Lower Limb Flashcards
Name the regions of the Lower Extremity
- gluteal
- thigh
- knee
- leg
- foot
What are the 2 regions of the knee
Anterior Patellar
Posterior popliteal
What are the two regions of the leg
Anterior Crural
Posterior dural
The pelvic girdle is attached to the vertebral column via the…
sacroiliac joints
What bones make up the Os Coxae
Ilium, ischium, pubis
How many tarsals are in each foot
7
How many many metatarsal are in each foot
5
How many phalanges are in each foot
14
At what age do the 3 bones of the Os Coxae fire
In late teens early 20s
What is another name for the Os Coxae
The innominate bone
The Hip
Dimples on the lower back are anatomical land marks of what structures
Posterior superior iliac spines
What bones make up the pelvic girdle
Sacrum
Coccyx
Innominate bones (Os Coxae) x 2
What is the land mark that separates superior (false/ greater) and inferior (true/lesser) pelvis
The pelvic brim
What the lines make up the pelvic brim
The iliopectineal line
The Arcuate line
Sacral promontory
What organs lie in the pelvic capacity
The urinary bladder
Portions of the large intestine
And the interanal organs of the reproductive system
What are the sex differences of the hip
Bones of males are generally larger and heavier and have larger surface markings compared to females.
False pelvis is more shallow in women
The pelvic brim is larger and more oval in women
(Childbirth)
Acetabulum is smaller and faces more anteriorly in females
The obturator Foramen is more oval in women
Pubic arch is greater than 90* in women and less than 90* in men
Iliac crest is less curved in women
Ilium less vertical in women, more vertical in men
The Greater sciatic nerve is wider in women
Coccyx is more moveable and more curved in women
Sacrum is shorter and wider in women
Pelvic outlet is wider in women
And the ischial tuberosity is shorter and farther apart in women than in men
What is Cox vara
An abnormality of the hip which the angle between the top of the femur and the femoral shaft is smaller than normal
What is coxa valga
An abnormality of the hip which the angle between the top of the femur and the femoral shaft is larger than normal
What is a disease that weakens the neck of the femur
Rickets
What are the 7 tarsals
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiformes (3)
What are the two arches of the foot
The longitudinal arch (2 parts)
Transverse arch
Where does the medial part of the longitudinal arch originate
At the calcaneus and rises to the talus, then descends though the navicular, the three cuneiformes, and the heads of the three medial metatarsals
Where does the lateral part of the longitudinal arch originate from
At the calcaneus, rises to the cuboid, and descends to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals
What bones from the transverse arch
The cuboid, the three cuneiforms, and the bases of the five metatarsals
What is the normal weight distribution in the foot
40 % in the balls of the feet
60% in the heels
What are the three facias of the lower limb and what are there purpose
- fascia lata/iliotibial band
- crural fascia
- retinacula
Connects skin to bone,
Forms compartments,
Provides tight fitting sleeve of support for upright posture
Describe the fascia lata
Deep facia of the thigh
Superiorly attaches at the inguinal ligament
Contains the saphenous hiatus
And thickens lateral to form the iliotibial band/tract
Describe the Iliotibial band/tract
Lateral thinking of the fascia lata that attaches distally at the lateral tibial condyles
Inserts superiors at the gluteus Maximus and tensor fasciae latae muscles
Contains the septa, which divides three compartments
What is the deep fascia of the leg
The crural fascia
Attaches anteriorly and medially to the borders of the tibia
Is continuous with he periosteum
Divides the leg in to three compartments
Thickens to from the extensor retinacula near the ankle
The abdominal artery divides right and left into the
Common iliac arteries at about the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra
What are two signifigant divisions of the internal iliac artery
The gluteal arteries and the obturator artery
Distal to the inguinal ligament the external iliac artery is what?
The femoral arter
Distal to the adductor hiatus the external iliac artery is what?
The popliteal artery
What is the anterior tibial artery called?
The dorsalis pedis
What is the posterior tibial artery called
The medial and lateral plantar arteries
The fibular artery is also called what ?
The peroneal artery
Not to be confused with the peritoneal
What is the difference between superficial and deep veins of the lower limb
Superficial: in the SubQ tissue and does not accompany arteries and have less dense valves
Deep: Deep to the fascia and accompany all major arteries and have more densely arranged valves
What two veins form the great saphenous vein
The dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal Venus arch
What vein ascends anterior tot he medial malleolus and is accompanied by the saphenous nerve
The Great Saphenous vein
What vein passes posterior to the medial condyles of the femur
The great saphenous vein
What vein empties into the femoral vein
The Great saphenous vein
What veins from the small saphenous vein
The dorsal vein of the small toe and the dorsal venous arch
What nerve ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus and is accompanied by the sural nerve
The small saphenous vein
What vein empties into the popliteal fossa
The small saphenous vein
What do the valves of the perforating veins of the lower limb allow for
Allow blood to flow only from superficial to deep veins
What do perforating veins of the lower limb do…
Permit the diameter of the saphenous veins to remain even as they ascend.
How are varicose veins fromed
Incomplete venous valves can cause veins to become dilates and tortuous
Which veins are particularly susceptible to varicose veins
The great saphenous vein
What protects the deep veins from varicosing
Surrounding skeletal muscles
What is the extrinsic muscle of the lower extremity
Psoas Major
What two muscles make up the iliopsoas
Psoas Major (and minor) And the iliacus
What is the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the Psoas muscle group
O: transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
A: flexion of hip
N: Lumbar spinal nerves
What is the origin, insertion, Action, and nerve of Iliacus
O: iliac fossa and sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
A: flexion of the hip
N: femoral nerve
What type of joint Is the hip joint
Ball and socket synovial joint
What is the central part of the acetabulum, is the non-articular part and occupied by a synovial fat pad
The acetabular fossa
What is the true articular surface of the hip joint, and is lined with hyaline cartilage
The lunate surface
What is the inferior part of the acetabulm and is bridged by the transverse ligament
The acetabular notch
What is the fibrocartillage lip that increase the depth of the acetabulum and grasp the femoral head
The acetabular labrum
What follows the bony rim of the acetabulum, is composed of fibrocartilage and helps to deepen the acetabular fossa
The acetabular labrum
What is the ligamentum capitis femoris
Ligament of the head of the femur
Extends from the acetabulum north to the fovea of the head of the femur
What artery is in the ligamentum capitis femoris
Obturator artery
What are the attachments of the articular capsule
Proximal: The edge of the acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligaments
Distal: the Inter trochanteric line and femoral neck
What are the ligaments of the articular capsul
The Iloilo femoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Ligament of the femoral head
What is one of the strongest ligaments in the body and is in the articular capsule
Iliofemoral ligament
What is the shape and function of the iliofemoral ligament
Y shaped
Prevents hyperextension
What is another name for the iliofemoral ligament
Ligament of bigelow
Which ligament prevents overabduction of the hip/ lower limb
Pubofemoral ligament
What ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip/lower limb
Ischiofemoral ligament
What ligament closes the greater sciatic foramen
The sacrospinous ligament
What ligaments convert the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen
Sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligaments
What marks the lower limit of the buttock and marks the upper limit of the thigh?
The gluteal sulcus
What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region
The gluteus Maximus, medius, and minimus
What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region
Aka the short lateral rotators
- piriformis
- obturator internus and externus
- superior and inferior gemellus
- quadratus femoris
What is the O, I, A, N of the gluteus Maximus
O: Iliac crest and sacrum
I: gluteal tuberosity and tensor fascia lata
A: extends and lateral rotates thigh
N: inferior gluteal nerve
What is the O,I,A,N of gluteus medius
O: Ilium
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: entire muscle abducts thigh at the hip anterior fibers flex and medially rotates thigh
Posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate thigh
N: superior gluteal nerve
What is the O,I,A,N of the Gluteus minimus
O; ilium
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: same action as medius
N: superior gluteal nerve
What is the O,I,A,N of the piriformis
O: sacrum
I: greater trochanter of the femur
A: lateral rotates and abducts the thigh
N: piriformis nerve
What is the O,I,A,N of superior gemellus
O: ischial spine
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: rotates the thigh latterly also helps abduct the thigh
N: nerve tot he obturator internus and superior gemellus
What is the O,I,A,N of the inferior gemellus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: greater trochanter of the femur
A: rotated the thigh laterally and helps abduct the thigh
N: nerve to the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus
What is the O,I,A,N of the quadratus femoris
O: ischial tuberosity
I: Inter trochanteric crest of femur
A: rotates the hip laterally, stabilizes hip joint
N: nerve to the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus
What is the O, I, A, N of the obturator internus
O: inner surface of the obturator membrane
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: rotates the thigh laterally, also helps abduct the thigh
N: nerve to the obturator internus and superior gemelllus
What is the O,I,A,N
O: outer anterior surface of obturator membrance
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
A: rotates the thigh laterally, also abducts thigh
N: obturator nerve
Deep femoral Artery aka
Deep artery of the thigh
Deep peroneal artery
What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh
Deep Femoral Artery aka deep peroneal artery
What artery/ branch supplied the head and neck of the femur
Medial circumflex femoral branch
What artery/ branch supplies the gluteal region
Deep femoral/ peroneal artery
What artery supplies the head of the femur
Obturator artery
What artery supplies the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh
Obturator artery
Supplies the adductors of thigh and gracilis
Gluteal arteries are branches of what…
Of the internal iliac artery
What does the superior gluteal artery supply
The piriformis
All three gluteal muscles and the tensor fascia lata
What does the inferior gluteal artery supply
The piriformis
Quadratus femoris and the gluteal Maximus
What does injury to the superior gluteal nerve cause
Hip drop when walking, the gluteus medius and minimus are unable to stabilize the pelvis
What are the roots of the sacral plexus
Sciatic
Which divides into the tibial and common fibular
What is the fibular artery also known as
The common peroneal
Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvic cavity
Through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis
Where does the sciatic nerve pass in 10 percent of the population
Passes through the piriformis muscle not below it
What are the S/s of piriformis syndrome
Buttock pain
Sciatic leg pain in dermatomes L4, L5 S1 and S2
What is the treatment for piriformis syndrome
Releasing the contracted piriformis muscle with exercise, acupuncture, and injections.
Sometimes surgery to release the tendon attached to the greater trochanter
Where should intragluteal injections be made?> and what is this to avoid?
Into the superior lateral buttock
Above the posterior superior illiac spine
To avoid the sciatic nerve
What is the most lateral structure of the thigh?
The iliotibial tract
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh
The femoral nerve
What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh
Obturator
Almost all the muscles in this compartment
What nerve inervated the posterior compartment of the thigh>?
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve
What muscles are in the anterior compartment
Vastus lateralis Vastus Intermedius Vastus medial is Rectus femoris And sartorius Pectinous Illiopsoas
What muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh
Adductor magnus Adductor brevis Gracillus Adductor longus Pectineus Obturator externus
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh
Biceps femoris
Semitendinous
Semi’s membranous
What is the O, I, A, N of Satorius
O: anterior iliac spine (ASIS) I: per anserine tendon at upper tibia A: flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the femur Flexes leg at the knee N: femoral nerve (Anterior Compartment)
What is the longest muscle in the human body
Sartorius
What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle
Upper portion of the sartorius
What is the O, I, A , N of Iliopsoas
O:
-psoas major: transverse process and bodies of lumbar vertebra
-illiacus: illiac fossa and sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flex the thigh (crosses the hip) and rotate the thigh laterally
N:
-psoas; lumbar spinal nerves
-illiacus: femoral nerve (anterior compartment)
What is the O, I, A, N of the Tensor Fascia Lata
O: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the iliac crest
I: tibia by way of the IT band
A: flexes, abducts and medially rotates the thigh, helps stabilize hip and knee joints
Puts tension of the IT band of the fascia
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
What is the O, I, A, N of Recut Femoris
O: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
I: Patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A: extends the leg at the knee, flexes thigh at the hip
N: Femoral (Anterior Compartment)
O, I, A, N of the Vastus Lateralis
O: Greater Trochanter and linea áspera of femur
I: Patella via the quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via petallar ligament ( same as rectus femoris)
A: extends the leg at the knee
N: femoral (Anterior compartment)
O,I,A,N, of vastus medialis
O: línea aspera of femur
I: patella via quadriceps tendon, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament (same as vastus lateralis)
A: extends leg at knee
N: femoral nerve (anterior compartment)
O,I,A,N of Vastus Intermedius
O: superior anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
I: patella via quadriceps tendon, and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A: extends the leg at the knee
N: Femoral
What are the 3 features of the hamstring muscles
Origin at the tibial tuberosity
Insert on the bone of the leg (tib or fib)
Innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve
What is the O, I, A,N of the biceps femoris
O:
-long head: ischial tuberosity
Short: line áspera of femur
I: fibular head and lateral tibial condyle
A: flexes leg at knee, long head extends thigh at the hip
N:
-long head: Tibial branch of sciatic
-short head: common fibular branch of sciatic
I O, A, I, N of semitendosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
A: Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip
N: Tibial Nerve (of the sciatic )
O, A, I, N of semimembranosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of the tibia
A: flexes leg at the knee, and extends the thigh at the hip
N: Tibial nerve (sciatic)
What is the transitional muscle of the medial and anterior compartments
And what are its nerve innervations
The pectineus
Composed of two layers (superficial and deep)
Superficial is innervated by the femoral nerve and the deep is innervated by the obturator nerve
O, A, I, N of Adductor Brevis
O: pubis
I: linea áspera of femur
A: adducts and flexes thigh
N: Obturator
O, A, I, N of adductor longus
O: pubis
I: Linea áspera of femur
A: adducts and flexes the thigh
N: Obturator
O, A, I, N of adductor magnus
O: -anterior head: pubis and ischium -posterior head: ischial tuberosity I: -anterior head: linea áspera of femur -posterior head: adductor tubercle of femur A: -anterior part: adducts and flexes thigh -posterior part: adducts and extends thigh N: -anterior: obturator -posterior: tibial nerve
What muscle is both part of the medial compartment and the hamstrings
The adductor magnus
O,I, A, N of Pectineus
O: pubis
I: pectineal line of femur
A: adducts the thigh and flexes the hip joint
N: both the femoral and obturator nerve
(Serves as the transition between the medial and anterior compartments)
O, I, A, N of gracilis
O: pubis
I: pes anserine tendon at upper tibia
A: adducts and flexes the thigh at the hip, flexes tibia at knee
N: obturator
What structures are contained in the adductor canal
The femoral artery and vein, along with the saphenous nerve (a branch of the femoral nerve)
Where does the adductor canal begin and end
Begins: where the sartorius crosses the adductor longus
Ends at the adductor hiatus formed by the adductor magnus
Where does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery
At the adductor hiatus
Where does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein
At the adductor hiatus
Pes anserine group
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendonous
Common tendon for insertion of all three muscles onto the proximal tibia
What muscle stabilize and flex the inside of the knee
The sartorius, gracilis, and semitendenous muscles
Pes anserine group
Where does the Pes Anserine group insertion lie
Superficial to the tibial insertion of the MCL
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle
Base: inguinal ligament
Lateral: sartorius
Medial: Adductor longus
Floor : Illospsoas and pectineus
Femoral nerve damage in the femoral trail may impair the ability to what…
Extend the knee
Cutaneous innervation of the anterior thigh is supplied by what nerve
Femoral nerve
Cutaneous innervation of the lateral thigh is supplied by..
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Cutaneous innervation of the posterior thigh is supplied by
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Cutaneous innervation of the medial thigh is supplied by
Obturator nerve
What nerve is subject to damage when the ASIS is traumatized
The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
What is the landmark for L4
The knee and medial malleolus
What are the landmarks for dermatomes s1
The lateral head of gastrocnemius
What is the land mark for the dermatomes s2
The medial head of gastrocnemius
All important vessels from the thigh pass into the the leg though what fossa
The popliteal fossa
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa
Superiorly: the hamstrings
Inferiorly the gastrocnemius and the plantaris
What tendons are visible at the popliteal fossa
Medially the tendon of semitendinous
Laterally the tendon of biceps femoris
What is the largest joint in the human body
The knee complex
What are the three articulations of the knee joint
- femoral and tibial condyles compose two articulations
- petals and femur compose the third articualtion
Is the fibula involved in the knee joint
No
What forms the anterior part of the fibrous capsule of the knee joint
The patella and patellar ligaments
What lines the internal aspect of the fibrous capsule
The synovial membrane
Attached to the periphery of the patella and the edges of the menisci
What are the 5 extracapsular ligmanets of the knee
Patellar ligament Fibular collateral aka LCL Tibial collateral aka MCL Oblique popliteal ligament Accurate popliteal ligament
What is the fibrocartigalginous disc on the tibia that deepens the articular surface of the knee joint
The meniscus
What part of the meniscus is more likely to be injured
The medial meniscus , because it’s attached to the MCL
Is the lateral meniscus attached to the LCL
No
What is unique about the lateral meniscus
It’s nearly circular in shape
And is smaller and more freely moveable than the medial meniscus
What is unique about the medial meniscus
It’s C shaped
Larger than the lateral meniscus and is often injured along with the MCL
What does the transverse ligament of the knee do
Connects the lateral and medial menisci anteriorly
Cruciate ligaments crisscross within the ______ but outside the_______
- articular capsule
- synovial joint cavity
Of the ACL and PCL which is weaker ?
The ACL
When the knee is flexed the ACL is? When its straight?
When flexed the ACL is slack
When knee is straight ACL is taught
What is contain within the synovial capsule of the knee
The meniscus
Ligaments: anterior and posterior meniscus femoral ligaments
The proximal attachment of the popliteal muscle
Bursae, most notably the suprapatellar bursae
Tearing of the MCL frequently results in injury to what
The medial meniscus
What is the unhappy traid of injuries
Tearing the MCL, with the Medial meniscus and the ACL
PCL ruptures usually occur in conjuction with
Tibial or fibular ligament tears
What is one of the most common knee problems experienced by runners
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
What is genu Valgum
Knocking knees
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg
The deep fibular nerves
What nerve inervates the lateral compartment of the leg
Superficial fibular nerve
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg
Tibial nerve
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensos hallucus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius
(All innervated by the DEEP fibular nerve)
(Peroneal nerve)
What holds the anterior compartment muscles of the leg in place
The superior extensor retinculum
Aka the transverse ligament of the ankle
And the inferior extensor retinaculm
Aka the cruciate ligament of the ankle
O, I, A, N tibialis anterior
O: tibia, and Interosseous membrane I: first cuneiform and first metatarsal A: Dorisflexion foot and inversion N: deep fibular nerve (Peroneal)
O, I, A, N Extensor Hallucis Longus
O: fibula and IO membrane I: distal phalanx of great toe (Dorsal surface) A: extends the great toe and Dorsiflexes ankle N: deep fib nerve
O, A, I, N extensor digitorum longus
O: tibia, fibula, and IO membrane
I: toes 2-5 dorsal surface
A: extends toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes ankle
N: Deep fib nerve (Peroneal)
O, A, I, N of Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
O: fibula and IO membrane
I: Base of 5th metatarsal
A” Dorsiflexeds and everts the foot
N: deep fibular (Peroneal)
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg and what nerve inneravtes them
Fibularis (Peroneus) longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
Innervation: superior fib nerve
O, A, I, N of fibularis Longus
O: fibula
I: first metatarsal and first cuneiform (plantar side)
A: everts for and plantar flexes foot at the ankle. Helps support the transverse arch
N: superficial fib nerve
O, I, A, N of fibularis brevis
O: fibula I: base of fifth metatarsal (Lateral plantar surface) A: everts foot and plantar flexes foot at ankle N: superficial fib nerve
What are the two antagonist muscles of the leg
The tibialis anterior (dorsiflexes foot) and fibularis longus (plantar flexes foot)
What is the major difference between the superficial and posterior compartment of the posterior leg compartment
T
The superficial muscles share a common tendon ( achilies)
And the deep do not
What is the innervation to the posterior leg compartment
Tibial nerve (sciatic)
O, A, I, N for gastrocnemius
O: lateral and medial femoral condyles
I: the two heads unite into the Achilles’ tendon with the soleus, inserting in to the calcaneous
A: plantar flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee
N: Tibial nerve
O, A, I, N of the soleus
O: tibia and fibula
I: unites with gastrocnemius into the Achilles’ tendon
A: plantar flexes the foot
N: tibial nerve
O, I, A, N of the plantaris
O: femur
I: calcaneus
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle and flexes leg at knee
N: tibial nerve
O, A, I, N of popliteus
O: femur
I: tibia (superior to the popliteal line)
A: rotates knee medially and flexes the leg on the thigh
N: tibial nerve
O, A, I, N of tibialis posterior
O: tibia, fibula, and IO membrane
I: plantar tarsals and metatarsals of foot ( 2nd 3rd and 4th, navicular, cuneiforms, and cuboid)
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle and inverts foot
N: tibial nerve
O, I, A, N, of flexor digitorum longus
O: tibia
I: distal phalanges of toes 2-5 plantar side
A: flexes toes 2-5 and plantar flexes foot
N: tibial nerve
O, A, I,N of flexor hallucis longus
O: fibula
I: plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe
A: flexes great toe and plantar flexes foot
N: tibial nerve
The popliteal artery divides into the …
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries at the inferior border of the popliteus
What is the important branch off the posterior tibial artery and what does it supply
The common fibular artery- the lateral compartment of the leg
What does the anterior tibial artery supply blood to
The anterior compartment of the leg
What is the most injured nerve in the lower limb
The common fibular artery
Because it winds around the fibular neck
Severation of the common fibular nerve results in…
Paralysis of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg
Causing foot drop
What provides the cutaneous sensation between the first and second toes
The deep fibular nerve
What nerve can be injured by tightly fitting shoes
The deep fibular nerve
Causes pain, numbness and tingling in the 1st and 2nd tow and weakness of big toe Dorsiflexion
What muscles perform Dorsi flexion
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
What muscles perform Plantarflexsion
All muscles of the posterior compartment and lateral compartment of the leg
What muscle does inversion of the foot
Tibialis anterior
What muscles do eversion of the foot
Lateral compartment of the leg
Fibularis tertius
The ankle joint is most stable when…
When it is fully dorsiflexed
The trochlea of the talus fits into…
A mortise (a hole or recess) formed by the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
Describe the deltoid ligament of the ankle
The medial ligament
Comprises four discrete parts
Anchors the medial malleolus to the talus
Stabilizes the ankle joint during eversion
What ligament attaches the medial malleolus and the talus
The deltoid ligament
Describe the lateral ligament of the ankle
Comprised of 3 discret ligaments
And is the weaker ligament when compared to the deltoid
What are the 4 components of the medial ligament
Aka the deltoid ligament
- Anterior and posterior Tibiotalar part
- tibiocalcaneal part
- tibionavicular part
What is the most common injured ligament in the ankle
The anterior talofibular ligament
What prevents the deltoid ligament from being injured
Rarely injured because the fibula tends to prevent the ankle from moving far enough to stretch the ligament
When the deltoid ligament is injured it is often associated with…
A fibular fracture
What comprises the forefoot
The toes and metatarsals
What comprises the mid foot
The cuneiformes, cuboid, and navicular bones
What comprises the hind foot
The calcaneus and the talus
What part of the foot is the most common area for foot complaints
The fore foot
From pro shoe selection, deformities, or degenerative changes.
What are the complaints of the mid foot
Relatively uncommon
-mid foot sprain, tarsal fxs, posterior tibialis dysfunction
What are the problems associated with the hind foot
Usually caused by over use or excessive weight
Common complaints are plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, and bursitis
What are the structures that travel through the tarsal tunnel
Tibialis posterior ( Tom) Flexor digitorum longus (Dick) Posterior tibialis artery (and) Tibial nerve (nervous) Flexor hallucis longus (harry)
What is hallux valgus
A foot deformity caused by pressure from footwear and degenerative joint disease
-lateral deviation of the great toe
What is a bunion
In enlargement of bone or tissue, often tender and inflamed subcutaneous bursa around the metatarsophalangeal joint at the base of the big toe in hallux valgus
What is pes planus
Flat feet
A condition in which the longitudinal arch or instep of the foot collapses and comes in contact with the ground
When is flat foot appearance normal
Before the age of three
Baby fat is then lost to form the medial longitudinal arch
Flexor digitorum brevis attaches where….
This is the anatomical basis for what?
To the middle phalanges of the toes
Basis for Clawfoot
Flexor digitorum longus attaches where?
Is the basis for what?
To the distal phalanges of the toes
Basis for hammer toe
What condition is characterized by a high arch of the foot and the toes are angled downward
Clawfoot
What is the condition of the proximal Inter phalange al joint being permanently bent
Hammer toe
What is talipes equinovarus
Club foot
Congenital deformity in which the foot is twisted inferiorly and medially and the ankle of the arch is increased
What is the treatment for clubfoot
Casts and apprehension tape
(Ponseti method)
Corrective shoes, or surgery
What is the cause of plantar fasciitis
Straining and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis from running or high impart aerobics
When is plantar fasciitis most severe
After sitting or first in the morning
What is heel spur syndrome
When a bursa OR spur develops at the calcaneal tubercle in plantar fasciitis
The anterior tibial artery become what in the foot
Dorsalis pedis at the ankle
The posterior tibial artery divides into the…
Medial and lateral plantar arteries behind the medial malleolus
What arteries join to form the plantar artery arch
The lateral plantar artery and the deep plantar artery
