AP1 Block 3 Flashcards
Where is the pons located
Superior to the medulla
White matter of the Medulla Oblongata
Ascending sensory tracts and Descending Motor Tracts
What are the two roots of every spinal nerve called
Posterior, dorsal root
Anterior, ventral root
Neostigmine
Anti cholinergic
Inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Ach
treats myasthenia gravis
How do pre and post ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system flow
Pre ganglionic axons synapse with post ganglionic axons in the terminal ganglia
Define Ataxia
Inability to coordinate muscular movement
Assoc. w/ cerebellar infections, injuries, diseases, or changes.
Can cause abnormal speech patterns or staggering walking
What are the 3 components of the Brain Stem
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
What is babinskis signs
Is dorsal flexion of the great toe without lateral fanning of the other toes. ,
Presence of Babinskis sign after age 1 1/2 is abnormal and indicates interruption of the corticospinal tract.
Nicotinic receptors cause. ________
Depolarization
What is the infundibulum and why is it important
Is the major stucture connecting the Hypothalmus to the pituitary gland.
What is the balance maintaining reflex during the flexor reflex called,
Crossed extensor reflex
Damage to the hippocampus can cause….
Anteriograde amnesia
What aqueduct passes through the midbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and forth ventricles
Posterior Midbrain Structure
Hyperactive reflexes would suggest
CNS disease
What is part of the Reticular Formation and helps to maintain consciousness and awakening from sleep
RAS
Reticular activating system
What are the two regions of the epithalmus
Habenular nuclei
The pineal gland
What are the 3 types of tracts of white matter in the cerebrum
Association tracts
Comissural Tracrts
Projection Tracts
What does the superior cervical ganglion supply
The head and heart
- sweat glands
- smooth muscles of the eye
- blood vessels of the farce
- Salivary glands
- pineal glands
- lacrimal glands
What are 4 specific names of parasympathetic ganglia located In the head
- Ciliary
- Pterogopalatine
- submandibullar
- Otic
What is the pairing of sympathetic trunk ganglia
Cervical- 3 Thoracic- 11 or 12 Lumbar -4 or 5 Sacral 4- 5 Coccygeal- 1 ( Fused at midline)
What can disrupt the BBB
Trauma
Toxins
Inflammation
What is the function of the cingulate nucleus
Integral part of the limbic system
Emotion formation and processing
Mediates emotional responses to pain
What is the function of the ANS
Regulate smooth muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Glands
What form the BBB
Tight junctions of endothelial cells and astrocyte foot projections
What areas is damaged in non-fluent aphasia
Brocas Area
-know what they want to say, but cant say it
What are the functions of the olfactory bulbs
Synapse with olfactory receptors and mammillary bodies
Relay centers
How do lipid soluble substances cross the BBB
Easily , like o2, alcohol and most anesthetic
Neurotransmitter differentiation between somatic and autonomic neurons
Somatic only really Ach
Autonomic can release Ach or Ep/Norepinephrine
Superior Mesenteric Ganglia (splanchic) generally feed
S. Intestine
Colon
What can cause sciatic nerve injury
Herniated disc, dislocated hips, osteoarthritis, pressure from uterus during pregnancy, improperly administered gluteal injections
Inferior Colliculi
Part of the Auditory Pathway
Relays impulses from inner ear to thalamus
Startle reflex to loud or unexpected sounds
Cerebral Penduncles contain
Axons of motor neurons for impulses from the cortex to the spine
Axons of sensory neurons that extend from medulla to the thalamus
Define Apraxia
Inability to carry out movements in the absence of paralysis
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathic nervous system found
Cell bodies of CN III, VII, IX, and X
As well as the later gray horns of the 4th sacral segments.
What is the main visceral control center of the body
Hypothalamus
Why do parasympathetic responses localize in a single effector
Because the post ganglions of the parasympathetic terminate into a single effector
Describe the ganglionic axons of the prevertebral ganglions
Preganglionic axons are short and post ganglionic are fairly long
Muscarinic receptors can cause________
Depole or Hyperpolarinzation
Are the axons of the parasympathetic division mylienated or unmylinated
Mylentated
How do proteins and Antibiotics cross the BBB
They cant
Where is the location of the Diencephalon in the brain
Surrounds the 3rd ventricle
Extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum
How is the gray and white matter arranged in the cerebrum
Gray on the outside
White on the Inside
Skin is supplied by what type of neuron
Somatic sensory
What does the Blood Brain Barrier do?
Protects the brain from pathogens.
What are the lateral horns of the spinal cord made of
Autonomic motor nuerons
That control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
How do sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk
Through white rami communicants
What is the difference between cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles ?
Cerebral are anterior structures that conduct impulses from cerebrum to spinal chord
Cerebellar are posterior structures that conduct impulses from the cerebellum to other parts of the brain
What is the white matter of the cerebellum called
The arbor vitae (tree of life)
Number of lumbar spinal nerves
5
What two areas in the pons control Respiration
The pneumotaxic area (turn off inspiration before stretch to much) and the apneustic area (prolongs inhalation)
At what age does spinal cord growth stop>?
~4 or 5
What two types of nuerons make up the ANS
Visceral Sensory and Visceral Motor
What are the folds of the cerebrum called
Gyrus/ Gyri
What does the posterior/ dorsal ramus innervate
Deep muscles of and dorsal skin of the trunk
What areas are have single sympathetic innervation
Sweat glands, Arrectores Pilroum Kidneys Adrenal glands Spleen Blood vessels
Accommodation Reflex
Shape of the lens for close vs distant viewing
What purpose for CSF serve,..
Insulate the brain, Cushion the Brain, Carries O2 and gl
What are the 3 broad areas of spinal cord white matter
Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral White Columns
PÁRKINSON DISEASE
When melanin-pigmented dopamine producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
Which two basal ganglia make up the lentiform nucleus
Putamen and the Globus Pallidus
Normal Bibinskis sign after age 1 1/2
Curling of all toes
What do the anterior/ ventral ramus enervate
Muscles of the upper and lower limbs
Skin of the lateral and ventral trunk
Afferent Nuerons Carry what type of info
Sensory
What keeps the diaphragm alive?
C3, 4 , and 5
Phrenic nerves
Number of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves
1
What innavtives nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Acetylcholineterase
What is the name of a group of nuclei located deep in each cerebral hemisphere
BASAL GANGLIA
What is the limbic system
Is our emotional brain
- pain
- pleasure
- docility
- affection
- anger
Plexuses are fromed from the
Anterior Rami of spinal nerves
Contain both motor and sensory nuerons
The Corpus Callosum is what type of nerve tract
White matter
Commissural Tract
What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
The filum termínale
What is the relationship of pre to post ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic ganglia
Pre are fairly long and post are very short ( in the visera of the organ)
MAO Inhibitors
prolongs NE effect, can be used to treat depression,.
How is the gray matter of the spinal cord shaped
Like an H
Gray matter on the inside, white mater on the outside
Unlike skeletal muscle, tissues innervated by the ANS have….
Intrinsic function, can continue to work without stimulation
What is another name for the Medulla Oblongata
The Vital Brain
What is another name for the MID Brain
Mesencephalon
Do the anterior rami of thoracic nerves have a plexus
No
White vs gray matter mylientation
Gray is unmy. And White is my
What is a plexus?
Tangled network of neurons formed jointly by both the para and sympathetic systems
What are the ridges of the cerebellum called
Folia (Leaves)
Describe the Tectum
2 pairs of rounded elevations on the midbrain collectively called the corpora quadrigemina
Posterior Midbrain structure
How are the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system?
Mylienated
What is the corpora quadragemina
The tectum
What are the pearls of Alzhiemers
Loss of neurons - nucleus basalis (hallmark sign)
Beta-amyloid plaques- clusters of proteins deposited outside nuerons
Neurofibrillary tangles - abnormal bundles of protein inside nuerons
Atropine
Anti cholinergic,
Blocks the parasympathetic Nervous system
Describe Red Nuclei
- Coordination of muscular movements
- orgination of the rubrospinal tract
- controls crawling in babies, swinging of arms in adults
- Works with rubrospinal tract to control muscles of shoulder and arm
What disease is associated with basal ganglia
Parkinson’s
Damage to the Basal ganglia results in tremors, stiffness, and involuntary muscles movements
Describe the axons of the sympathetic trunk
Pre ganglionic axons are short and the Post Ganglionic axons are long
How many ventricles are in the Brain
4
2-lateral ventricles
The 3rd and the 4th ventricles
What are the medullary olives
Located Laterally to each pyramid
Relays impulses from cortex, red nuclei, and spinal cord proprioceptors to the cerebellum.
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there
12
What is another name for sympathetic trunk ganglia
Para vertebral ganglia
2 types of sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
And Prevertebral ganglia
What is the function of the amygdala
Behavior patterns such as rage, fear, aggression, and restlessness
Otic Ganglia of the Parasympathetic division
Inferior to each Foramen ovale
Preganglionic axons from CN IX
Post Ganglionic Axons to parotid salivary glands
Describe the Thalmus
Makes up most of the diencephalon
Two halves connected across the 3rd ventricle by a bridge of gray matter call the intermediate mass
What does a stretch reflex do
Controls muscle length
Causes muscle contraction in response to rapid stretch forces
What type of damage in the brain has been associated with OCD and ADHD
Basal ganglia damage
What is the Fornix
A band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalmus
-Carries signals from the hippocampus to the Hypothalmus
What do Mechanorecpetors detect
The degree of stretch in the walls of the organs and blood vessels
Myleination of Pre vs Post ganglionic neurons
Pre are mylienated and Post are not
Efferent Nuerons Carry What type of info
Motor