SEX ANATOMY (Female) Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
What happens on Day 10 of the preovulatory phase
A
One of the secondary follicles has outgrown all other follicles and becomes the dominate follicle
2
Q
What layer do the spiral Arterioles supply blood to..
A
The stratum functionalis
3
Q
How many mammary glands are in each breast
A
One
4
Q
Where is the IUD inserted into
A
The internal Os of the uterus
Prevents sperm from entering the uterus
5
Q
Which layer of the cervix contains lubricating glands
A
The endocervix
6
Q
If not fertilized at time of uterus arrival, what happen to the oocyte
A
Begin to disintegrate
Menses
7
Q
What are the two peritoneal pouches of formed around the uterus
A
The vesicouterine pouch and the retrocouterine pouch
8
Q
The broad ligament is made of..
A
Double folds of the peritoneum
9
Q
The dying of the stratum functionalis layer causes what..
A
The cells to slough off, Menses
10
Q
Where does milk emerge from in the nipple
A
Lactiferous ducts
11
Q
In relation to Menses, what does Inhibin do?
A
Secreted by granulosa cells and corpus luteum after ovulation
Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH
12
Q
What is the function of the zona pellucida
A
Helps the corona radiata/ cumulus-granulosa cells attach to the oocyte.
13
Q
What is the Ovum + the nuclei of a sperm called
A
A diploid zygote
14
Q
What are the physical characteristics of the plateau phase of female sex response
A
- marked vasoconstriction
- sex flush
- engorgment of lower 1/3 of vagina
- narrowing of diameter
- dilation of upper 2/3 of vagina
15
Q
What arteries supply the stratum basalis of the myometrium
A
The straight arterieoles of the radial arteries
16
Q
What happens to the expelled oocytes if fertilization does not occur
A
All cells degenerate
17
Q
What are the structures of the female reproductive system
A
Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva/ Pudendum *mammary glands
18
Q
What is the union of a secondary oocyte and a sperm cell called
A
Fertilization
A zygote
19
Q
What are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle
A
Menstrual
Perovulatory
Ovulation
Postovulatory
20
Q
What is the current that moves the oocyte for the peritoneal cavity to the Fallopian tube?
A
Currents produces by fimbriae that surround the mature follice just released from the ovary
Peristaltic movements of the tubal layers move the secondary oocyte tot he uterus
21
Q
What is coopers ligaments
A
A ligament that run between breast and skin fascia, become looser with excess age or strain
(Jogging)
Perky breasts
22
Q
Which two hormones prepare and maintain the endometrium
A
Estrogen and progesterone
23
Q
What is the normal position for the uterus
A
Ante flexion
Body of the uterus protects anteriorly over the bladder
24
Q
What is the transformation zone of the cervix
A
The space between the original and the new squamocolumonar junction
25
What is it called when the uterus is facing the opposite of normal
Retro flexion
26
How much blood is lost in the menstrual phase
50-150 ml of blood, tissue, mucus, and epithelial cells shed from the endometrium
27
Approx how many follicles with a female have a puberty
~300,000
28
What are the two layers of the theca folliculi of the secondary follicle
Theca Interna
(High vascularized cells, secretes precursor androgen that gets converted to estrogen)
```
Theca externa
(Outer later of stromal cells and collagen fibers)
```
29
GnRH promotes increased release of…
FSH and LH
30
Milk ejection is stimulated by
Oxytocin
31
In relation to menses what does FSH do
Initiates follicular growth
The androgens made by LH are taken up by granulosa cells and turned into estrogen under the influence of FSH
32
What is the corpus luteum
aka yellow body
Contains remnant of mature follicle after ovulation
33
What days does the postovulartory phases of the reproductive cycle
15-28
34
Declining levels of progesterone and estrogen caused the reales of…
Prostaglandins
35
Which haploid (small/larger) is released for ovulation
The secondary (larger) oocyte
36
What is an irreversible procedure as as an alternative to tubal ligation
Enssure
Coil is inserted into the tubes which causes scar tissue to form
37
What structures does the broad ligament support
The ovaries, Fallopian tubes and the uterus
38
What phase is also known as the secretory phase
The post ovulatory phase
39
What S/s of Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Frequent urination
Bed wetting
Decreased force of stream
Postvoiding dribbling
40
What is the source of mental flow
Uterus if implantation does not occur
41
Which haploid cell undergoes meiosis II
The larger haploid cell ( secondary oocyte)
42
What two cells breaking down become the corpus luteum
The basement membranes between the theca interna and the granulosa cells mix under the presence of LH and become the corpus luteum
43
What is the fornix of the vagina
Recess area that surround the vaginal attachment to the cervix
44
what phase is also known as the proliferative phase
The preovulatory phase
45
What are the two parts of the broad ligament
The mesometrium part
| The mesovarian part
46
Why is the postovulatory phase known as the secretory phase
Because of the secretion of glycogen by the secretory glands of the endometrium
47
How many primordial follicles are lost per month.. .due to what?
5,000 -15,000
Atresia (degeneration) or Apoptosis
48
What is the preovulatory phase
Lasts from day 6-13 of reproductive cycle
49
What is the pudendum
The vulva
| Refers to the external genitalia of the female
50
How does progestin work in oral contraceptives
It’s a hormone with actions similar to progesterone
- thicken Cervical mucous to block sperm
- also block implantation in the uterus
51
When does cell division of the zygote begins
While moving towards the uterus
52
Posteriorly the perimetrium covers what and forms what pouch ?
Covers the rectum
| And forms the retrocouterine pouch
53
What ligaments are inferior to the base of the broad ligaments and extend from the pelvic wall to the crevix and vagina
Cardinal (lateral) ligaments
54
When is the zona pellucida and the cumulus granulosa attaching ?
Begins in primary follicle development and completes as secondary follicles
55
Estrogen is synergistic with what other hormones
HGH
56
What is the tx for Bartholin Gland Cysts
I&D, placement of a word catheter ballot for days-weeks to allowing for healing of duct
57
What hormones are produced by the female gonads
Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin
58
Where does the sperm cell usually encounter the secondary oocyte
In the Fallopian tubes
| Fertilization
59
What are the cells that surround a follicle called…
What do they do..
Granulosa cells
Begin with cells in single layer awaiting oogenesis (primordial follicle)
Under the influence of FSH cells multiply into layers
(Primary/ secondary follicles)
60
How many primordial follicles with become mature and ovulated in a females lifetime
~400
61
What area of the cervix is vulnerable to the HPV virus
The transformation zone
| -area for cervical cancers
62
What is the thickness of the endometrium in the postovulatory phase
12-18 mm
63
What ligament connects the cervix to the sacrum
The uteroesacral ligament
64
What changes oogonia into primary oocytes
At 20 weeks gestation
| Oogonia are stimulated to begin meiosis 1 which changes tier classification to primary oocytes
65
In relation to the menses what does GnRH do
Controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles
Stimulates the release of LH and FSH
Stimulates ovarian follicles to produce estrogen
66
At what week of fetal development is “mid-gestation peroid” of oogensis
20 weeks
67
Describe the perineum in both men and women
Diamond shaped area medial to thigh and buttocks
Contains the external genitalia and anus
68
What is the role of granulosa cells in the secondary follicle
Continues to secrete estrogen Luis that builds up in a cavity called the antrum
69
High estrogen causes what to be released from the Hypothalmus and what from the ant. Pituitary
Hypothalamus: GnRH
| Ant. Pituitary: LH
70
What is the most distal portion of the glans clitoris
The corpus cavernosum of the clitoris
71
What is the central portion of the uterus called
The body of the uterus
72
What are the physical characteristics of the resolution phase
Return to pre-excitement phase
73
The estrogen and the Inhibin secreted by the dominant follicles decrease the release of…
FSH which causes the other less developed follicles to stop growing and undergo atrisia
74
What is the corpus cavernosum of the clitoris
Erectile and very sensitive tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal
Engorges the glans clitoris
75
What is the exposed portion of the clitoris called.?
The glans clitoris
76
What are the two phases that make up the follicular phase of the reproductive cycle
Menstrual and preovulatory phases
77
If the oocyte is not fertilized the corpus luteum becomes the…
Corpus albicans
78
What covers the surface of the ovaries
The germinal epithelium
79
What are the sections of the Fallopian tube
```
From the cervix to the body of the uterus
Entrance is the intramural
To the isthmus
To the ampulla
To the infundibullum
Ends in the ovary
```
80
At what age does the prostate double in size
What is this called
Around age 60.
| Benign Prostatic Hyerplasia
BPH
81
What hormone stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce estrogen
GnRH
82
What arteries supply the stratum functionalis
The spiral Arterioles of the radial arteries
83
What is the difference between the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle
Ovarian: includes changes that occur during and afternoon maturation of the locate
Uterine: involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo,
84
Once sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, it signals the secondary oocyte to do what…
To complete meiosis II
| Producing an ovum and a secondary body.
85
What is the inferior extension of the uterus into the vaginal canal called
The cervix
86
What are Bartholins glands
Greater Vestibular Glands
Lateral to the vaginal orifice
Produce mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication
87
Describe the uterosacral ligaments
Lie on either side of the rectum,
| Connect the uterus to the sacrum
88
Approx how many oogonia will a female have a mid gestation
~7 million
89
What causes ovulation
High levels of estrogen in the preovulatory phase exert a postive feedback for LH and GnRH and cause ovulation
90
In the post ovulatory phase, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete.
Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin
91
What are the risks of birth control
May not be advised for women with history of:
- blood clots
- cerebral blood vessel damage
- migraine headaches
- hypertension
- liver malfunction
- heart disease
- SMOKING= NO
92
What causes hot flashed as heavy sweating
GnRH
93
What is the order of ligaments of the uterus from superior to inferior
Round
Cardinal
Uterosacral
(Broad covers all three)
94
What is a Grafiaan follicle
aka vesicular follicle
Large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture
-expels the secondary oocyte (ovulation)
95
What are the borders of the perineum
Anterior portion is the pubic symphysis
Lateral portions are the ischial tuberosities
Coccyx is the posterior portion
96
High levels of progesterone inhibit…
GnRH
97
When the granulosa cells thicken around the primary follicle, what do they secrete
Estrogen, that starts to file the inside of the follicle
98
What hormone secretion increases as the size of the dominant follicle increases
Estrogen
99
What happens to bone density as estrogen decreases
Mineral density of bones decreases
100
Where does blood leaving the uterus drain into
Uterine veins, draining into the internal iliac veins
101
What part of the uterus wall is part of the visceral peritoneum
The perimetrium
102
When fragile columnar cells get exposed to the acidic vaginal environment what happens
Metaplasia occurs, forming a new squamocolomanr junction
103
What does teh corpus luteum degenerate into
Scar tissue called the corpus albicans
104
After ovulation, what happens to the Graafian follicle
It collapses
Basements membrane between the theca interna and granulosa cells break down, becomes the corpus luteum
105
In relation to Menses, what does estrogen do
```
Promotes development and maintenance of:
Reproductive structures
Breasts
2* sex characteristics
Voice pitch
Weight distribution
Broad Pelvis
Pattern of hair growth
Increases protein anabolism
Lowers blood cholesterol
Moderate levels of estrogen inhibit release of GnRH and FSH/LH
```
106
When the sperm penetrates the cytoplasm of the ovum, what happens?
This causes tow pronuclie to from and fuse, restoring the diploide chromosome number and forms the ZYGOTE
107
When do the predatory changes of the post ovulatory phase peak..
1 week after ovulation
| To prepare the arrival of the zygote or secondary oocyte
108
What are the two cell types of the cervix
Ectocervix- stratified squamous epithelium
Endocervix- tall columnar epithelium
109
At what point will a female have generated all the primordial follicles she will ever have
At mid gestation
110
What is the larger haploid cell called
Secondary oocyte.
111
During the preovulatory phase, what happens to the endometrium
Estrogen stimulates the repair of the endometrium , thickening it in size to about 4-10 mm.
Cells of the stratum básalis undergo mitosis and produce the stratum functionalis
112
What does the corona radiata do
Convert into cumulus-granulosa cells that attach tot he oocyte
Secrete progesterone, thought to attract spree to the oocyte
113
Primordial follicles become what after stimulation of FSH/ LH
Primary Follicles
114
What layer of the uterus is shed each month during menstration
The stratum functional is later of the endometrium
115
How many chromosomes are in Oogonia ?
2n (46 chromosomes)
116
Under the influence of FSH, granulosa cells….
Multiply into layers, forming primary and secondary follicles
117
What all does the vulva include
The Mons pubis
| Labia Majora and Minora
118
What is the squamocolumnar junction
Where the stratified squamous and columnar epithelium of the cervix meet
119
What are the skenes glands
Paraurethral Glands
Lateral to the urethral orifice
Secrete mucous
Embedded in the wall of the urethra
120
In relation to menses, what does relaxin do. ?
Produced by the corpus luteum each month
Relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions
Helps increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix during labor
121
In the role of menses, what does progesterone do’?
Secreted mainly by the cells of the corpus luteum And a small portion by the corona radiata
(surrounds the ovulated oocyte)
122
Just before ovulation of the mature follicle, the diploid primary oocyte completes…
Meiosis I, producing two haploid cells of UNEQUAL size
| Each has 23 chromosomes
123
What events happen in the preovulatory phase
The primary follicles have matures in to secondary follicles and start to secrete Inhibin and estrogen
124
What is the theca folliculi of the primary follicle
Stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane
125
What starts the progression of primordial follicles into primary follicles
Increased FSH
126
Anteriorly the perimetrium covers what structure and forms what pouch?
The bladder
| And formes the vesicouterine pouch
127
What is the name for the anatomical top of the uterus
The fungus
128
What happens to primary oocytes in meisosis I
Become “arrested” until puberty
129
What is the white capsule of dense irregular CT deep to the germinal layer of the ovaries
The tunica albuginea
130
What size will the dominant follicle grow to before ovulation
Becomes the mature (Graafian) follicle
| Develops to 20mm before ovulation
131
What days is the ovulation phase of the reproductive cycle
Occurs on days 14 or 15
132
Describe bartholin gland cysts
Infection, inflammation, or irritation of one or both bartholin glands
Can be painful or painless
133
What is the inferior most location in the female abdominal cavity
Rectocouterine pouch
-fluid tends to collect here
134
What are the four phases of the female sexual response
Excitement phase
Plateau Phase
Orgasm Phase
Resolution phase
135
Which arteries supply blood to the myometrium
The arcuate arteries and the radial (deep) arteries
136
Where does the development of teh fetus during pregnancy and labor occur
The uterus
137
What does nulliparous mean
Never had a fetus pass through the cervix
| COULD STILL HAVE C- Section
138
How long does it take the zygote to travel and implant into the uterine wall?
6-7 days after ovulation
139
What structures does the broad ligament of the uterus support
The ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and uterus
140
What defines at primordial follicle
An arrested (meiosis I) oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells
141
What are the physical signs of the female excitement phase of sex
- increased desire
- deep breathing
- increased HR
- increased BP
- skin flush
- vaginal engorgment or labia and clitoris
- vagina sweating (transudative lubrication)
- secretions from bartholin glands
142
What fluid makes up female ejaculate
Some urine, prostate antigen from skenes glands
| Some bartholin secretion
143
How is a vasectomy performed
Portion of each ductus defernes in removed
| Tired, sutures, and the middle cut out
144
When does oogenesis occur
In females before birth
145
What are the structures that are the vestibule of the vagina
The hymen
Vagando orifice
External urethral orifice
146
What are the three layers of the Uterine wall
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
147
What are the 4 ligaments of the uterus
Broad Ligament
Utosacral Ligament
Cardinal Ligament
Round Ligament
148
What are the benefits of birth control
Regulation of length of menestral cycle
Decreased mental flow
Provided protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers
Reduces risk of endometriosis
149
What comprised the myometrium
3 layers of smooth muscle
150
What are the arteries of the uterus
```
Uterine Arteries (branches of the internal iliac artery)
Arcuate arteries (branches from the uterine arteries)
Radial Arteries (branches of the arcuate arteries)
```
151
At what age do men begin to decrease testosterone synthesis
Age 50-55
| Leads to reduced muscle strength, fewer viable sperm, and reduced libido.
152
What is the reason women under 50 have a lower risk of coronary heart disease
The cholesterol lowering effect of estrogen
153
Rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity usually occurs on day….
14 of a 28 day cycle.
154
What is a nabothian cyst
A benign mucous cyst of the transformation zone of the cervix
-as columnar cells are transitioning to the mulitlayer, come cells are trapped still secreting mucus
155
In relation to Menses what does LH do
Stimulates development of ovarian follicles
Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens
```
LH triggers ovulation (mid cycle)
Forms the corpus luteum
Which then secretes
-estrogen
-progesterone
-Relaxin
-Inhibin
```
156
What is the innermost layer of granulosa cells
The corona radiata
157
When the oocyte is not fertilized, what hormones decrease..
| what hormones increase …
Decrease: progesterone, estrogen, Inhibin
| Increase: GnRH, FSH, LH
Negative feedback
158
Where are the alveoli of the mammary glands located
Found within the lobules of the lobes
Secrete milk
159
What hormone is thought to “quiet” the uterus to make it a better environment for implantation
Relaxin
160
What is the menstrual phase of the reproductive cycle
Lasts roughly first 5 days of the cycle
161
What is the prepuce
Layer of skin formed at the point wher the labia minor unite, covers the body of the clitoris
(Clitoral Hood)
162
At what week of fetal development for primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the gonadal ridge in females?
4th week of fetal development
163
What two phases make up the luteal phase of the female reproductive cycle
Ovulation and postovulatory phases
164
Describe the ovarian cortex
Deep to the tunica albuginea, consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by stromal cells
165
What is the definition of abortion
Premature expulsion of conception products from the uterus
(Usually before 20th week of pregnancy)
Can be spontaneous or induced
166
What are the bulbs of the vestibule
Two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure during intercourse
167
What does parous mean
Has had a child pass through the cervix
168
How many lobes are in each mammary gland
Each gland contains 15-20 lobes
169
Where is the antrum in a secondary follice, what does it contain
In the center of the secondary follicle
Contains estrogen fluid from the granulosa cells
170
What does the medication mifepristone do
Induces abortion
171
What is the smaller haploid cell called
The first polar body,
| Usually degenerates
172
What layer of the endometrium is permanent through mensuration
The stratum básalis
173
What are primordial germ cells called when the are at the gonadal ridge?
Oogonia (immature germ cells)
174
In the uterine cycle if implantation does not occur, what happens
The ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of the stratum functionalis
(Menses)
175
Prostroglandins causes constriction of what Arterioles
The spiral Arterioles
176
What is the process of oogenesis
Mitosis to meiosis producing germ cells that undergo maturation
177
How is tubal ligation performed
Uterine tubes are tied cute, cauterized, or clamped to prevent secondary oocyte from passing through the tubes or from sperm getting to the oocyte.
178
What causes the corpus luteum to persist past its 2 week life span in successful fertilization
Human chorionic gonadatropic
| HCG
179
Approx how many primordial follicles will a female be born with at birth
~1 million
180
When is the onset of menopause for women
Between 40-50 years
181
What are the two cycles of the female reproductive cycle
Ovarian cycle and Uterine cycle
182
A home test kit for ovulation detects what..
The Surge of LH in the ovulation phase
183
What is the site of implantation for a fertilized ovum
The uterus
184
What happens to the oocyte if sperm is present AND penetrates
Meiosis II resumes,
| Secondary oocyte splits into two haploid cells. And OVUM and a second polar body.
185
What are the 3 ligaments that hold the ovaries in place
The Broad ligament
The ovarian ligament
And the suspensory ligament
186
Why do the areola appear rough?
Modified sebaceous glands
187
What part of the nervous system contributes to the organs and resolution phases of the female sex response
The sympathetic
188
What is the life span of the corpus luteum if the oocyte is not fertilized
2 weeks
189
What are the two canals of the cervix
The internal and external os
Internal- from cervix to uterus
External-from cervix to vagina
190
How does estrogen and progestin in combination in birth control work
Combined forms inhibit ovulation by suppressing the FSH/LH
Low levels of FFSH/LH prevent development of dominate follicle in ovary
191
LH causes…
The mature follicle to rupture and expulsion of the secondary oocyte during the deal of the LH surge
192
What are the layers of the vagina
| External to internal
Adventitia- anchors vagina
Muscularis- composed of outer circular layer and inner longitudinal muscle
(SMOOTH)
Mucosa- continuous with that of the uterus
193
Laterally the perimetrium becomes the..
Broad ligament
194
What is the gel-like matrix that coats the oocyte
Zona pellucida
195
What is the gamete function of the female gonads
Produce secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova after fertilization
196
What hormones does the corpus luteum produce
Progesterone
Estrogens
Relaxin
And inhibin
(Until it degenerates)
197
Which hormones triggers ovulation mid cycle
LH
198
What is the chromosome number of a zygote
2n
| 46 chromosomes
199
How long does a female reproductive cycle take
24-36 days
28*
200
What part of the female reproductive system is consider both part of reproductive system and the integumentary system
The mammary glands
201
Describe the ovarian medulla
Consists of loosely arranged CT, contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
202
What are the physical characteristics of the orgasm phase
Release of tension
Rhythmic myotonic contractions
Contractions of peri-vaginal muscles and anal sphincter
Uterine contractions
203
Milk protection is stimulated by
Prolactin
204
Primary follicles become…
Secondary follicles
205
How many primordial follicles are stimulated by FSH/LH during development cycle
10-30 stimulated by FSH/LH
206
What structures does the suspensory ligament support
Attached the ovaries to the pelvic wall
207
What are stromal cells
Fibroblast like cells in the ovarian cortex
208
What part of the nervous system is responsible for the female excitement phase of sex and the plateau phase of sex
The parasympathetic
209
Regardless of how much FSH/LH is released from the ant. Pituitary, with age what happens to estrogen
Decreases with age, regardless of FSH/LH secretion
210
What are the round ligaments of the uterus
Fibrous connective tissue between the broad ligaments
211
What are the two divisions of the perineum diamond
The urogenital triangle
and the Anal Triangle
Separated by a transverse line drawn from on tuberosity to the other
212
What is the region between the body and the cervix called
The isthmus of the uterus
| Note the diffencene between the isthmus of the uterus and the isthmus of the Fallopian tube
213
Describe ovarian follicles
Lie in the ovarian cortex, consist of oocytes in various stages of development plus the cells surrounding them
214
What structures does the ovarian ligament support
Anchors the ovaries to the uterus
