive land irrigation projects in desert and tropical areas results in the dispersion of infected humans and snails to previously uninvolved areas

139
Q

What is the host for S. Mansoni

A

Snails

140
Q

What are the S/s of S. Mansoni

A

Itch, rash, cough, hepatitis

Goes from ski to lungs to liver,

Chronic: hepatospleganomegaly, ascites, white psuedotubercles on liver.

Eggs can appear in spinal cord and lungs.

141
Q

What occurs in fatal schistosomiasis

A

From S. Mansoni

Fibrous tissue, surrounds the portal vein in a thick, grossly visible layer, - clay pipe stream fibrosis

142
Q

Where does S. Japonicum reside

A

In the superior Mesenteric vein around the small intestine and in the inferior Mesenteric vessels

143
Q

What are the characteristics of S. Japonicum eggs

A

are smaller, spherical, and posses a TINY spine.

144
Q

Because of the smaller size of S. Japonicum, what does this cause

A

A more severe infection of more tissue

145
Q

Which Schistosomes frequently involves infection of cerebral structures

A

S. Japonicum

146
Q

What are the S/s of S. Japonicum

A

Cerebral inclusion:
Lethargy, speech impairment, visual defects, and seizures

Other S/s common with S. Mansoni
Katayma syndrome more common

147
Q

How do you diagnose S. Japonicum

A

Stool sample showing small, golden eggs with tiny spines.

148
Q

What population is common infection with S. Japonicum

A

People who work in rice paddies and on irrigation projects

149
Q

What is the common name for S. Japonicum

A

Oriental blood fluke

150
Q

What is Schistosoma Haematobium

A

Is a blood fluke that developes in the liver and migrates to the veis al, prostatic, and uterine plexuses of the Venus circulation and occasional in the portal bloodstream

151
Q

What do S. Haematobium eggs look like

A

Large eggs with a sharp terminal spine

152
Q

Where do S. Haematobium eggs deposite into

A

The walls of the bladder and uterine and prostatic tissues.

In the bladder they can break free and are found in the urine

153
Q

What is the leadind cause of bladder cancer in Egypt

A

S. Haematobium

154
Q

What is the reservoir for S. Haematobium

A

Monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees

HOST: snail

155
Q

What are the S/s of S. Haematobium

A

Similar to S. Mansoni and Japonicum

Includes: hematuria, dysuria, and urinary infrequency.

Bacteriuria is a frequent chronic condition.
Scarring of the bladder, with loss of bladder capacity and obstructive uropathy.

Bladder cancer

Can Also present in the lungs:
Causing dyspnia, cough, and hemaptosis

156
Q

What is the cause of swimmers itch

A

Cercarial dermatitis

Nonhuman schistosomes that penetrate the skin and produce dermatitis

157
Q

What is the natural host for Cercarial dermatitis

A

Birds, offshoot feeding animals, freshwater lakers.

158
Q

What is a nematode

A

A round worm

159
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Nematodes

A

Large, Cylindrical, unsegmented bodies

160
Q

Where do Nematodes primarily live in the body

A

In the intestinal tract

161
Q

What is the name of the Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

162
Q

What is the life cycle of the pin worm

A

Aka enterobius vermicularis

Ingestion of embryonated eggs 
Larvae hatch in s. Intestine
Migrate to L. Intestine 
Where they mature for 2-6 weeks 
Eggs are laid in perianal folds
163
Q

Where is the hot spot for the pin worm aka enterobius vermicularis

A

Crowded conditions like day care centers, schools, and mental institutions

164
Q

What is the most common helminthic infection in N. America

A

Enterobius vermicularis

165
Q

Does enterobius vermicularis have a known animal reservoir

A

No

166
Q

What is the cause of enterobius vermicularis

A

Eggs are ingested and the larval worm develops in the intestines

167
Q

What occupation is common infection with enterobius vermicularis

A

Infected Workers who handle food can be a source of infection

168
Q

What are the S/s of enterobius vermicularis aka pin worm

A

Most asymptomatic

If allergic: pruritus, loss of sleep, and fatigue

Scratching/ itching can lead to secondary bacterial infection

169
Q

How do you clinically diagnose Pin worm infection

A

Detection of the eggs on the anal mucosa.

Scotch tape prep

170
Q

What nematode do you have to be careful of when dusting a house

A

Enterobius vermicularis

The pinworm

171
Q

What correlates with an Enterobius vermicularis infection

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

172
Q

What is the life cycle for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ingested egg releases a larval worm that penetrates the duodenum
Then enters the blood stream and goes to the liver and heart, then enters pulmonary circulation

Larvae freak free in the alveoli, larvae are coughed up, swallowed, and return to the S. Intestine.

173
Q

What causes Ascaris lumbricoides infection

A

Ingestion of eggs

Poor sanitation where human feces is used as fertilizer

174
Q

What is the most common helminthic infection in the world

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

175
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is similar to what other nematode…

How are they different

A

Similar to Ascaris suum

Different in that A. Suum is found in pigs/ swine farmers

And A. Lumbricoides has no animal reservoir

176
Q

What are the S/s of A. Lumbricoides

A

Usually none, but could migrate tot he bile duct/ liver and cause peritonitis

In the lungs can cause pneumonitis, may be occompained by eosinophilia/ O2 desat.

Abdominal tenderness ,fever, distention, and vomiting

177
Q

What will A. Lumbricoides do in response to fever and drugs used to treat ascaiasis

A

Can migrate to other areas

178
Q

How can A. Lumbricoides be diagnosed

A

Finding larvae in the sputum

179
Q

Where does toxocara and Baylisascaris come from

A

From eggs from infected dogs, cats, and raccoons

180
Q

Who is most susceptible to Toxacara and Baylisascaris

A

Childeren

181
Q

What diseases does Toxocara and Baylisascaris cause

A

VLM ( visceral larva migrans)
NLM (neural larva migrans)
OLM (ocular larva migrans)

182
Q

What is the cause of Toxacara and Baylisascaris infection/ ingestion

A

Exposure to contaminated feces

183
Q

What are the S/s of Toxocara and Baylisascaris

A

The larvae may invade the body tissues causing VLM, NLM, OLM

Bleeding, eosinophilic granulomas, and NECROSIS

184
Q

What are the common anatomical sites for a Toxocara and Baylisascaris infection

A

The lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, muscles, eyes, and CNS

185
Q

How do you diagnose Toxocara and Baylisascaris

A

Eosinophilia, known exposure to dogs, cats, and raccoons,

186
Q

Will you find adult worms with Toxocara and Baylisascaris

A

NO

187
Q

What nematode should you use corticosteroids with

A

Toxacara and Baylisascaris to treat pulmonary, myocardial, or CNS involvement

188
Q

What is the name of whip worm

A

Trichuris trichiuria

189
Q

Where is trichuris trichiuria common

A

In places where human feces is used a fertilizer

190
Q

What is the cause of Trichuris trichiuria

A

Exposure to contaminated feces

191
Q

What are the S/s of trichuris trichiuria

A

Aka whip worm

Usually asymptomatic
Can have secondary bacterial infection from deeply penetrating heads in the intestinal mucosa.

Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, weakness, and weight loss.

Can have associated appendicitis

In children can have prolopse of rectum

192
Q

What are the S/s of a severe T. Trichiuria infection

A

Anemia and eosinophilia

193
Q

How do you diagnoses T. Trichiuria

A

Finding eggs in stool

Bile stained eggs with polar light infestations

194
Q

What are the three Toxacara and Baylisascaris

A

T. Canis (dogs)
T. cati ( cats)
B. Procyonis ( raccoons)

195
Q

Which nematode can cause appendicitis

A

T. Trichiuria

196
Q

What is the name for hook worms

A

Anclyostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

197
Q

Where is the hook worm usually found

A

In feces deposited good soil

198
Q

How is A. Duodenale and N. Americanus acquired by the host

A

Walking barefoot in contaminated soil

199
Q

What are the S/s of A. Duodenale and N. Americanus

A

Rash at site of entry
Pneumonitis and Eosinophilia
Microcytic hypochromic anemia from blood lost from feeding worms

200
Q

What can occur in severe cases of A. Duodenale and N. Americanus infections

A

Sever Hookworm infection

-emaciation, mental and physical retardation

201
Q

Ancylostoma Braziliense is a natural parasite of what animals

A

The intestines of dogs and cats

Accidentally infects humans

202
Q

What is the causitive agent of cutaneous larva migrans aka ground itch or creeping eruptions

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

203
Q

What happens to Ancylostoma Braziliense when it penetrates the skin

A

Can’t go further, wanders in the subQ tissue making serpentine tunnels

204
Q

What is the geographical region for A. Braziliense

A

Beaches of tropical regions in the summer

205
Q

What is the cause of A. Braziliense infection

A

Children playing with soil or sandboxes contaminated with animal feces

206
Q

What are the S/ s of A. Braziliense infection

A

Can cause erythematous and vesicular reactions,
Pruritus and scratching may lead to bacterial infection

About half of pts develop transient pulmonary infiltrates with peripheral eosinophilia (loifer syndrome)

207
Q

How do you diagnose A. Braziliense

A

Clinical appearance of the tunnels and a history of contact with dog, cat feces

Larvae rarely found in sputum

208
Q

What nematode is associated with sexual transmission

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

209
Q

What are the S/s of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Pneumonitis

Intestinal infection is usually asymptomatic
Can effect the biliary and pancreatic ducts, small bowel, and colon, causing inflammation and ulceration,.
N/V/D

210
Q

If the host has a compromised immune system what can happen with S. Stercoralis infection

A

Can cause hyper infection syndrome

211
Q

How does S. Stercoralis present/ diagonised

A

Usually low numbers are passed in the stools,

So you need three stool samples (one per day for three days) because the larva may occur in “showering” : some larvae one day and none the Next

212
Q

What does trichinella spirals cause

A

Trichinosis

213
Q

Where does T. Spiralis live

A

In the gut of flesh eating animals

Commonly the pig

214
Q

What is the life cycle fo T. Spiralis

A 
Ingestion of larvae in meat 
Develop into adult worms 
Move to intestinal mucosa then to the blood stream 
Then to muscle tissues 
Where they calcify

Common targets( extraocular eye muscles, the tongue, deltoid, pectoral, intercostal, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscle)

215
Q

How is T. Spiralis ingested

A

Associated with eating improperly cooked pork

216
Q

Polar bears and walruses can be infected with…

A

T. Spiralis (its resistant to freezing )

217
Q

What are the S/s of T. Spiralis

A

<10 larva: asymptomatic or flu like, diarrhea
>100: have signifigant disease
>1000: occasional death , persistent fever, gastrointestinal distress, marked eosinophilia, muscle pain, and periorbital edema,

“Splinter” hemorrhages beneath nails
Severe neuro signs including psychosis, menigioencephalitis, and CVA

218
Q

What is the vector for Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brígida malayi

A

the mosquito

219
Q

Where do the larva of W. Bancrofti and B. Malayi migrate to

A

Lymphatic system

Primarily in the arms, legs, groin

220
Q

How many months after initial infection do W. Bancrofti and B. Malayi find their way to blood cirulcation

A

3-12 months

221
Q

What is the diagnostic marker for W. Bancrofti and B. Malayi

A

Microfilaria in the blood

222
Q

What is the life cycle for W. Bancrofti and B. Malayi

A

In the mosquito: larvae develop into third stage larvae and are transmitted when the mosquito feeds

In the human: can persist for as long as 10 years

223
Q

What bacteria does W. Bancrofti and B. Malayi harbor

A

Bacterial endosymbionts (depend on these to reproduce)

224
Q

Where is W. Bancrofti prevalent

A

In tropical regions

No known animal reservoir

225
Q

Where is B. Malayi prevalent

A

In Asia with Cats and monkeys as reservoir

226
Q

How does W. Bancrofti and M. Malayi get into its host

A

Mosquito bite

227
Q

What are the S/s of W. Bancrofti and B. Malayi

A

Acute lymphangitis and lymphadenitis with fever/ chills.
Enlarged lymph nodes in extemites, scrotum, and the testes.
Can cause elephantiasis

228
Q

What is the vector for Loa Loa

A

Bitting Fly

229
Q

What is the time line of infection from Loa Loa

A

Approx 6 months after infection, the production of microfilariae starts and can persist for 17 years of more

230
Q

Where is Loa loa prevalent

A

In the rain forest of Africa

Where monkeys and mango flies are the reservoir host

231
Q

How does Loa Loa get into its host

A

Bites from a Fly

232
Q

What are the S/s of Loa Loa

A

Asymptomatic for 12 months
Then fugitive swelling/ CALABAR swelling (painful/ pruritic)
Worm can migrate to under the conjunctiva

233
Q

When is Loa Loa primarily found

A

During the daytime from 10 am to 2 pm

234
Q

What drug do you want to use to treat the S/s associated with Loa Loa

A

Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation of the traveling worm

235
Q

Where is Mansonella Perstans found

A

Africa, Central and South America

Reservoir host are chimpanzees and gorillas

236
Q

What is the vector for mansonella perstans

A

Biting midges or black flies

237
Q

What are the S/ s for mansonella perstans

A

Generally asymptomatic

May causes dermatitis, lymphadenitis, hydrocele, and elephantiasis

238
Q

How does mansonella perstans present in the blood

A

Nonsheathed microfilariae in the blood

239
Q

Where is Mansonella ozzardi found

A

In central and South America, West Indies

No know reservoirs

240
Q

What is the vector for mansonella ozzardi

A

Mixing midges and Black flies

241
Q

What are the s/s of Mansonella ozzardi

A

The exact same as M. Perstans

242
Q

Where is Mansonella streptocerca found

A

In the congo basin,

Reservoir in monkeys

243
Q

What is the vector for Mansonella streptocerca

A

Biting midges and black flies

244
Q

What are the S/s of Mansonella streptocerca

A

Usually asymptomatic, can produce edema and rarely elephantiasis

245
Q

What is the vector of Onchocerca volvulus

A

The larvae enters the skin of the host from the bite of the black fly

246
Q

What is the timeline/ life span for O. Volvulus

A

Larvae migrate to SubQ tissue where they are surrounded by fibrous nodules which can remain for 15 years

247
Q

What do all individual worms and all life cycle stages of O. Volvulus contain

A

The wolbachia bacteria endosymbionts

248
Q

Where is O. Volvulus most found?

A

Africa, central and south America

Black flies that breed in fast flowing streams

249
Q

50 % of people infected by O. Volvulus will progress to what..

A

River blindness

250
Q

What are the S/s of O. Volvulus infection

A

Fever, eosinophilia, and urticaria.

Subcutaneous nodules on the body
Can cause blindness

Wolbachia bacteria releases microfilariae death in the cornea and causes edema and opacity

251
Q

How do you diagnose

O. Volvulus

A

Presence of microfiliraie in skin snip preps

252
Q

What is the name for the Dog Heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

253
Q

What is the worm that creates a coin legion in the lung mostly in dogs and rarely in humans

A

Diroliaria immitis

254
Q

Where is Dracunculus medienesis found ?

A

Asia and Africa

People bath in step wells and the female worm discharges larvae on the arms legs and feet on cyclops in water

Human infection is from ingestion of water containing cyclops

255
Q

What is the cause of D. Medinesis infection

A

Drinking contaminated water

256
Q

What are the S/s of D. Medinensis infection

A

A painful ulcer forms one year post infection ,

257
Q

How is D. Medinensis diagnoses

A

Flooding the ulcer with water to recover larvae when they are discharged

258
Q

What are the characteristic of an amoebae

A

Unicellular

Have two life cycles

  • trphoziote (active feeding stage)
  • cyst (resistant, infective phase)
259
Q

How do amoebae replicate?

A

By binary fission or by development of numerous trophozoites with in the mature multinucleated cyst

260
Q

How are amoebae motile

A

By psuedopods

261
Q

How long with trophozoites remain actively motile

A

As long as the environment is favorable

262
Q

What causes the amebae to enter the cyst phase

A

When the environmental temperature or moisture level drops below favorable

263
Q

Where is Entamoeba Histolytica found

A

Highest in tropical regions,
Flys and roaches serve as reservoir,
Sewerage, human waste as fertilizer are common sources

264
Q

What amebae can be passed from oral, anal sex

A

Entamoeba histolytica

265
Q

What is the cause of E. Histolytica infection

A

Ingestion of contaminated food and water

Oral anal sex

266
Q

What are the S/ s of E. Histolytica

A

None if healthy

Intestinal amebiasis: pain cramping, and colitis with diarrhea.
Severe: numerous bloody stools per day, fever, leukocytsis, rigors

Abcess formation is common, especially in the R.Lobe of the liver
Hepatomegaly and elevation of the diaphragm is observed

267
Q

How are trophozoites removed from the blood in the body

A

By the liver

268
Q

How do you ID a E. Histolytica infection

A

Trophozoites and cysts in stool and in tissue

Collect multiple stool samples

269
Q

What does E. Polecki cause

A

Transient diarrhea from pigs and monkeys

Amebae

270
Q

What is the minimal infective dose for humans with G. Duodenalis

A

10 -25 cysts

271
Q

What is detected in the fecal specimens of pts infected with Giardia Duodenalis

A

Cysts and trophozoites forms

272
Q

Where is G. Duodenalis found

A

Streams, lakes, and mountain resorts.

Beavers, and muskrats

273
Q

What chemical is G. Duodenalis resistant to

A

Chlorine, so chemical plus filtration is needed

274
Q

What are the S./s of G. Duodenalis

A

Mild diarrhea to severe malabsorption syndrome

Sudden onset of foul smelling watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, and steatorrhea

275
Q

What is the infection timeline for G. Duodenalis

A

Incubation 1-4 weeks

Spontaneous recovery after 10-14 days

276
Q

How is G. Duodenalis diagnosed

A

Stool exam fro cysts and trophozoites

1 sample for 3 days

277
Q

How can G. Duodenalis be prevented

A

Boiling drinking water from streams and lakes

Fecal oral sex should be avoided

278
Q

What is the cause of D. Fragilis infection

A

Possibly from person to person, inside the shell of Enterbius vernicularis (pinworm)

Via fecal oral route, oral anal routes

279
Q

What are the symptoms of D. Fragilis

A

Mostly asymptomatic, colonization of cecum and upper colon

Some patiens develop abdominal cramps, intermittent diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss,
(No evidence of tissue invasion)

280
Q

How do you diagnose D. Fragilis

A

Small trophozoites with one or two nuclei in the stool

The central karyosome consists of four to six discrete granules.

Several stool samples are necessary due to fluctuating excretion

281
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis casue

A

Urogenital infections

282
Q

T. Vaginalis exists only as a

A

Trophozoite

283
Q

Where is T. Vaginalis found

A

In the urethras and vaginas of women

And the urethras and prostate glands of men

284
Q

How is T. Vaginalis motile

A

It has four cilia and a short, undulating membrane

285
Q

What is the cause of T. Vaginalis

A

Sexual intercourse is the primary mode of transmission

Infants can be infected from passing though the birth canal

286
Q

What are the S/s of T. Vaginalis

A

Most women are asymptomatic or have scant watery discharge

Can cause itching, burning, and painful urination.

Men are primarily asymptomatic and serve as carrier resovoirs

287
Q

What is the drug of choice for T. Vaginalis

A

Mettronidazole

288
Q

Where is Neobalantidium coli found?

A

Pigs and monkeys

Transmitted fecal oral
Contaminated water supplies with pig feces.

Can be person to person
(Food handlers)

289
Q

What is the cause of N. Coli

A

Fecal oral transmission, pigs

290
Q

What are the S/ s of N. Coli

A

Abdominal pain , tenderness, tenesmus, nausea, anorexia, and watery stools with blood and pus

291
Q

How do you diagnose N. Coli

A

ID very large cysts and trophozoites in stool.

Surface is curved in cilia, and have prominent internal macro nucleus with a micro nucleus as well

292
Q

Where is cystoisospora found

A

In AIDS pts

293
Q

What is the cause of Cystoisospora

A

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Oral-anal contact

294
Q

What are the S/s of Cystoisospora

A

Mild gastrointestinal disease, malabsorption, loose foul smelling stools.
Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, malaise, and fatigue,

295
Q

How do you diagnose cystoisospora

A

Acid fast stain or iodine

296
Q

Where is sarcocystis isolated from

A

Pigs and cattle

297
Q

How does clinical sarcocystis present in humans

A

If infected meat is ingested then intestinal disease,

If sporocycts are ingested then muscular disease

298
Q

What are the S/ s of Sacrocsystis

A

Intestinal disease: N/ D, abdominal pain

Muscular: fever and muscle pain

299
Q

If a pt ate raw horse meat, what orgasim could be ingested

A

Sarcocystis spp.

300
Q

What is the cause of Sarcocystis diarrhea

A

15-KD actin depolymerizing factor

301
Q

What are the hot spots for cryptosporidium

A

Pools, veterinary personnel, AIDS pts. High risk

302
Q

What is the cause of cryptosporidium

A

Drinking contaminated water, AIDS pts, fecal oral and oral anal

303
Q

What are the S/ s of cryptosporidium

A

Healthy; self limiting, watery diarrhea

Compromised: 50+ stools a day, fluid loss, lasts for months to years,

304
Q

How do you diagnose cryptosporidium

A

Detection of OOcysts

Modified zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique or sheather sugar flotation procedure

305
Q

What is cryptosporidium resistant to

A

Chlorination and ozone treatment

306
Q

Where is cyclospora found

A

In reptiles, birds, and mammals.

No person to person

307
Q

What are cyclospora resistant to

A

Chlorination

308
Q

What is the cause of cyclospora

A

Consumption of contaminated fruits and veggies,

Also contaminated water

309
Q

What are the S/s of cyclospora species

A

Mild nausea, anorexia, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea

Fatigue, malaise, flatulence, and bloating, ‘severe in AIDs pts

310
Q

How do you diagnose cyclospora

A

Light microscope of unstained fecal material (wet mount)

Appear as non reflective spherical

IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester (22 decks)

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