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IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester > AP1 Block 3 > Flashcards

AP1 Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pons located

A

Superior to the medulla

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2
Q

White matter of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Ascending sensory tracts and Descending Motor Tracts

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3
Q

What are the two roots of every spinal nerve called

A

Posterior, dorsal root

Anterior, ventral root

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4
Q

Neostigmine

A

Anti cholinergic
Inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Ach

treats myasthenia gravis

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5
Q

How do pre and post ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system flow

A

Pre ganglionic axons synapse with post ganglionic axons in the terminal ganglia

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6
Q

Define Ataxia

A

Inability to coordinate muscular movement

Assoc. w/ cerebellar infections, injuries, diseases, or changes.

Can cause abnormal speech patterns or staggering walking

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of the Brain Stem

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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8
Q

What is babinskis signs

A

Is dorsal flexion of the great toe without lateral fanning of the other toes. ,
Presence of Babinskis sign after age 1 1/2 is abnormal and indicates interruption of the corticospinal tract.

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9
Q

Nicotinic receptors cause. ________

A

Depolarization

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10
Q

What is the infundibulum and why is it important

A

Is the major stucture connecting the Hypothalmus to the pituitary gland.

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11
Q

What is the balance maintaining reflex during the flexor reflex called,

A

Crossed extensor reflex

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12
Q

Damage to the hippocampus can cause….

A

Anteriograde amnesia

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13
Q

What aqueduct passes through the midbrain

A

Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and forth ventricles

Posterior Midbrain Structure

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14
Q

Hyperactive reflexes would suggest

A

CNS disease

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15
Q

What is part of the Reticular Formation and helps to maintain consciousness and awakening from sleep

A

RAS

Reticular activating system

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16
Q

What are the two regions of the epithalmus

A

Habenular nuclei

The pineal gland

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of tracts of white matter in the cerebrum

A

Association tracts
Comissural Tracrts
Projection Tracts

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18
Q

What does the superior cervical ganglion supply

A

The head and heart

  • sweat glands
  • smooth muscles of the eye
  • blood vessels of the farce
  • Salivary glands
  • pineal glands
  • lacrimal glands
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19
Q

What are 4 specific names of parasympathetic ganglia located In the head

A
  • Ciliary
  • Pterogopalatine
  • submandibullar
  • Otic
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20
Q

What is the pairing of sympathetic trunk ganglia

A 
Cervical- 3 
Thoracic- 11 or 12 
Lumbar -4 or 5 
Sacral 4- 5 
Coccygeal- 1 ( Fused at midline)
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21
Q

What can disrupt the BBB

A

Trauma
Toxins
Inflammation

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22
Q

What is the function of the cingulate nucleus

A

Integral part of the limbic system
Emotion formation and processing
Mediates emotional responses to pain

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23
Q

What is the function of the ANS

A

Regulate smooth muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Glands

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24
Q

What form the BBB

A

Tight junctions of endothelial cells and astrocyte foot projections

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25
Q

What areas is damaged in non-fluent aphasia

A

Brocas Area

-know what they want to say, but cant say it

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26
Q

What are the functions of the olfactory bulbs

A

Synapse with olfactory receptors and mammillary bodies

Relay centers

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27
Q

How do lipid soluble substances cross the BBB

A

Easily , like o2, alcohol and most anesthetic

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28
Q

Neurotransmitter differentiation between somatic and autonomic neurons

A

Somatic only really Ach

Autonomic can release Ach or Ep/Norepinephrine

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29
Q

Superior Mesenteric Ganglia (splanchic) generally feed

A

S. Intestine

Colon

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30
Q

What can cause sciatic nerve injury

A

Herniated disc, dislocated hips, osteoarthritis, pressure from uterus during pregnancy, improperly administered gluteal injections

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31
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Part of the Auditory Pathway
Relays impulses from inner ear to thalamus

Startle reflex to loud or unexpected sounds

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32
Q

Cerebral Penduncles contain

A

Axons of motor neurons for impulses from the cortex to the spine
Axons of sensory neurons that extend from medulla to the thalamus

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33
Q

Define Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out movements in the absence of paralysis

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34
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathic nervous system found

A

Cell bodies of CN III, VII, IX, and X

As well as the later gray horns of the 4th sacral segments.

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35
Q

What is the main visceral control center of the body

A

Hypothalamus

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36
Q

Why do parasympathetic responses localize in a single effector

A

Because the post ganglions of the parasympathetic terminate into a single effector

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37
Q

Describe the ganglionic axons of the prevertebral ganglions

A

Preganglionic axons are short and post ganglionic are fairly long

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38
Q

Muscarinic receptors can cause________

A

Depole or Hyperpolarinzation

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39
Q

Are the axons of the parasympathetic division mylienated or unmylinated

A

Mylentated

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40
Q

How do proteins and Antibiotics cross the BBB

A

They cant

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41
Q

Where is the location of the Diencephalon in the brain

A

Surrounds the 3rd ventricle

Extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum

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42
Q

How is the gray and white matter arranged in the cerebrum

A

Gray on the outside

White on the Inside

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43
Q

Skin is supplied by what type of neuron

A

Somatic sensory

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44
Q

What does the Blood Brain Barrier do?

A

Protects the brain from pathogens.

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45
Q

What are the lateral horns of the spinal cord made of

A

Autonomic motor nuerons

That control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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46
Q

How do sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk

A

Through white rami communicants

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47
Q

What is the difference between cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles ?

A

Cerebral are anterior structures that conduct impulses from cerebrum to spinal chord

Cerebellar are posterior structures that conduct impulses from the cerebellum to other parts of the brain

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48
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebellum called

A

The arbor vitae (tree of life)

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49
Q

Number of lumbar spinal nerves

A

5

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50
Q

What two areas in the pons control Respiration

A

The pneumotaxic area (turn off inspiration before stretch to much) and the apneustic area (prolongs inhalation)

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51
Q

At what age does spinal cord growth stop>?

A

~4 or 5

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52
Q

What two types of nuerons make up the ANS

A

Visceral Sensory and Visceral Motor

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53
Q

What are the folds of the cerebrum called

A

Gyrus/ Gyri

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54
Q

What does the posterior/ dorsal ramus innervate

A

Deep muscles of and dorsal skin of the trunk

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55
Q

What areas are have single sympathetic innervation

A 
Sweat glands, 
Arrectores Pilroum
Kidneys 
Adrenal glands 
Spleen 
Blood vessels
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56
Q

Accommodation Reflex

A

Shape of the lens for close vs distant viewing

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57
Q

What purpose for CSF serve,..

A

Insulate the brain, Cushion the Brain, Carries O2 and gl

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58
Q

What are the 3 broad areas of spinal cord white matter

A

Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral White Columns

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59
Q

PÁRKINSON DISEASE

A

When melanin-pigmented dopamine producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate

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60
Q

Which two basal ganglia make up the lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen and the Globus Pallidus

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61
Q

Normal Bibinskis sign after age 1 1/2

A

Curling of all toes

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62
Q

What do the anterior/ ventral ramus enervate

A

Muscles of the upper and lower limbs

Skin of the lateral and ventral trunk

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63
Q

Afferent Nuerons Carry what type of info

A

Sensory

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64
Q

What keeps the diaphragm alive?

A

C3, 4 , and 5

Phrenic nerves

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65
Q

Number of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves

A

1

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66
Q

What innavtives nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A

Acetylcholineterase

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67
Q

What is the name of a group of nuclei located deep in each cerebral hemisphere

A

BASAL GANGLIA

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68
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Is our emotional brain

  • pain
  • pleasure
  • docility
  • affection
  • anger
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69
Q

Plexuses are fromed from the

A

Anterior Rami of spinal nerves

Contain both motor and sensory nuerons

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70
Q

The Corpus Callosum is what type of nerve tract

A

White matter

Commissural Tract

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71
Q

What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

A

The filum termínale

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72
Q

What is the relationship of pre to post ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic ganglia

A

Pre are fairly long and post are very short ( in the visera of the organ)

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73
Q

MAO Inhibitors

A

prolongs NE effect, can be used to treat depression,.

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74
Q

How is the gray matter of the spinal cord shaped

A

Like an H

Gray matter on the inside, white mater on the outside

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75
Q

Unlike skeletal muscle, tissues innervated by the ANS have….

A

Intrinsic function, can continue to work without stimulation

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76
Q

What is another name for the Medulla Oblongata

A

The Vital Brain

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77
Q

What is another name for the MID Brain

A

Mesencephalon

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78
Q

Do the anterior rami of thoracic nerves have a plexus

A

No

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79
Q

White vs gray matter mylientation

A

Gray is unmy. And White is my

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80
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Tangled network of neurons formed jointly by both the para and sympathetic systems

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81
Q

What are the ridges of the cerebellum called

A

Folia (Leaves)

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82
Q

Describe the Tectum

A

2 pairs of rounded elevations on the midbrain collectively called the corpora quadrigemina

Posterior Midbrain structure

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83
Q

How are the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Mylienated

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84
Q

What is the corpora quadragemina

A

The tectum

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85
Q

What are the pearls of Alzhiemers

A

Loss of neurons - nucleus basalis (hallmark sign)
Beta-amyloid plaques- clusters of proteins deposited outside nuerons
Neurofibrillary tangles - abnormal bundles of protein inside nuerons

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86
Q

Atropine

A

Anti cholinergic,

Blocks the parasympathetic Nervous system

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87
Q

Describe Red Nuclei

A
  • Coordination of muscular movements
  • orgination of the rubrospinal tract
  • controls crawling in babies, swinging of arms in adults
  • Works with rubrospinal tract to control muscles of shoulder and arm
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88
Q

What disease is associated with basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s

Damage to the Basal ganglia results in tremors, stiffness, and involuntary muscles movements

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89
Q

Describe the axons of the sympathetic trunk

A

Pre ganglionic axons are short and the Post Ganglionic axons are long

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90
Q

How many ventricles are in the Brain

A

4
2-lateral ventricles
The 3rd and the 4th ventricles

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91
Q

What are the medullary olives

A

Located Laterally to each pyramid

Relays impulses from cortex, red nuclei, and spinal cord proprioceptors to the cerebellum.

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92
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there

A

12

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93
Q

What is another name for sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

Para vertebral ganglia

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94
Q

2 types of sympathetic ganglia

A

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia

And Prevertebral ganglia

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95
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

Behavior patterns such as rage, fear, aggression, and restlessness

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96
Q

Otic Ganglia of the Parasympathetic division

A

Inferior to each Foramen ovale

Preganglionic axons from CN IX
Post Ganglionic Axons to parotid salivary glands

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97
Q

Describe the Thalmus

A

Makes up most of the diencephalon

Two halves connected across the 3rd ventricle by a bridge of gray matter call the intermediate mass

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98
Q

What does a stretch reflex do

A

Controls muscle length

Causes muscle contraction in response to rapid stretch forces

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99
Q

What type of damage in the brain has been associated with OCD and ADHD

A

Basal ganglia damage

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100
Q

What is the Fornix

A

A band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalmus

-Carries signals from the hippocampus to the Hypothalmus

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101
Q

What do Mechanorecpetors detect

A

The degree of stretch in the walls of the organs and blood vessels

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102
Q

Myleination of Pre vs Post ganglionic neurons

A

Pre are mylienated and Post are not

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103
Q

Efferent Nuerons Carry What type of info

A

Motor

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104
Q

Each posterior root of the spinal cord has a

A

Dorsal root ganglion

105
Q

What are two examples of receptors that give info to the AND

A

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

106
Q

What is the general progression of Alzheimer’s

A
  • trouble remembering recent events
  • become confused and forgetful , repeating questions
  • memories of past events fade
  • ability to walk, read, talk, and write, disappear.
  • death by diseases such as pneumonia
107
Q

Habenular Nuclei

A

Olfaction, and emotional responses to smells

108
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located

A

Between the Brain stem and cerebellum

109
Q

What continues inferiorly to the conus medularis

A

The cauda equina

110
Q

What are four ways sympathetic trunk ganglia arriving at the sympathetic trunk connect with postganglionic neurons

A
  1. Synapsing in the ganglion it first reached
  2. Ascending or descending in the sympathetic trunk before synapsing
  3. Continuing without synapsing, through the trunk of the ganglion to a prevertebral ganglion and synapsing with a post ganglionic axon there
  4. Continuing without synapsing all the way to the renal chromaffin cells
111
Q

What nerve is associated with wrist drop

A

Radial Nerve injury

Improper NM injections into the deltiod, or by a cast being applied to tightly around the mid humorous

112
Q

How is Craniosacral and CN X related

A

Most of the total craniosacral outflow is carried by preganglionic axons that leave the brain as part of CNX

113
Q

Describe the vermis of the cerebellum

A

Looks like a worm

Is the central constricted area of the cerebellum

114
Q

Alpha 1 receptor affect primarily

A

Blood vessels

115
Q

What does the lumbar plexus innervate

A

The anteriolateral Ab wall, external genitals, and lower limbs

116
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

Prolong nori (feel good molecule)

117
Q

Describe the Reticular Formation

A

Fairly extensive region of interespersed gray and white matter in the brain .
Main function is to regulate muscle tone

118
Q

What are the 3 nuclei areas of the Midbrain

A
  • Substantia Nigra
  • Red Nuclei
  • Reticular Formation
119
Q

The cervical ganglia are made up of what spinal nerves

120
Q

What are 5 spinal nerve plexuses

A
  • Cervical
  • Bracial
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
121
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there

122
Q

What actions does the Medulla regulate

A

RR, HR, BP, COUGHING, SWALLOWING, VOMITING

123
Q

What is the Internal Capsule

A

A think band of white matter lateral to the thalamus which separates the thalamus and cuadate nucleus from the lentiform nuclues

124
Q

Celiac ganglia (splanchic) feed

A 
Liver 
Stomach 
Spleen 
S. Intestine 
Kidney
125
Q

Define Mylitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

126
Q

How much glucose is stored in the Brain ?

A

Very little

127
Q

What do the anterior horns of the spinal cord contain

A

Somatic neurons

128
Q

What organs does the Sympathetic trauma ganglionic axons mostly innervate

A

Organs above the diaphragm

129
Q

The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain to where…

A

The internal Jugular vein

130
Q

Most Post Ganglionic neurons release

131
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed

A

By the arachnoid villi

132
Q

What is the general treatment for Hydrocephalus

A

Shunt placement

133
Q

Where are deep sulci called

134
Q

Where is the location of the cingulate gyrus

A

Immediately Superior to the corpus collasom

135
Q

What damage is associated with fluent-aphasia

A

Wernickes Area
-Can sway words perfectly, but not in any organized pattern
“Word salad”
Word deafness or word blindness or both

136
Q

What is the main function of the pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin as part of the endocrine system

137
Q

What enzymes inactivated Epi and Norepi

A

MAO and COMT
Monoamine Oxidase
Catechol-o-methytreanferase

138
Q

Association Tracts of the Cerebrum

A

Conduct impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

139
Q

Somatic Motor Pathway vs Autonomic Motor Pathway

A

Somat- 1 myelinated neuron and its motor unit

Auto- Consists of 2 motor neuron series

140
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia have _______ nerves that extend to the ________ of the body organs

A
  • splanchic

- viscera

141
Q

Where are cholinergic neurotransmitters found

A

All symp pre and post ganglions
All para sympathetic post ganglions
Somatic motor neurons

142
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain

A

Inhibits the cerebellum, induces ataxia like symptoms

143
Q

What dot he pelvic splanchic nerves innervate

A

Colon
Ureters
Reproductive System
Urinary Bladder

144
Q

What has 50 percent of the neurons in the Brain

A

The cerebellum

145
Q

Describe the Substantia Nigra

A

Dark Pigmented nuclei that release dopamine
Controls Subconcious muscle activity
Associated with Parkinson’s

146
Q

A rare form of Hydrocephalus (obstructive hydrocephalus) is treated using what procedure?

A

Third ventriculostomy

147
Q

The meninges are continuous except where…

A

Where they separate for the ducal Venus sinuses

148
Q

What regions on the spinal cord have sympathetic outflow

A

T1-T12

And L1-L2

149
Q

What are the general areas of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Sensory
Motor
Association

150
Q

What are the 3 regions of the cervical ganglia

A

_superior
_Middle
_inferior

151
Q

What are the three sections of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

Superior, Middle, Inferior

152
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system found

A

Lateral gray horns of the thoracic and 1st 2 lumbar segments

153
Q

Layers of the Meninges

Superficial to Deep

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

154
Q

Projection Tracts

A

Conduct impulses from the cerebrum to the lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts to the cerebrum

155
Q

Describe the Location of the Hypothalmus

A

Small portion of the diencephalon located inferior to the thalmus

156
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located

A

Surrounded by the R and L halves of the thalamus

157
Q

Define Hydrocephalus

A

Excess fluid IE CSF, blood, Water on the brain

158
Q

Where are B3 receptors found

A

Only in cells of brown adipose tissue,

Thermoregulation/ thermogenesis

159
Q

What are the separations of DURA matter

A

Falx Cerebri: L and R cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebelli: L and R cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorum Cerebelli: Separates Cerebrum and Cerebellum

160
Q

What two structures does the midbrain connect?

A

Pons and diencephalon

161
Q

What type of reflex is the Patellar Reflex

A

Stretch Reflex

162
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

To evaluate movements innervated by the motor areas of the brain.
Smooth, coordinated movements, maintain posture and balance

163
Q

Brochas Speech Área

A

Planning and production of speech

164
Q

How does gL cross the BBB

A

Active Transport

165
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha and Beta

166
Q

What are the terminal branches of spinal nerves called

A

Rami ( Ramus)

167
Q

Describe the Submandibular ganglia of the sympathetic division

A

Located near the submandibular salivary gland ducts

Preganglionic axons from CN VII
Post ganglionic axons to submandibular salivary glands and sublingual salivary glands

168
Q

Where does the Medulla Oblongata begin

A

Begins at the Foramen Magnum

169
Q

What are the 5 components of a reflex arch

A 
Sensory Receptor 
Sensory Nueron
Integrating Center (Gray matter in CNS) 
Motor Neuron 
Effector
170
Q

What is decussation

A

Where axons pass from R to L side of the spinal chord/ medulla

171
Q

What are Medulla Pyramids

A

Bulges of White Matter on the anterior surface of the medulla where the largest motor tracts pass from the cerebrum to the spinal chord

172
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

Networks of capillaries covered by epednymal cells that form CSF from blood plasma

173
Q

What are three prominent lobes of the cerebellum and what are their function

A

Anterior and posterior lobes- Mediate unconscious refinements of skeletal muscle
Floculonodular lobe- equillibrium and balance

174
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the L and R hemispheres

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

175
Q

Main function of the Hypothalmus

A

Relay station for most sensory neurons

Regulation of autonomic activity and maintenance of consciousness

176
Q

What two cervical regions supply the heart

A

Middle and Inferior Cervical Regions

177
Q

Inf. Mesenteric Splanchic Ganglia general feed

A

Colon
Rectum
Genitals
Urinary Bladder

178
Q

What kind of matter is in the cerebral cortex

A 
Only gray matter 
-neuron cell bodies
-dendrites
-unmylientated axons  
(NO FIBER TRACTS)
179
Q

Beta 1 receptor affect primarily

A

The heart

Contraction and Rate

180
Q

What type of neurotransmitters do cholinergic receptors use

181
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Communication, perception, memory, comprehension, appreciation, and to initiate voluntary movements

Is called the seat of consciousness

182
Q

What are the 5 major prevertebral ganglions

A
  • Celiac
  • Superior Mesenteric
  • Inf. Mesenteric
  • Aorticorenal
  • Renal
183
Q

What part of each spinal nerve reenteres the vertebral canal and supply’s the verterbrae

A

Meningeal Branch

184
Q

What are three important groups of commissural tracts

A

Corpus Callosum
Anterior commissure
And the posterior commissure

185
Q

At what verterbrae does the spinal cord terminate

A

At L1-L2 ( conus medularis)

186
Q

Most nerves do not go directly to the tissue they innervate except the

A

Thoracic spinal nerves

187
Q

________ rami are assoc. with all spinal nerves

_________ rami are only found in the thorax and in the 2nd and 3rd lumbar verterbae

A
  • Gray

- white

188
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

189
Q

Where are Lateral Gray horns of the spinal cord

A

Only present in the thoracic and upper lumbar and sacral segments
t1-t12
L-1, L-2
S2-S4

190
Q

What CN has two nuclei in the PONS

A

CN VIII (Vetibulocochlear)

191
Q

Why is the brain folded into gyri, sulci, and fissures

A

Because during fetal development the Brain continues to grow after the cranial space is established. Creates folding

192
Q

What do the thoracic trunk ganglia innervate

A
  • heart
  • lungs
  • bronchi
  • blood vessels of the skin
  • arrector pillorum (hair )
193
Q

What organs do the prevertebral ganglionic axons mostly innervate

A

Organs below the diaphragm

194
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia

A

Initiation and termination of movement

And control unconscious contractions of skeletal muscle and muscle tone

195
Q

How does UREA and Creatine cross the BBB

A

Very Slowly

196
Q

What are bundles of mylienated axons called

A

Tracts

Have a common origin or carry similar information

197
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

Adjust the size of the pupil

198
Q

What is associated with hippocampus injury/ damage

A

Anterograde amnesa

199
Q

What are the components of the limbic system

A 
Hippocampus 
Amygdala 
Limbic lobe 
Dentate gyrus 
Cingulate gyrus 
Mammillary bodies of the Hypothalamus 
Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalmus 
Olfactory bulbs 
Fornix
200
Q

What structures create the epidural space

A

The dura and the ventral canal

201
Q

What are the 4 branches of the cranial parasympathetic

A

-ciliary
-pteryogopalatine
Submandibuilar
-Otic

202
Q

What are two types of cholinergic receptors

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

203
Q

Activation of Muscarinic receptors causes what syndrome

A 
DUMBELLS 
Defecation 
Urination
Miosis 
Bronchioconstriction 
Emesis 
Lacrimation
Salivation
204
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

Choroid plexus in the ventricles

205
Q

What are the receptors of the Hypothalmus

A

Glucose level
Osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors)
Temperature
Hormone

206
Q

What do the posterior hornes of the spinal cord contain

A

Somatic and autonomic nuerons

207
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion contain

A

The cells of sensory neurons

208
Q

Describe Pterogopalatine Ganglia of the parasympathetic division

A

Preganglionic axons of CNVII

Post ganglioninc axons to nasal mucosa, pharynx, and lacrimal glands

209
Q

What are splanchic nerves

A

Symnpathetic preganglion that pass through the sympathetic trunk form splanchic nerves lol

And generally extend to the prevertebral ganglia

210
Q

What type of matter comprises the cerebellar cortex

A

Gray matter

211
Q

Decrease reflexes would suggest

A

-damage of spinal segments,
-Damage muscles-
Disease of the NMJ
- loss of sensation

212
Q

What reflex withdrawals a limb to avoid pain

A

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

Is a ipsilateral reflex

213
Q

What are three prominent sulci of the brain

A

Central Sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral Sulcus- Separates frontal and temporal lobes
Parieto-Occiptial Sulcus- Separates parietal and occipital lobes

214
Q

All preganglionic neurons release

215
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate

A

The skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior portions of the shoulders, chest and diaphragm

216
Q

2 layers of the DURA

A

External Periosteal Layer

Internal Meningeal Layer

217
Q

What are the 7 Nuclei in the Medulla

A 
Cardiovascular center (HR and Vessel Size) 
Rhythmic Center (RR)
Degluttition Center (Swallowing)
Gustatory Center (Tastebuds)
Cochlear Nuclei (Auditory Input)
Vestibular Nuclei (Equillibrium) 
Vomiting Center (area postrema)
218
Q

Number of sacral spinal nerves

219
Q

Define Aphasia

A

In ability to use or comprehend words

220
Q

Define Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes and touch

221
Q

What does a tendon reflex do>?

A

Causes muscle relaxation from excessive force

Golgi Tendon Organs in the tendon are activated by stretching, the inhibitory nueron is stimiulated causing relaxation.

Also has reciprocal innervation, the ipsilateral muscle contracts

222
Q

What are the maxillary bodies of the Hypothalmus

A

Serve as relay stations from the reflexes assoc. w/. Smell

223
Q

What are the structures the make the Basal ganglia

A

Globus Pallidus, Putamen, Cuadate Nuclues

224
Q

Define Myelography

A

Imagining of the spinal cord with assisted dyes to detect tumors

225
Q

What does the gray matter of the spinal cord do…

A

Recieves and integrates incoming and outgoing info/ impulses

226
Q

How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion projection patterns different

A

Symp- preganglia have many axons
Para- Preganglion have only a few axons

Symp- Post ganglia have several effectors
Para- post ganglia terminate in the same effectors

227
Q

What are the special functions of the Hypothalmus

A 
Control the ANS 
Produce Hormones 
regular emotions and behaviors 
Regulate eating and drinking 
Control Body temp 
Regulate Circadian rhythms and consciousness
228
Q

What are the two motor neurons of the ANS

A

Preganglionic Nerve and the Postganglionic nerve

229
Q

What is the executive suite of the brain

A

Cerebral Cortex

230
Q

What forms the pelvic splanchic nerves

A

Preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic plexus

231
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

Conduct Impulses from gyri on opposite hemispheres

Example Corpus Callosum

232
Q

Define Contussion

A

Bruising of the brain
Associated with concussions
Includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels

233
Q

What are the groves between gyri called

A

Sulcus/ Sulci

234
Q

Define Concussion

A

Brain injury
Abrupt but temp. LOC, disturbances in vision, and problems with EQ.

(MOST COMMON BRAIN INJURY)

235
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Reflex centers for visual reflexes and visually tracking objects

  • pupillary reflex
  • accommodation reflex

Involuntarily turns head to peripheral stimulus

236
Q

Where does the 1st spinal nerve emerge

A

Between the atlas and the occipital bone

237
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate

A

The buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs

238
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

239
Q

Wernickes Area

A

Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

240
Q

What are the two types of autonomic neurotransmitters

A

Cholinergic and Adrognergic

241
Q

What are the Pontine Structures

A

Laterally Connect the L and R cerebellum
Have vertically ascending sensory tracts
And descending motor tracts
Relay signals for voluntary movements from origin in the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

242
Q

What converts new memories to long term memories

A

The hippocampus

243
Q

What are T2-T12 generally referred to as

A

Intercostal nerves

244
Q

How many trunks are there in the bracial plexus

A

3

Superior, middle, inferior

245
Q

What are the two divisions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cranial parasympathetic nervous system

Sacral parasympathetic nervous system

246
Q

What are the 2 branches of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

247
Q

Where are adregenic neurotransmitters found

A

Most sympathetic post Ganglionic neurons

248
Q

What are three examples of prevertebral ganglia (splanchic nerves)

A
  • celiac ganglia
  • superior Mesenteric ganglia
  • inferior Mesenteric
249
Q

At what opening do the ventral and dorsal roots combine

A

Intervertebral Foramen

250
Q

Define the Ciliary branch of the parasympathetic division

A

-located near the posterior aspect of each eye ball
CN III preganglionic receptors
Post ganglionic axons innervate smooth muscles of the eye ball

251
Q

What is the largest nerve in the human body

A

Sciatic nerve,

Is actually two nerves, in one sheath

252
Q

What are the two types of descending pathways

A

Direct- From the Cerebral cortex (precise muscle control)

Indirect- From the brain stem (involuntary)

253
Q

What is a reflex

A

A fast involuntary, planned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a stimulus

254
Q

What are the 4 components of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Epithalmus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland

255
Q

What causes shingles

A

Acute infection of peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster, (Chicken pox)

256
Q

Where are white ramus communicantes found

A

Only in the 12 thoracic and 1st and 2nd Lumbar verterbrae

257
Q

What are the posteriors structures assoc. with the cerebellum

A

The cerebellar peduncles

258
Q

Raynauds Disease

A

Digits become ischemic from overstimulation of the symp. Nervous system

259
Q

What is the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord

A

Connects white matter from L and R side of the spinal cord

IPAP 21-2 Freshman Semester (22 decks)

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