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IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the regions of the Lower Extremity

A
  • gluteal
  • thigh
  • knee
  • leg
  • foot
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2
Q

What are the 2 regions of the knee

A

Anterior Patellar

Posterior popliteal

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3
Q

What are the two regions of the leg

A

Anterior Crural

Posterior dural

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4
Q

The pelvic girdle is attached to the vertebral column via the…

A

sacroiliac joints

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5
Q

What bones make up the Os Coxae

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

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6
Q

How many tarsals are in each foot

A

7

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7
Q

How many many metatarsal are in each foot

A

5

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8
Q

How many phalanges are in each foot

A

14

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9
Q

At what age do the 3 bones of the Os Coxae fire

A

In late teens early 20s

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10
Q

What is another name for the Os Coxae

A

The innominate bone

The Hip

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11
Q

Dimples on the lower back are anatomical land marks of what structures

A

Posterior superior iliac spines

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12
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle

A

Sacrum
Coccyx
Innominate bones (Os Coxae) x 2

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13
Q

What is the land mark that separates superior (false/ greater) and inferior (true/lesser) pelvis

A

The pelvic brim

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14
Q

What the lines make up the pelvic brim

A

The iliopectineal line
The Arcuate line
Sacral promontory

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15
Q

What organs lie in the pelvic capacity

A

The urinary bladder
Portions of the large intestine
And the interanal organs of the reproductive system

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16
Q

What are the sex differences of the hip

A

Bones of males are generally larger and heavier and have larger surface markings compared to females.

False pelvis is more shallow in women
The pelvic brim is larger and more oval in women
(Childbirth)
Acetabulum is smaller and faces more anteriorly in females
The obturator Foramen is more oval in women
Pubic arch is greater than 90* in women and less than 90* in men
Iliac crest is less curved in women
Ilium less vertical in women, more vertical in men
The Greater sciatic nerve is wider in women
Coccyx is more moveable and more curved in women
Sacrum is shorter and wider in women
Pelvic outlet is wider in women
And the ischial tuberosity is shorter and farther apart in women than in men

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17
Q

What is Cox vara

A

An abnormality of the hip which the angle between the top of the femur and the femoral shaft is smaller than normal

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18
Q

What is coxa valga

A

An abnormality of the hip which the angle between the top of the femur and the femoral shaft is larger than normal

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19
Q

What is a disease that weakens the neck of the femur

A

Rickets

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20
Q

What are the 7 tarsals

A 
Talus 
Calcaneus 
Navicular 
Cuboid 
Cuneiformes (3)
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21
Q

What are the two arches of the foot

A

The longitudinal arch (2 parts)

Transverse arch

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22
Q

Where does the medial part of the longitudinal arch originate

A

At the calcaneus and rises to the talus, then descends though the navicular, the three cuneiformes, and the heads of the three medial metatarsals

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23
Q

Where does the lateral part of the longitudinal arch originate from

A

At the calcaneus, rises to the cuboid, and descends to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals

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24
Q

What bones from the transverse arch

A

The cuboid, the three cuneiforms, and the bases of the five metatarsals

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25
Q

What is the normal weight distribution in the foot

A

40 % in the balls of the feet

60% in the heels

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26
Q

What are the three facias of the lower limb and what are there purpose

A
  • fascia lata/iliotibial band
  • crural fascia
  • retinacula

Connects skin to bone,
Forms compartments,
Provides tight fitting sleeve of support for upright posture

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27
Q

Describe the fascia lata

A

Deep facia of the thigh

Superiorly attaches at the inguinal ligament

Contains the saphenous hiatus
And thickens lateral to form the iliotibial band/tract

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28
Q

Describe the Iliotibial band/tract

A

Lateral thinking of the fascia lata that attaches distally at the lateral tibial condyles

Inserts superiors at the gluteus Maximus and tensor fasciae latae muscles

Contains the septa, which divides three compartments

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29
Q

What is the deep fascia of the leg

A

The crural fascia

Attaches anteriorly and medially to the borders of the tibia
Is continuous with he periosteum

Divides the leg in to three compartments

Thickens to from the extensor retinacula near the ankle

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30
Q

The abdominal artery divides right and left into the

A

Common iliac arteries at about the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra

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31
Q

What are two signifigant divisions of the internal iliac artery

A

The gluteal arteries and the obturator artery

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32
Q

Distal to the inguinal ligament the external iliac artery is what?

A

The femoral arter

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33
Q

Distal to the adductor hiatus the external iliac artery is what?

A

The popliteal artery

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34
Q

What is the anterior tibial artery called?

A

The dorsalis pedis

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35
Q

What is the posterior tibial artery called

A

The medial and lateral plantar arteries

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36
Q

The fibular artery is also called what ?

A

The peroneal artery

Not to be confused with the peritoneal

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37
Q

What is the difference between superficial and deep veins of the lower limb

A

Superficial: in the SubQ tissue and does not accompany arteries and have less dense valves

Deep: Deep to the fascia and accompany all major arteries and have more densely arranged valves

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38
Q

What two veins form the great saphenous vein

A

The dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal Venus arch

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39
Q

What vein ascends anterior tot he medial malleolus and is accompanied by the saphenous nerve

A

The Great Saphenous vein

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40
Q

What vein passes posterior to the medial condyles of the femur

A

The great saphenous vein

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41
Q

What vein empties into the femoral vein

A

The Great saphenous vein

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42
Q

What veins from the small saphenous vein

A

The dorsal vein of the small toe and the dorsal venous arch

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43
Q

What nerve ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus and is accompanied by the sural nerve

A

The small saphenous vein

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44
Q

What vein empties into the popliteal fossa

A

The small saphenous vein

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45
Q

What do the valves of the perforating veins of the lower limb allow for

A

Allow blood to flow only from superficial to deep veins

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46
Q

What do perforating veins of the lower limb do…

A

Permit the diameter of the saphenous veins to remain even as they ascend.

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47
Q

How are varicose veins fromed

A

Incomplete venous valves can cause veins to become dilates and tortuous

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48
Q

Which veins are particularly susceptible to varicose veins

A

The great saphenous vein

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49
Q

What protects the deep veins from varicosing

A

Surrounding skeletal muscles

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50
Q

What is the extrinsic muscle of the lower extremity

A

Psoas Major

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51
Q

What two muscles make up the iliopsoas

A 
Psoas Major (and minor) 
And the iliacus
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52
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the Psoas muscle group

A

O: transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
A: flexion of hip
N: Lumbar spinal nerves

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53
Q

What is the origin, insertion, Action, and nerve of Iliacus

A

O: iliac fossa and sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
A: flexion of the hip
N: femoral nerve

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54
Q

What type of joint Is the hip joint

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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55
Q

What is the central part of the acetabulum, is the non-articular part and occupied by a synovial fat pad

A

The acetabular fossa

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56
Q

What is the true articular surface of the hip joint, and is lined with hyaline cartilage

A

The lunate surface

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57
Q

What is the inferior part of the acetabulm and is bridged by the transverse ligament

A

The acetabular notch

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58
Q

What is the fibrocartillage lip that increase the depth of the acetabulum and grasp the femoral head

A

The acetabular labrum

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59
Q

What follows the bony rim of the acetabulum, is composed of fibrocartilage and helps to deepen the acetabular fossa

A

The acetabular labrum

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60
Q

What is the ligamentum capitis femoris

A

Ligament of the head of the femur

Extends from the acetabulum north to the fovea of the head of the femur

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61
Q

What artery is in the ligamentum capitis femoris

A

Obturator artery

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62
Q

What are the attachments of the articular capsule

A

Proximal: The edge of the acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligaments

Distal: the Inter trochanteric line and femoral neck

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63
Q

What are the ligaments of the articular capsul

A

The Iloilo femoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Ligament of the femoral head

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64
Q

What is one of the strongest ligaments in the body and is in the articular capsule

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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65
Q

What is the shape and function of the iliofemoral ligament

A

Y shaped

Prevents hyperextension

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66
Q

What is another name for the iliofemoral ligament

A

Ligament of bigelow

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67
Q

Which ligament prevents overabduction of the hip/ lower limb

A

Pubofemoral ligament

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68
Q

What ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip/lower limb

A

Ischiofemoral ligament

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69
Q

What ligament closes the greater sciatic foramen

A

The sacrospinous ligament

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70
Q

What ligaments convert the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen

A

Sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligaments

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71
Q

What marks the lower limit of the buttock and marks the upper limit of the thigh?

A

The gluteal sulcus

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72
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

The gluteus Maximus, medius, and minimus

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73
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Aka the short lateral rotators

  • piriformis
  • obturator internus and externus
  • superior and inferior gemellus
  • quadratus femoris
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74
Q

What is the O, I, A, N of the gluteus Maximus

A

O: Iliac crest and sacrum
I: gluteal tuberosity and tensor fascia lata
A: extends and lateral rotates thigh
N: inferior gluteal nerve

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75
Q

What is the O,I,A,N of gluteus medius

A

O: Ilium
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: entire muscle abducts thigh at the hip anterior fibers flex and medially rotates thigh
Posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate thigh
N: superior gluteal nerve

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76
Q

What is the O,I,A,N of the Gluteus minimus

A

O; ilium
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: same action as medius
N: superior gluteal nerve

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77
Q

What is the O,I,A,N of the piriformis

A

O: sacrum
I: greater trochanter of the femur
A: lateral rotates and abducts the thigh
N: piriformis nerve

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78
Q

What is the O,I,A,N of superior gemellus

A

O: ischial spine
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: rotates the thigh latterly also helps abduct the thigh
N: nerve tot he obturator internus and superior gemellus

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79
Q

What is the O,I,A,N of the inferior gemellus

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: greater trochanter of the femur
A: rotated the thigh laterally and helps abduct the thigh
N: nerve to the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus

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80
Q

What is the O,I,A,N of the quadratus femoris

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: Inter trochanteric crest of femur
A: rotates the hip laterally, stabilizes hip joint
N: nerve to the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus

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81
Q

What is the O, I, A, N of the obturator internus

A

O: inner surface of the obturator membrane
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: rotates the thigh laterally, also helps abduct the thigh
N: nerve to the obturator internus and superior gemelllus

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82
Q

What is the O,I,A,N

A

O: outer anterior surface of obturator membrance
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
A: rotates the thigh laterally, also abducts thigh
N: obturator nerve

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83
Q

Deep femoral Artery aka

A

Deep artery of the thigh

Deep peroneal artery

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84
Q

What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Deep Femoral Artery aka deep peroneal artery

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85
Q

What artery/ branch supplied the head and neck of the femur

A

Medial circumflex femoral branch

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86
Q

What artery/ branch supplies the gluteal region

A

Deep femoral/ peroneal artery

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87
Q

What artery supplies the head of the femur

A

Obturator artery

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88
Q

What artery supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

A

Obturator artery

Supplies the adductors of thigh and gracilis

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89
Q

Gluteal arteries are branches of what…

A

Of the internal iliac artery

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90
Q

What does the superior gluteal artery supply

A

The piriformis

All three gluteal muscles and the tensor fascia lata

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91
Q

What does the inferior gluteal artery supply

A

The piriformis

Quadratus femoris and the gluteal Maximus

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92
Q

What does injury to the superior gluteal nerve cause

A

Hip drop when walking, the gluteus medius and minimus are unable to stabilize the pelvis

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93
Q

What are the roots of the sacral plexus

A

Sciatic

Which divides into the tibial and common fibular

94
Q

What is the fibular artery also known as

A

The common peroneal

95
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvic cavity

A

Through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis

96
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve pass in 10 percent of the population

A

Passes through the piriformis muscle not below it

97
Q

What are the S/s of piriformis syndrome

A

Buttock pain

Sciatic leg pain in dermatomes L4, L5 S1 and S2

98
Q

What is the treatment for piriformis syndrome

A

Releasing the contracted piriformis muscle with exercise, acupuncture, and injections.

Sometimes surgery to release the tendon attached to the greater trochanter

99
Q

Where should intragluteal injections be made?> and what is this to avoid?

A

Into the superior lateral buttock
Above the posterior superior illiac spine
To avoid the sciatic nerve

100
Q

What is the most lateral structure of the thigh?

A

The iliotibial tract

101
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

The femoral nerve

102
Q

What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh

A

Obturator

Almost all the muscles in this compartment

103
Q

What nerve inervated the posterior compartment of the thigh>?

A

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve

104
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment

A 
Vastus lateralis 
Vastus Intermedius 
Vastus medial is 
Rectus femoris 
And sartorius 
Pectinous 
Illiopsoas
105
Q

What muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Adductor magnus 
Adductor brevis 
Gracillus 
Adductor longus 
Pectineus 
Obturator externus
106
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinous
Semi’s membranous

107
Q

What is the O, I, A, N of Satorius

A 
O: anterior iliac spine (ASIS) 
I: per anserine tendon at upper tibia 
A: flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the femur 
Flexes leg at the knee 
N: femoral nerve (Anterior Compartment)
108
Q

What is the longest muscle in the human body

A

Sartorius

109
Q

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle

A

Upper portion of the sartorius

110
Q

What is the O, I, A , N of Iliopsoas

A

O:
-psoas major: transverse process and bodies of lumbar vertebra
-illiacus: illiac fossa and sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flex the thigh (crosses the hip) and rotate the thigh laterally
N:
-psoas; lumbar spinal nerves
-illiacus: femoral nerve (anterior compartment)

111
Q

What is the O, I, A, N of the Tensor Fascia Lata

A

O: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the iliac crest
I: tibia by way of the IT band
A: flexes, abducts and medially rotates the thigh, helps stabilize hip and knee joints
Puts tension of the IT band of the fascia
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve

112
Q

What is the O, I, A, N of Recut Femoris

A

O: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
I: Patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A: extends the leg at the knee, flexes thigh at the hip
N: Femoral (Anterior Compartment)

113
Q

O, I, A, N of the Vastus Lateralis

A

O: Greater Trochanter and linea áspera of femur
I: Patella via the quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via petallar ligament ( same as rectus femoris)
A: extends the leg at the knee
N: femoral (Anterior compartment)

114
Q

O,I,A,N, of vastus medialis

A

O: línea aspera of femur
I: patella via quadriceps tendon, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament (same as vastus lateralis)
A: extends leg at knee
N: femoral nerve (anterior compartment)

115
Q

O,I,A,N of Vastus Intermedius

A

O: superior anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
I: patella via quadriceps tendon, and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A: extends the leg at the knee
N: Femoral

116
Q

What are the 3 features of the hamstring muscles

A

Origin at the tibial tuberosity
Insert on the bone of the leg (tib or fib)
Innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

117
Q

What is the O, I, A,N of the biceps femoris

A

O:
-long head: ischial tuberosity
Short: line áspera of femur
I: fibular head and lateral tibial condyle
A: flexes leg at knee, long head extends thigh at the hip
N:
-long head: Tibial branch of sciatic
-short head: common fibular branch of sciatic

118
Q

I O, A, I, N of semitendosus

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
A: Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip
N: Tibial Nerve (of the sciatic )

119
Q

O, A, I, N of semimembranosus

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of the tibia
A: flexes leg at the knee, and extends the thigh at the hip
N: Tibial nerve (sciatic)

120
Q

What is the transitional muscle of the medial and anterior compartments
And what are its nerve innervations

A

The pectineus
Composed of two layers (superficial and deep)
Superficial is innervated by the femoral nerve and the deep is innervated by the obturator nerve

121
Q

O, A, I, N of Adductor Brevis

A

O: pubis
I: linea áspera of femur
A: adducts and flexes thigh
N: Obturator

122
Q

O, A, I, N of adductor longus

A

O: pubis
I: Linea áspera of femur
A: adducts and flexes the thigh
N: Obturator

123
Q

O, A, I, N of adductor magnus

A 
O: 
-anterior head: pubis and ischium 
-posterior head: ischial tuberosity 
I: 
-anterior head: linea áspera of femur 
-posterior head: adductor tubercle of femur 
A: 
-anterior part: adducts and flexes thigh 
-posterior part: adducts and extends thigh
N: 
-anterior: obturator 
-posterior: tibial nerve
124
Q

What muscle is both part of the medial compartment and the hamstrings

A

The adductor magnus

125
Q

O,I, A, N of Pectineus

A

O: pubis
I: pectineal line of femur
A: adducts the thigh and flexes the hip joint
N: both the femoral and obturator nerve

(Serves as the transition between the medial and anterior compartments)

126
Q

O, I, A, N of gracilis

A

O: pubis
I: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
A: adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip, flexes tibia at knee
N: obturator

127
Q

What structures are contained in the adductor canal

A

The femoral artery and vein, along with the saphenous nerve (a branch of the femoral nerve)

128
Q

Where does the adductor canal begin and end

A

Begins: where the sartorius crosses the adductor longus

Ends at the adductor hiatus formed by the adductor magnus

129
Q

Where does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery

A

At the adductor hiatus

130
Q

Where does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein

A

At the adductor hiatus

131
Q

Pes anserine group

A

Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendonous

Common tendon for insertion of all three muscles onto the proximal tibia

132
Q

What muscle stabilize and flex the inside of the knee

A

The sartorius, gracilis, and semitendenous muscles

Pes anserine group

133
Q

Where does the Pes Anserine group insertion lie

A

Superficial to the tibial insertion of the MCL

134
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle

A

Base: inguinal ligament
Lateral: sartorius
Medial: Adductor longus
Floor : Illospsoas and pectineus

135
Q

Femoral nerve damage in the femoral trail may impair the ability to what…

A

Extend the knee

136
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the anterior thigh is supplied by what nerve

A

Femoral nerve

137
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the lateral thigh is supplied by..

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

138
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the posterior thigh is supplied by

A

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

139
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the medial thigh is supplied by

A

Obturator nerve

140
Q

What nerve is subject to damage when the ASIS is traumatized

A

The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

141
Q

What is the landmark for L4

A

The knee and medial malleolus

142
Q

What are the landmarks for dermatomes s1

A

The lateral head of gastrocnemius

143
Q

What is the land mark for the dermatomes s2

A

The medial head of gastrocnemius

144
Q

All important vessels from the thigh pass into the the leg though what fossa

A

The popliteal fossa

145
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa

A

Superiorly: the hamstrings

Inferiorly the gastrocnemius and the plantaris

146
Q

What tendons are visible at the popliteal fossa

A

Medially the tendon of semitendinous

Laterally the tendon of biceps femoris

147
Q

What is the largest joint in the human body

A

The knee complex

148
Q

What are the three articulations of the knee joint

A
  • femoral and tibial condyles compose two articulations

- petals and femur compose the third articualtion

149
Q

Is the fibula involved in the knee joint

A

No

150
Q

What forms the anterior part of the fibrous capsule of the knee joint

A

The patella and patellar ligaments

151
Q

What lines the internal aspect of the fibrous capsule

A

The synovial membrane

Attached to the periphery of the patella and the edges of the menisci

152
Q

What are the 5 extracapsular ligmanets of the knee

A 
Patellar ligament 
Fibular collateral aka LCL 
Tibial collateral aka MCL 
Oblique popliteal ligament 
Accurate popliteal ligament
153
Q

What is the fibrocartigalginous disc on the tibia that deepens the articular surface of the knee joint

A

The meniscus

154
Q

What part of the meniscus is more likely to be injured

A

The medial meniscus , because it’s attached to the MCL

155
Q

Is the lateral meniscus attached to the LCL

A

No

156
Q

What is unique about the lateral meniscus

A

It’s nearly circular in shape

And is smaller and more freely moveable than the medial meniscus

157
Q

What is unique about the medial meniscus

A

It’s C shaped

Larger than the lateral meniscus and is often injured along with the MCL

158
Q

What does the transverse ligament of the knee do

A

Connects the lateral and medial menisci anteriorly

159
Q

Cruciate ligaments crisscross within the ______ but outside the_______

A
  • articular capsule

- synovial joint cavity

160
Q

Of the ACL and PCL which is weaker ?

A

The ACL

161
Q

When the knee is flexed the ACL is? When its straight?

A

When flexed the ACL is slack

When knee is straight ACL is taught

162
Q

What is contain within the synovial capsule of the knee

A

The meniscus
Ligaments: anterior and posterior meniscus femoral ligaments
The proximal attachment of the popliteal muscle
Bursae, most notably the suprapatellar bursae

163
Q

Tearing of the MCL frequently results in injury to what

A

The medial meniscus

164
Q

What is the unhappy traid of injuries

A

Tearing the MCL, with the Medial meniscus and the ACL

165
Q

PCL ruptures usually occur in conjuction with

A

Tibial or fibular ligament tears

166
Q

What is one of the most common knee problems experienced by runners

A

Patellofemoral stress syndrome

167
Q

What is genu Valgum

A

Knocking knees

168
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg

A

The deep fibular nerves

169
Q

What nerve inervates the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Superficial fibular nerve

170
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibial nerve

171
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensos hallucus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius

(All innervated by the DEEP fibular nerve)
(Peroneal nerve)

172
Q

What holds the anterior compartment muscles of the leg in place

A

The superior extensor retinculum
Aka the transverse ligament of the ankle
And the inferior extensor retinaculm
Aka the cruciate ligament of the ankle

173
Q

O, I, A, N tibialis anterior

A 
O: tibia, and Interosseous membrane 
I: first cuneiform and first metatarsal 
A: Dorisflexion foot and inversion 
N: deep fibular nerve
(Peroneal)
174
Q

O, I, A, N Extensor Hallucis Longus

A 
O: fibula and IO membrane 
I: distal phalanx of great toe 
(Dorsal surface) 
A: extends the great toe and Dorsiflexes ankle 
N: deep fib nerve
175
Q

O, A, I, N extensor digitorum longus

A

O: tibia, fibula, and IO membrane
I: toes 2-5 dorsal surface
A: extends toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes ankle
N: Deep fib nerve (Peroneal)

176
Q

O, A, I, N of Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

A

O: fibula and IO membrane
I: Base of 5th metatarsal
A” Dorsiflexeds and everts the foot
N: deep fibular (Peroneal)

177
Q

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg and what nerve inneravtes them

A

Fibularis (Peroneus) longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Innervation: superior fib nerve

178
Q

O, A, I, N of fibularis Longus

A

O: fibula
I: first metatarsal and first cuneiform (plantar side)
A: everts for and plantar flexes foot at the ankle. Helps support the transverse arch
N: superficial fib nerve

179
Q

O, I, A, N of fibularis brevis

A 
O: fibula 
I: base of fifth metatarsal 
(Lateral plantar surface) 
A: everts foot and plantar flexes foot at ankle 
N: superficial fib nerve
180
Q

What are the two antagonist muscles of the leg

A

The tibialis anterior (dorsiflexes foot) and fibularis longus (plantar flexes foot)

181
Q

What is the major difference between the superficial and posterior compartment of the posterior leg compartment
T

A

The superficial muscles share a common tendon ( achilies)

And the deep do not

182
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior leg compartment

A

Tibial nerve (sciatic)

183
Q

O, A, I, N for gastrocnemius

A

O: lateral and medial femoral condyles
I: the two heads unite into the Achilles’ tendon with the soleus, inserting in to the calcaneous
A: plantar flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee
N: Tibial nerve

184
Q

O, A, I, N of the soleus

A

O: tibia and fibula
I: unites with gastrocnemius into the Achilles’ tendon
A: plantar flexes the foot
N: tibial nerve

185
Q

O, I, A, N of the plantaris

A

O: femur
I: calcaneus
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle and flexes leg at knee
N: tibial nerve

186
Q

O, A, I, N of popliteus

A

O: femur
I: tibia (superior to the popliteal line)
A: rotates knee medially and flexes the leg on the thigh
N: tibial nerve

187
Q

O, A, I, N of tibialis posterior

A

O: tibia, fibula, and IO membrane
I: plantar tarsals and metatarsals of foot ( 2nd 3rd and 4th, navicular, cuneiforms, and cuboid)
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle and inverts foot
N: tibial nerve

188
Q

O, I, A, N, of flexor digitorum longus

A

O: tibia
I: distal phalanges of toes 2-5 plantar side
A: flexes toes 2-5 and plantar flexes foot
N: tibial nerve

189
Q

O, A, I,N of flexor hallucis longus

A

O: fibula
I: plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe
A: flexes great toe and plantar flexes foot
N: tibial nerve

190
Q

The popliteal artery divides into the …

A

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries at the inferior border of the popliteus

191
Q

What is the important branch off the posterior tibial artery and what does it supply

A

The common fibular artery- the lateral compartment of the leg

192
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery supply blood to

A

The anterior compartment of the leg

193
Q

What is the most injured nerve in the lower limb

A

The common fibular artery

Because it winds around the fibular neck

194
Q

Severation of the common fibular nerve results in…

A

Paralysis of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg
Causing foot drop

195
Q

What provides the cutaneous sensation between the first and second toes

A

The deep fibular nerve

196
Q

What nerve can be injured by tightly fitting shoes

A

The deep fibular nerve

Causes pain, numbness and tingling in the 1st and 2nd tow and weakness of big toe Dorsiflexion

197
Q

What muscles perform Dorsi flexion

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

198
Q

What muscles perform Plantarflexsion

A

All muscles of the posterior compartment and lateral compartment of the leg

199
Q

What muscle does inversion of the foot

A

Tibialis anterior

200
Q

What muscles do eversion of the foot

A

Lateral compartment of the leg

Fibularis tertius

201
Q

The ankle joint is most stable when…

A

When it is fully dorsiflexed

202
Q

The trochlea of the talus fits into…

A

A mortise (a hole or recess) formed by the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

203
Q

Describe the deltoid ligament of the ankle

A

The medial ligament

Comprises four discrete parts
Anchors the medial malleolus to the talus
Stabilizes the ankle joint during eversion

204
Q

What ligament attaches the medial malleolus and the talus

A

The deltoid ligament

205
Q

Describe the lateral ligament of the ankle

A

Comprised of 3 discret ligaments

And is the weaker ligament when compared to the deltoid

206
Q

What are the 4 components of the medial ligament

A

Aka the deltoid ligament

  • Anterior and posterior Tibiotalar part
  • tibiocalcaneal part
  • tibionavicular part
207
Q

What is the most common injured ligament in the ankle

A

The anterior talofibular ligament

208
Q

What prevents the deltoid ligament from being injured

A

Rarely injured because the fibula tends to prevent the ankle from moving far enough to stretch the ligament

209
Q

When the deltoid ligament is injured it is often associated with…

A

A fibular fracture

210
Q

What comprises the forefoot

A

The toes and metatarsals

211
Q

What comprises the mid foot

A

The cuneiformes, cuboid, and navicular bones

212
Q

What comprises the hind foot

A

The calcaneus and the talus

213
Q

What part of the foot is the most common area for foot complaints

A

The fore foot

From pro shoe selection, deformities, or degenerative changes.

214
Q

What are the complaints of the mid foot

A

Relatively uncommon

-mid foot sprain, tarsal fxs, posterior tibialis dysfunction

215
Q

What are the problems associated with the hind foot

A

Usually caused by over use or excessive weight

Common complaints are plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, and bursitis

216
Q

What are the structures that travel through the tarsal tunnel

A 
Tibialis posterior ( Tom) 
Flexor digitorum longus (Dick) 
Posterior tibialis artery (and) 
Tibial nerve (nervous) 
Flexor hallucis longus (harry)
217
Q

What is hallux valgus

A

A foot deformity caused by pressure from footwear and degenerative joint disease

-lateral deviation of the great toe

218
Q

What is a bunion

A

In enlargement of bone or tissue, often tender and inflamed subcutaneous bursa around the metatarsophalangeal joint at the base of the big toe in hallux valgus

219
Q

What is pes planus

A

Flat feet

A condition in which the longitudinal arch or instep of the foot collapses and comes in contact with the ground

220
Q

When is flat foot appearance normal

A

Before the age of three

Baby fat is then lost to form the medial longitudinal arch

221
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis attaches where….

This is the anatomical basis for what?

A

To the middle phalanges of the toes

Basis for Clawfoot

222
Q

Flexor digitorum longus attaches where?

Is the basis for what?

A

To the distal phalanges of the toes

Basis for hammer toe

223
Q

What condition is characterized by a high arch of the foot and the toes are angled downward

A

Clawfoot

224
Q

What is the condition of the proximal Inter phalange al joint being permanently bent

A

Hammer toe

225
Q

What is talipes equinovarus

A

Club foot

Congenital deformity in which the foot is twisted inferiorly and medially and the ankle of the arch is increased

226
Q

What is the treatment for clubfoot

A

Casts and apprehension tape
(Ponseti method)
Corrective shoes, or surgery

227
Q

What is the cause of plantar fasciitis

A

Straining and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis from running or high impart aerobics

228
Q

When is plantar fasciitis most severe

A

After sitting or first in the morning

229
Q

What is heel spur syndrome

A

When a bursa OR spur develops at the calcaneal tubercle in plantar fasciitis

230
Q

The anterior tibial artery become what in the foot

A

Dorsalis pedis at the ankle

231
Q

The posterior tibial artery divides into the…

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries behind the medial malleolus

232
Q

What arteries join to form the plantar artery arch

A

The lateral plantar artery and the deep plantar artery

IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester (22 decks)

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