Intestianal & Urogential Protozoa

Question 1

AMEBAE

Answer 1

• unicellular
• Trophozoite (active feeding) and cyst stage (infectious),
• Binary fission replication,
• Motility by pseudopods.
• Commensalism with humans.
• Trophozoites remain actively motile as long as the environment is favorable.

Question 2

Entamoeba Histolytica

Answer 2

• ameboa
• highest in tropical and subtropical region.
• Flies and roaches can serve as mechanical vector.
• Sewage, human waste as fertilizer cause spread.
• Direct sexual encounters (oral-anal sex).
• Crowded areas.
• ingestion of food or water contaminated with human feces,
• specific sexual practices..
• S/s, none (if healthy).
• Intestinal amebiasis; Abdominal pain, cramping, and colitis with diarrhea.
• numerous bloody stools per day.
• Abscess formation is common, especially the right lobe.
• Liver pain, hepatomegaly and elevation of the diaphragm is observed.
• Requires multiple stool specimens.

Question 3

Ciliates

Answer 3

• Formerly flagellates, non pathogens, diseases causes by irritation/ inflammation.
• Tissue destruction is rare.

Question 4

Giardia Duodenalis

Answer 4

• streams, lakes, and mountain resorts.
• beavers and muskrats.
• Resistant to chlorine.
• Risk include poor sanitary conditions, travel to known endemic areas, consumption of inadequately treated water (e.g., from contaminated mountain streams), day-care centers, and oral-anal sexual practices.
• The incubation period 1 to 4 weeks (average, 10 days).
• Sudden onset, with foul-smelling, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, and steatorrhea.
• ciliate
• This is particularly a problem for patients with immunoglobulin A deficiency or intestinal diverticula.
• 1 sample/ day for 3 days.
• Entero-Test or string test, or biopsy of the upper small intestine

Question 5

Dientamoeba fragilis-

Answer 5

• ciliate
• The mode of transmission is not completely understood.
• Reservoir unknown.
• Possibly transported from person to person inside the protective shell of Enterobius vermicularis , the pinworm.
• Transmission by the fecal-oral and oral-anal routes does occur.
• abdominal discomfort, flatulence, intermittent diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss.
• parasite may fluctuate markedly from day to day, thus collection of several stool samples may be necessary.

Question 6

Trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 6

• ciliate
• Urogential infections.
• Sexual intercourse is the primary mode of transmission.
• Most women are asymptomatic or have a scant, watery vaginal discharge.
• Vaginitis may occur with more extensive inflammation and erosion of the epithelial lining that is associated with itching, burning, and painful urination.
• can cause premature rupture of membranes, premature birth, other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
• men occasionally experience urethritis, prostatitis, and other urinary tract problems.
• Neonates can acquire the organism via passage through the birth canal.

Question 7

Neobalantidium Coli

Answer 7

• ciliate
• Swine and (less commonly) monkeys.
• Infections are transmitted by the fecal-oral route;
• outbreaks are associated with contamination of water supplies with pig feces.
• Symptomatic disease is characterized by abdominal pain and tenderness, tenesmus, nausea, anorexia, and watery stools with blood and pus.
• Ulceration of the intestinal mucosa, as with amebiasis.
• Very large (from 50 to 200 μm and in width from 40 to 70 μm ) trophozoites and cysts in stool.
• prominent internal structure is a macronucleus.

Question 8

Sporazoa

Answer 8

Apicomplexa or Coccidia.

• asexual (schizogony)
• sexual (gametogony) reproduction.

Question 9

Cystoisospora-

Answer 9

• Sporazoa
• Increased awareness of disease caused by Cystoisospora species in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• Mimics giardiasis, with a malabsorption syndrome characterized by loose, foul-smelling stools.
• Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, malaise, and fatigue.
• difficult to separate this presentation from the patient’s underlying disease.(AIDS)
• special staining with iodine or a modified acid-fast procedure reveal the parasite.

Question 10

Sarcocystis spp.

Answer 10

• sporazoa
• pigs and cattle.
• Sarcocystis oocysts rupture before passage in stool specimens, and only sporocysts are present.
• intestinal disease if infected meat is ingested.
• muscular disease if sporocysts are ingested.
• nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. fever and muscle pain.
• diarrhea can occur in humans that eat raw horse meat.
• produce a 15-kDa actin-depolymerizing factor protein that induces diarrhea in model systems.

Question 11

Cryptosporidium spp

Answer 11

• Sporazoa
• Cryptosporidium ; C. hominis and C. parvum are most common human isolates.
• Resistant to chlorination and ozone treatment.
• Veterinary personnel, animal handlers, children, homosexual men, pools, schools, and immunocompromised individuals.
• 50 + stools/ day and tremendous fluid loss, can be severe and last for months to years.

Question 12

Cyclospora spp.

Answer 12

• sporazoa
• reptiles, birds, and mammals.
• Cyclospora species are resistant to chlorination and not readily detected by methods used currently to ensure the safety of supplies of drinking water.
• Consumption of contaminated fruits and vegetable.
• Mild nausea, anorexia, abdominal cramping, and watery diarrhea.
• Fatigue, malaise, flatulence, and bloating, diarrhea is self-limited but may be prolonged and last for weeks.
• nonrefractile, spheric to oval, slightly wrinkled bodies measuring 8 to 10 μm in diameter; they have an internal cluster of membrane-bound globules.