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IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester > Intro To Parsites Slide Deck > Flashcards

Intro To Parsites Slide Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is symbiosis

A

Two organisms of different spp. Living together

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of symbiosis

A

Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism

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3
Q

What is commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

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4
Q

What is mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are benefited

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5
Q

What is parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabolically dependent on the other organism (host) and gains all the benefit. The host is adversely affected.

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of parasites

A 
Facultative 
Obligate 
Incidental 
Endoparasite 
Ectoparasite
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7
Q

What is a facultative parasite

A

Facultative parasite: Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite

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8
Q

What is an obligate parasite

A

Obligate parasite: Cannot survive in a free living state.

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9
Q

What is an incidental parasite

A

Incidental parasite: Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live (dog flea bites a human).

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10
Q

What is an endoparasite

A

Endoparasite: A parasite living inside the host

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11
Q

What is an ectoparasite

A

Ectoparasite: A parasite living on the external

surface of the host

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12
Q

What is a host

A

. Host: Any living organism, animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

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13
Q

What are the 4 kinds of hosts

A

Definitive
Intermediate
Reservoir
Paratenic

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14
Q

What is a definitive host

A

Definitive host: The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

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15
Q

What is the intermediate host

A

Intermediate host: That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a
parasite

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16
Q

What is the reservoir host

A

Reservoir host: A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

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17
Q

What is the paratenic host

A

Paratenic host: A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no
development, but passes on to the final host

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18
Q

What is a life cycle

A

Life cycle- the process of a parasite’s growth, development and reproduction, which proceeds in one or more different host depending on the species of parasites.

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19
Q

What is the infective stage

A

Infective stage-a stage when a parasite can invade a human body and live in it.

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20
Q

What is the infective route

A

Infective route- the entrance which the parasite invades the human body.

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21
Q

What is the infective mode

A

Infective mode- how the parasite invades the human body.

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22
Q

What is a vector

A

A carrier, usually an arthropod, which transmits an infective form of the parasite from host to another

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23
Q

What is autoinfection

A

Autoinfection: A reinfection in which the host is its own source of infection from a source already present in the body

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24
Q

What are the 4 routes of infection

A

Ingestion (oral)
Active penetration
Injection
Congenital

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25
Q

What is Oral Ingestion route

A

Ingestion: Oral (nasopharyngeal) in food, water or aerosols, etc.
Remains in gastrointestinal tract
Internal migration to other host organs or systems
Migration through other host systems and return to gastrointestinal sites

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26
Q

What is active penetration route

A

Active penetration: Through host tissues, skin or mucous membranes
• Remains on or within the epidermis or subcutaneous tissues
• Penetrates to other host organs or tissues

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27
Q

What is injection route

A

Injection: Through host tissues by vector or agent
• Arthropod-borne: By mouth parts, salivary glands, or waste products
• Transfusion: Present in donor blood at time of transfusion

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28
Q

What is congenital route

A

Congenital: Transmission of parasites across the placental barrier from mother to fetus

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29
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

30
Q

How do protozoan uptake food

A

Pinocytosis, phagocytosis of soluble or particulate, ingestion through cytostome, some use diffusion.

31
Q

How do protozoan convert energy

A

Respiration in most parasitic protozoa is accomplished by facultatively anaerobic processes

32
Q

How do protozoan survive ?

A

develop into a cyst form that is less metabolically active

Parasites that cannot form cysts must rely on direct transmission from host to host or require an arthropod vector to
complete their life cycle

protozoan have immunoevasive mechanisms that allow them to respond to attack by the host immune
system by continuously changing their surface antigens ensuring continued survival within the host

33
Q

How do protozoan reproduce

A

Reproduction among the protozoa is generally by simple binary fission (merogony), although the life cycle of
some protozoa, such as the sporozoans, includes cycles of multiple fission (schizogony) alternating with a period of sexual reproduction (sporogony or gametogony).

34
Q

How do helminths Take up food

A

Ingest host tissue/fluids, causing tissue destruction, or absorption of nutrients from the surrounding fluids
and intestinal contents

35
Q

How do helminth convert energy

A

Respiration in helminths is primarily anaerobic, although the larval forms may require oxygen.

36
Q

How do helminths survive

A

The major protective barrier for most helminths is the tough external layer (cuticle or tegument).

Worms may also secrete enzymes that destroy host cells and neutralize immunologic and cellular defense
mechanisms.

Some evade the host immune response by incorporating host antigens into their external cuticular layer.

The worm can in some diseases (e.g., schistosomiasis) survive within the host for decades.

37
Q

How do Helminths reproduce

A

Most lay eggs but some bear live young.

38
Q

What are the 6 factors associated with parasite pathogenicity

A

Infective dose and exposure

Penetration of anatomic barriers

Attachment

Replication

Cell and tissue damage

Disruption, evasion, and inactivation of host defenses

39
Q

What are the 5 parasite ports of entry

A

Ingestion, direct penetration, arthropod bite, trans placental penetration,
Organism directed penetration

40
Q

How do parasites disrupt, evade, or inactive the host defenses

A

parasites elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

parasites are particularly adept at interfering with or avoiding these defense mechanisms

41
Q

What medications can interfere with examination of a specimen

A

Antacids
Antidiarrheal compounds
Mineral oil
Antibiotics

42
Q

What will barium sulfate do for examination for patients in radiographs

A

Make the stool specimens difficult to examine for 1-2 weeks.

Crystals interfere with detection

43
Q

What will water do in specimen recovery of trophozoites

A

Destroy them

44
Q

What is one of the most importation factors affecting the diagnosis of infections

A

Age of a stool specimen

45
Q

When should liquid and diarrhetic specimens be observed

A

Should be examined within 30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)

46
Q

What should soft specimens be observed

A

Examined within one hour of passage

47
Q

When should formed specimens be observed

A

Can be delayed for several hours. If longer they should be preserved.

48
Q

What is the most common fecal preservative

A

10% formalin

no stain, yes EIA

49
Q

What temperature should fecal specimens be preserved at

A

Fecal specimens may be stored at 4*C, but not frozen

50
Q

What should be noted on macroscopic examination of stool

A

Note consistency, presence of blood, mucus, worms, and proglottids

51
Q

IN stool examination, what is detected under saline and iodine direct wet mount (fresh stools)

A

Detect motile trophozoites, larvae (Strongyloides), helminth eggs, protozoan cysts, and host cells such as leukocytes and red blood cells

52
Q

What does 10 % formalin do

A

Separates protozoan cysts and helminth eggs from the bulk of fecal material and thus enhance the ability to detect small numbers of organisms usually missed by the use of only a direct smear.

53
Q

What is essential for stool sample definitive diagnosis

A

The cytologic detail seen in permanently stained slides is essential for definitive diagnosis

54
Q

What method gives best recovery of Pinworm eggs if used before defecation, bathing or dressing in the morning

A

Scotch tape prep

55
Q

What test is used to detect parasites, protozoa and helminths, in the upper part if the small intestin

A

Entero test- string test

56
Q

How long should the pt fast before the Estero- string test

A

12 hours

57
Q

How is the enterotest- string test performed

A

The end of the string is taped to your cheek or neck
• A capsule containing the remainder of the string is swallowed
• The capsule will dissolve and move into your stomach were the string will unravel

Usually the patient relaxes for about four hours
• The string gathers materials from the stomach and upper intestines
• After the allotted time, the string will be pulled back up through the throat, placed in a container and sent to the lab
• Remove mucous from string and examine by wet mount technique

58
Q

What type of test would you use for plasmodium spp.

A

A blood test

59
Q

What test is useful to detect parasites in the lungs

A

Sputum test

60
Q

What test will detect parasites in the urogenital tract

A

Urine sediment test

61
Q

When would you use a Urethral and Vaginal exudates test

A

To detect parasites of the urogenital tract

62
Q

What is the best method of controlling the parasitic life cycle

A

Proper disposal of human and animal waste

  • application of latrines
  • avoid raw feces on soil
63
Q

What chemicals are used to purify drinking water

A

Chlorine or Iodine

64
Q

What temperature should food be at to interrupt the parasitic life cycle

A

Cooking/ heating for 1 hour at 55 *C

Or

Freezing for 20 days at -10 * C

65
Q

What kind of drug is choloquine phosphate

A

Antimalarial

Aka Aralen

66
Q

What kind of drug is praziquantel

A

Antihemlminthic

Aka Biltricide

67
Q

What kind of drug is metronidazole

A

Anti protozoal

Aka flagyl

68
Q

What is eosinophilia

A

When eosinophils are elevated during a parasitic infection

  • does not reveal the specific parasite
  • can be caused by other inflammatory conditions like cancer
69
Q

What kind of nucleus does a eosinophil have

A

Bilobed nucleus

70
Q

Eosinophils account for what percent of peripheral blood

A

1-3%

71
Q

How do eosinophils attack foreign parasites

A

Chemotaxis to site
Recognize target (Fc receptors)
Phagocytosis
Induce Chemical Attack (granules)

IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester (22 decks)

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