AP1 Block 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the pons located
A
Superior to the medulla
2
Q
White matter of the Medulla Oblongata
A
Ascending sensory tracts and Descending Motor Tracts
3
Q
What are the two roots of every spinal nerve called
A
Posterior, dorsal root
Anterior, ventral root
4
Q
Neostigmine
A
Anti cholinergic
Inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Ach
treats myasthenia gravis
5
Q
How do pre and post ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system flow
A
Pre ganglionic axons synapse with post ganglionic axons in the terminal ganglia
6
Q
Define Ataxia
A
Inability to coordinate muscular movement
Assoc. w/ cerebellar infections, injuries, diseases, or changes.
Can cause abnormal speech patterns or staggering walking
7
Q
What are the 3 components of the Brain Stem
A
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
8
Q
What is babinskis signs
A
Is dorsal flexion of the great toe without lateral fanning of the other toes. ,
Presence of Babinskis sign after age 1 1/2 is abnormal and indicates interruption of the corticospinal tract.
9
Q
Nicotinic receptors cause. ________
A
Depolarization
10
Q
What is the infundibulum and why is it important
A
Is the major stucture connecting the Hypothalmus to the pituitary gland.
11
Q
What is the balance maintaining reflex during the flexor reflex called,
A
Crossed extensor reflex
12
Q
Damage to the hippocampus can cause….
A
Anteriograde amnesia
13
Q
What aqueduct passes through the midbrain
A
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and forth ventricles
Posterior Midbrain Structure
14
Q
Hyperactive reflexes would suggest
A
CNS disease
15
Q
What is part of the Reticular Formation and helps to maintain consciousness and awakening from sleep
A
RAS
Reticular activating system
16
Q
What are the two regions of the epithalmus
A
Habenular nuclei
The pineal gland
17
Q
What are the 3 types of tracts of white matter in the cerebrum
A
Association tracts
Comissural Tracrts
Projection Tracts
18
Q
What does the superior cervical ganglion supply
A
The head and heart
- sweat glands
- smooth muscles of the eye
- blood vessels of the farce
- Salivary glands
- pineal glands
- lacrimal glands
19
Q
What are 4 specific names of parasympathetic ganglia located In the head
A
- Ciliary
- Pterogopalatine
- submandibullar
- Otic
20
Q
What is the pairing of sympathetic trunk ganglia
A
Cervical- 3 Thoracic- 11 or 12 Lumbar -4 or 5 Sacral 4- 5 Coccygeal- 1 ( Fused at midline)
21
Q
What can disrupt the BBB
A
Trauma
Toxins
Inflammation
22
Q
What is the function of the cingulate nucleus
A
Integral part of the limbic system
Emotion formation and processing
Mediates emotional responses to pain
23
Q
What is the function of the ANS
A
Regulate smooth muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Glands
24
Q
What form the BBB
A
Tight junctions of endothelial cells and astrocyte foot projections
25
What areas is damaged in non-fluent aphasia
Brocas Area
| -know what they want to say, but cant say it
26
What are the functions of the olfactory bulbs
Synapse with olfactory receptors and mammillary bodies
| Relay centers
27
How do lipid soluble substances cross the BBB
Easily , like o2, alcohol and most anesthetic
28
Neurotransmitter differentiation between somatic and autonomic neurons
Somatic only really Ach
Autonomic can release Ach or Ep/Norepinephrine
29
Superior Mesenteric Ganglia (splanchic) generally feed
S. Intestine
| Colon
30
What can cause sciatic nerve injury
Herniated disc, dislocated hips, osteoarthritis, pressure from uterus during pregnancy, improperly administered gluteal injections
31
Inferior Colliculi
Part of the Auditory Pathway
Relays impulses from inner ear to thalamus
Startle reflex to loud or unexpected sounds
32
Cerebral Penduncles contain
Axons of motor neurons for impulses from the cortex to the spine
Axons of sensory neurons that extend from medulla to the thalamus
33
Define Apraxia
Inability to carry out movements in the absence of paralysis
34
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathic nervous system found
Cell bodies of CN III, VII, IX, and X
| As well as the later gray horns of the 4th sacral segments.
35
What is the main visceral control center of the body
Hypothalamus
36
Why do parasympathetic responses localize in a single effector
Because the post ganglions of the parasympathetic terminate into a single effector
37
Describe the ganglionic axons of the prevertebral ganglions
Preganglionic axons are short and post ganglionic are fairly long
38
Muscarinic receptors can cause________
Depole or Hyperpolarinzation
39
Are the axons of the parasympathetic division mylienated or unmylinated
Mylentated
40
How do proteins and Antibiotics cross the BBB
They cant
41
Where is the location of the Diencephalon in the brain
Surrounds the 3rd ventricle
| Extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum
42
How is the gray and white matter arranged in the cerebrum
Gray on the outside
| White on the Inside
43
Skin is supplied by what type of neuron
Somatic sensory
44
What does the Blood Brain Barrier do?
Protects the brain from pathogens.
45
What are the lateral horns of the spinal cord made of
Autonomic motor nuerons
| That control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
46
How do sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk
Through white rami communicants
47
What is the difference between cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles ?
Cerebral are anterior structures that conduct impulses from cerebrum to spinal chord
Cerebellar are posterior structures that conduct impulses from the cerebellum to other parts of the brain
48
What is the white matter of the cerebellum called
The arbor vitae (tree of life)
49
Number of lumbar spinal nerves
5
50
What two areas in the pons control Respiration
The pneumotaxic area (turn off inspiration before stretch to much) and the apneustic area (prolongs inhalation)
51
At what age does spinal cord growth stop>?
~4 or 5
52
What two types of nuerons make up the ANS
Visceral Sensory and Visceral Motor
53
What are the folds of the cerebrum called
Gyrus/ Gyri
54
What does the posterior/ dorsal ramus innervate
Deep muscles of and dorsal skin of the trunk
55
What areas are have single sympathetic innervation
```
Sweat glands,
Arrectores Pilroum
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Spleen
Blood vessels
```
56
Accommodation Reflex
Shape of the lens for close vs distant viewing
57
What purpose for CSF serve,..
Insulate the brain, Cushion the Brain, Carries O2 and gl
58
What are the 3 broad areas of spinal cord white matter
Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral White Columns
59
PÁRKINSON DISEASE
When melanin-pigmented dopamine producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
60
Which two basal ganglia make up the lentiform nucleus
Putamen and the Globus Pallidus
61
Normal Bibinskis sign after age 1 1/2
Curling of all toes
62
What do the anterior/ ventral ramus enervate
Muscles of the upper and lower limbs
| Skin of the lateral and ventral trunk
63
Afferent Nuerons Carry what type of info
Sensory
64
What keeps the diaphragm alive?
C3, 4 , and 5
Phrenic nerves
65
Number of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves
1
66
What innavtives nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Acetylcholineterase
67
What is the name of a group of nuclei located deep in each cerebral hemisphere
BASAL GANGLIA
68
What is the limbic system
Is our emotional brain
- pain
- pleasure
- docility
- affection
- anger
69
Plexuses are fromed from the
Anterior Rami of spinal nerves
| Contain both motor and sensory nuerons
70
The Corpus Callosum is what type of nerve tract
White matter
| Commissural Tract
71
What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
The filum termínale
72
What is the relationship of pre to post ganglionic axons of the parasympathetic ganglia
Pre are fairly long and post are very short ( in the visera of the organ)
73
MAO Inhibitors
prolongs NE effect, can be used to treat depression,.
74
How is the gray matter of the spinal cord shaped
Like an H
| Gray matter on the inside, white mater on the outside
75
Unlike skeletal muscle, tissues innervated by the ANS have….
Intrinsic function, can continue to work without stimulation
76
What is another name for the Medulla Oblongata
The Vital Brain
77
What is another name for the MID Brain
Mesencephalon
78
Do the anterior rami of thoracic nerves have a plexus
No
79
White vs gray matter mylientation
Gray is unmy. And White is my
80
What is a plexus?
Tangled network of neurons formed jointly by both the para and sympathetic systems
81
What are the ridges of the cerebellum called
Folia (Leaves)
82
Describe the Tectum
2 pairs of rounded elevations on the midbrain collectively called the corpora quadrigemina
Posterior Midbrain structure
83
How are the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system?
Mylienated
84
What is the corpora quadragemina
The tectum
85
What are the pearls of Alzhiemers
Loss of neurons - nucleus basalis (hallmark sign)
Beta-amyloid plaques- clusters of proteins deposited outside nuerons
Neurofibrillary tangles - abnormal bundles of protein inside nuerons
86
Atropine
Anti cholinergic,
| Blocks the parasympathetic Nervous system
87
Describe Red Nuclei
- Coordination of muscular movements
- orgination of the rubrospinal tract
- controls crawling in babies, swinging of arms in adults
- Works with rubrospinal tract to control muscles of shoulder and arm
88
What disease is associated with basal ganglia
Parkinson’s
Damage to the Basal ganglia results in tremors, stiffness, and involuntary muscles movements
89
Describe the axons of the sympathetic trunk
Pre ganglionic axons are short and the Post Ganglionic axons are long
90
How many ventricles are in the Brain
4
2-lateral ventricles
The 3rd and the 4th ventricles
91
What are the medullary olives
Located Laterally to each pyramid
| Relays impulses from cortex, red nuclei, and spinal cord proprioceptors to the cerebellum.
92
How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there
12
93
What is another name for sympathetic trunk ganglia
Para vertebral ganglia
94
2 types of sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
| And Prevertebral ganglia
95
What is the function of the amygdala
Behavior patterns such as rage, fear, aggression, and restlessness
96
Otic Ganglia of the Parasympathetic division
Inferior to each Foramen ovale
Preganglionic axons from CN IX
Post Ganglionic Axons to parotid salivary glands
97
Describe the Thalmus
Makes up most of the diencephalon
| Two halves connected across the 3rd ventricle by a bridge of gray matter call the intermediate mass
98
What does a stretch reflex do
Controls muscle length
| Causes muscle contraction in response to rapid stretch forces
99
What type of damage in the brain has been associated with OCD and ADHD
Basal ganglia damage
100
What is the Fornix
A band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalmus
-Carries signals from the hippocampus to the Hypothalmus
101
What do Mechanorecpetors detect
The degree of stretch in the walls of the organs and blood vessels
102
Myleination of Pre vs Post ganglionic neurons
Pre are mylienated and Post are not
103
Efferent Nuerons Carry What type of info
Motor
104
Each posterior root of the spinal cord has a
Dorsal root ganglion
105
What are two examples of receptors that give info to the AND
Chemoreceptors
| Mechanoreceptors
106
What is the general progression of Alzheimer’s
- trouble remembering recent events
- become confused and forgetful , repeating questions
- memories of past events fade
- ability to walk, read, talk, and write, disappear.
- death by diseases such as pneumonia
107
Habenular Nuclei
Olfaction, and emotional responses to smells
108
Where is the 4th ventricle located
Between the Brain stem and cerebellum
109
What continues inferiorly to the conus medularis
The cauda equina
110
What are four ways sympathetic trunk ganglia arriving at the sympathetic trunk connect with postganglionic neurons
1. Synapsing in the ganglion it first reached
2. Ascending or descending in the sympathetic trunk before synapsing
3. Continuing without synapsing, through the trunk of the ganglion to a prevertebral ganglion and synapsing with a post ganglionic axon there
4. Continuing without synapsing all the way to the renal chromaffin cells
111
What nerve is associated with wrist drop
Radial Nerve injury
| Improper NM injections into the deltiod, or by a cast being applied to tightly around the mid humorous
112
How is Craniosacral and CN X related
Most of the total craniosacral outflow is carried by preganglionic axons that leave the brain as part of CNX
113
Describe the vermis of the cerebellum
Looks like a worm
| Is the central constricted area of the cerebellum
114
Alpha 1 receptor affect primarily
Blood vessels
115
What does the lumbar plexus innervate
The anteriolateral Ab wall, external genitals, and lower limbs
116
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Prolong nori (feel good molecule)
117
Describe the Reticular Formation
Fairly extensive region of interespersed gray and white matter in the brain .
Main function is to regulate muscle tone
118
What are the 3 nuclei areas of the Midbrain
- Substantia Nigra
- Red Nuclei
- Reticular Formation
119
The cervical ganglia are made up of what spinal nerves
T1-T6
120
What are 5 spinal nerve plexuses
- Cervical
- Bracial
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
121
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there
8
122
What actions does the Medulla regulate
RR, HR, BP, COUGHING, SWALLOWING, VOMITING
123
What is the Internal Capsule
A think band of white matter lateral to the thalamus which separates the thalamus and cuadate nucleus from the lentiform nuclues
124
Celiac ganglia (splanchic) feed
```
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
S. Intestine
Kidney
```
125
Define Mylitis
Inflammation of the spinal cord
126
How much glucose is stored in the Brain ?
Very little
127
What do the anterior horns of the spinal cord contain
Somatic neurons
128
What organs does the Sympathetic trauma ganglionic axons mostly innervate
Organs above the diaphragm
129
The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain to where…
The internal Jugular vein
130
Most Post Ganglionic neurons release
Norepi
131
How is CSF reabsorbed
By the arachnoid villi
132
What is the general treatment for Hydrocephalus
Shunt placement
133
Where are deep sulci called
Fissures
134
Where is the location of the cingulate gyrus
Immediately Superior to the corpus collasom
135
What damage is associated with fluent-aphasia
Wernickes Area
-Can sway words perfectly, but not in any organized pattern
“Word salad”
Word deafness or word blindness or both
136
What is the main function of the pineal gland
Secretes melatonin as part of the endocrine system
137
What enzymes inactivated Epi and Norepi
MAO and COMT
Monoamine Oxidase
Catechol-o-methytreanferase
138
Association Tracts of the Cerebrum
Conduct impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
139
Somatic Motor Pathway vs Autonomic Motor Pathway
Somat- 1 myelinated neuron and its motor unit
Auto- Consists of 2 motor neuron series
140
Parasympathetic Ganglia have _______ nerves that extend to the ________ of the body organs
- splanchic
| - viscera
141
Where are cholinergic neurotransmitters found
All symp pre and post ganglions
All para sympathetic post ganglions
Somatic motor neurons
142
How does alcohol affect the brain
Inhibits the cerebellum, induces ataxia like symptoms
143
What dot he pelvic splanchic nerves innervate
Colon
Ureters
Reproductive System
Urinary Bladder
144
What has 50 percent of the neurons in the Brain
The cerebellum
145
Describe the Substantia Nigra
Dark Pigmented nuclei that release dopamine
Controls Subconcious muscle activity
Associated with Parkinson’s
146
A rare form of Hydrocephalus (obstructive hydrocephalus) is treated using what procedure?
Third ventriculostomy
147
The meninges are continuous except where…
Where they separate for the ducal Venus sinuses
148
What regions on the spinal cord have sympathetic outflow
T1-T12
| And L1-L2
149
What are the general areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Sensory
Motor
Association
150
What are the 3 regions of the cervical ganglia
_superior
_Middle
_inferior
151
What are the three sections of the cerebellar peduncles?
Superior, Middle, Inferior
152
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system found
Lateral gray horns of the thoracic and 1st 2 lumbar segments
153
Layers of the Meninges
| Superficial to Deep
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
154
Projection Tracts
Conduct impulses from the cerebrum to the lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts to the cerebrum
155
Describe the Location of the Hypothalmus
Small portion of the diencephalon located inferior to the thalmus
156
Where is the 3rd ventricle located
Surrounded by the R and L halves of the thalamus
157
Define Hydrocephalus
Excess fluid IE CSF, blood, Water on the brain
158
Where are B3 receptors found
Only in cells of brown adipose tissue,
| Thermoregulation/ thermogenesis
159
What are the separations of DURA matter
Falx Cerebri: L and R cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebelli: L and R cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorum Cerebelli: Separates Cerebrum and Cerebellum
160
What two structures does the midbrain connect?
Pons and diencephalon
161
What type of reflex is the Patellar Reflex
Stretch Reflex
162
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
To evaluate movements innervated by the motor areas of the brain.
Smooth, coordinated movements, maintain posture and balance
163
Brochas Speech Área
Planning and production of speech
164
How does gL cross the BBB
Active Transport
165
What are the two types of adrenergic receptors
Alpha and Beta
166
What are the terminal branches of spinal nerves called
Rami ( Ramus)
167
Describe the Submandibular ganglia of the sympathetic division
Located near the submandibular salivary gland ducts
Preganglionic axons from CN VII
Post ganglionic axons to submandibular salivary glands and sublingual salivary glands
168
Where does the Medulla Oblongata begin
Begins at the Foramen Magnum
169
What are the 5 components of a reflex arch
```
Sensory Receptor
Sensory Nueron
Integrating Center (Gray matter in CNS)
Motor Neuron
Effector
```
170
What is decussation
Where axons pass from R to L side of the spinal chord/ medulla
171
What are Medulla Pyramids
Bulges of White Matter on the anterior surface of the medulla where the largest motor tracts pass from the cerebrum to the spinal chord
172
What is the choroid plexus
Networks of capillaries covered by epednymal cells that form CSF from blood plasma
173
What are three prominent lobes of the cerebellum and what are their function
Anterior and posterior lobes- Mediate unconscious refinements of skeletal muscle
Floculonodular lobe- equillibrium and balance
174
What are the 4 lobes of the L and R hemispheres
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
175
Main function of the Hypothalmus
Relay station for most sensory neurons
| Regulation of autonomic activity and maintenance of consciousness
176
What two cervical regions supply the heart
Middle and Inferior Cervical Regions
177
Inf. Mesenteric Splanchic Ganglia general feed
Colon
Rectum
Genitals
Urinary Bladder
178
What kind of matter is in the cerebral cortex
```
Only gray matter
-neuron cell bodies
-dendrites
-unmylientated axons
(NO FIBER TRACTS)
```
179
Beta 1 receptor affect primarily
The heart
| Contraction and Rate
180
What type of neurotransmitters do cholinergic receptors use
Ach
181
What is the function of the Cerebral Cortex
Communication, perception, memory, comprehension, appreciation, and to initiate voluntary movements
Is called the seat of consciousness
182
What are the 5 major prevertebral ganglions
- Celiac
- Superior Mesenteric
- Inf. Mesenteric
- Aorticorenal
- Renal
183
What part of each spinal nerve reenteres the vertebral canal and supply’s the verterbrae
Meningeal Branch
184
What are three important groups of commissural tracts
Corpus Callosum
Anterior commissure
And the posterior commissure
185
At what verterbrae does the spinal cord terminate
At L1-L2 ( conus medularis)
186
Most nerves do not go directly to the tissue they innervate except the
Thoracic spinal nerves
187
________ rami are assoc. with all spinal nerves
| _________ rami are only found in the thorax and in the 2nd and 3rd lumbar verterbae
- Gray
| - white
188
What is the second largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
189
Where are Lateral Gray horns of the spinal cord
Only present in the thoracic and upper lumbar and sacral segments
t1-t12
L-1, L-2
S2-S4
190
What CN has two nuclei in the PONS
CN VIII (Vetibulocochlear)
191
Why is the brain folded into gyri, sulci, and fissures
Because during fetal development the Brain continues to grow after the cranial space is established. Creates folding
192
What do the thoracic trunk ganglia innervate
- heart
- lungs
- bronchi
- blood vessels of the skin
- arrector pillorum (hair )
193
What organs do the prevertebral ganglionic axons mostly innervate
Organs below the diaphragm
194
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia
Initiation and termination of movement
| And control unconscious contractions of skeletal muscle and muscle tone
195
How does UREA and Creatine cross the BBB
Very Slowly
196
What are bundles of mylienated axons called
Tracts
| Have a common origin or carry similar information
197
Pupillary reflex
Adjust the size of the pupil
198
What is associated with hippocampus injury/ damage
Anterograde amnesa
199
What are the components of the limbic system
```
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Limbic lobe
Dentate gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Mammillary bodies of the Hypothalamus
Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalmus
Olfactory bulbs
Fornix
```
200
What structures create the epidural space
The dura and the ventral canal
201
What are the 4 branches of the cranial parasympathetic
-ciliary
-pteryogopalatine
Submandibuilar
-Otic
202
What are two types of cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic and Muscarinic
203
Activation of Muscarinic receptors causes what syndrome
```
DUMBELLS
Defecation
Urination
Miosis
Bronchioconstriction
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation
```
204
Where is CSF produced
Choroid plexus in the ventricles
205
What are the receptors of the Hypothalmus
Glucose level
Osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors)
Temperature
Hormone
206
What do the posterior hornes of the spinal cord contain
Somatic and autonomic nuerons
207
What does the dorsal root ganglion contain
The cells of sensory neurons
208
Describe Pterogopalatine Ganglia of the parasympathetic division
Preganglionic axons of CNVII
| Post ganglioninc axons to nasal mucosa, pharynx, and lacrimal glands
209
What are splanchic nerves
Symnpathetic preganglion that pass through the sympathetic trunk form splanchic nerves lol
And generally extend to the prevertebral ganglia
210
What type of matter comprises the cerebellar cortex
Gray matter
211
Decrease reflexes would suggest
-damage of spinal segments,
-Damage muscles-
Disease of the NMJ
- loss of sensation
212
What reflex withdrawals a limb to avoid pain
Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
| Is a ipsilateral reflex
213
What are three prominent sulci of the brain
Central Sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral Sulcus- Separates frontal and temporal lobes
Parieto-Occiptial Sulcus- Separates parietal and occipital lobes
214
All preganglionic neurons release
Ach
215
What does the cervical plexus innervate
The skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior portions of the shoulders, chest and diaphragm
216
2 layers of the DURA
External Periosteal Layer
| Internal Meningeal Layer
217
What are the 7 Nuclei in the Medulla
```
Cardiovascular center (HR and Vessel Size)
Rhythmic Center (RR)
Degluttition Center (Swallowing)
Gustatory Center (Tastebuds)
Cochlear Nuclei (Auditory Input)
Vestibular Nuclei (Equillibrium)
Vomiting Center (area postrema)
```
218
Number of sacral spinal nerves
5
219
Define Aphasia
In ability to use or comprehend words
220
Define Agnosia
Inability to recognize stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells, tastes and touch
221
What does a tendon reflex do>?
Causes muscle relaxation from excessive force
Golgi Tendon Organs in the tendon are activated by stretching, the inhibitory nueron is stimiulated causing relaxation.
Also has reciprocal innervation, the ipsilateral muscle contracts
222
What are the maxillary bodies of the Hypothalmus
Serve as relay stations from the reflexes assoc. w/. Smell
223
What are the structures the make the Basal ganglia
Globus Pallidus, Putamen, Cuadate Nuclues
224
Define Myelography
Imagining of the spinal cord with assisted dyes to detect tumors
225
What does the gray matter of the spinal cord do…
Recieves and integrates incoming and outgoing info/ impulses
226
How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion projection patterns different
Symp- preganglia have many axons
Para- Preganglion have only a few axons
Symp- Post ganglia have several effectors
Para- post ganglia terminate in the same effectors
227
What are the special functions of the Hypothalmus
```
Control the ANS
Produce Hormones
regular emotions and behaviors
Regulate eating and drinking
Control Body temp
Regulate Circadian rhythms and consciousness
```
228
What are the two motor neurons of the ANS
Preganglionic Nerve and the Postganglionic nerve
229
What is the executive suite of the brain
Cerebral Cortex
230
What forms the pelvic splanchic nerves
Preganglionic neurons of the sacral parasympathetic plexus
231
Commissural Tracts
Conduct Impulses from gyri on opposite hemispheres
Example Corpus Callosum
232
Define Contussion
Bruising of the brain
Associated with concussions
Includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels
233
What are the groves between gyri called
Sulcus/ Sulci
234
Define Concussion
Brain injury
Abrupt but temp. LOC, disturbances in vision, and problems with EQ.
(MOST COMMON BRAIN INJURY)
235
Superior Colliculi
Reflex centers for visual reflexes and visually tracking objects
- pupillary reflex
- accommodation reflex
Involuntarily turns head to peripheral stimulus
236
Where does the 1st spinal nerve emerge
Between the atlas and the occipital bone
237
What does the sacral plexus innervate
The buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs
238
4 parts of the brain
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
239
Wernickes Area
Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
240
What are the two types of autonomic neurotransmitters
Cholinergic and Adrognergic
241
What are the Pontine Structures
Laterally Connect the L and R cerebellum
Have vertically ascending sensory tracts
And descending motor tracts
Relay signals for voluntary movements from origin in the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
242
What converts new memories to long term memories
The hippocampus
243
What are T2-T12 generally referred to as
Intercostal nerves
244
How many trunks are there in the bracial plexus
3
| Superior, middle, inferior
245
What are the two divisions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Cranial parasympathetic nervous system
| Sacral parasympathetic nervous system
246
What are the 2 branches of the ANS
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
247
Where are adregenic neurotransmitters found
Most sympathetic post Ganglionic neurons
248
What are three examples of prevertebral ganglia (splanchic nerves)
- celiac ganglia
- superior Mesenteric ganglia
- inferior Mesenteric
249
At what opening do the ventral and dorsal roots combine
Intervertebral Foramen
250
Define the Ciliary branch of the parasympathetic division
-located near the posterior aspect of each eye ball
CN III preganglionic receptors
Post ganglionic axons innervate smooth muscles of the eye ball
251
What is the largest nerve in the human body
Sciatic nerve,
| Is actually two nerves, in one sheath
252
What are the two types of descending pathways
Direct- From the Cerebral cortex (precise muscle control)
| Indirect- From the brain stem (involuntary)
253
What is a reflex
A fast involuntary, planned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a stimulus
254
What are the 4 components of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
Epithalmus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
255
What causes shingles
Acute infection of peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster, (Chicken pox)
256
Where are white ramus communicantes found
Only in the 12 thoracic and 1st and 2nd Lumbar verterbrae
257
What are the posteriors structures assoc. with the cerebellum
The cerebellar peduncles
258
Raynauds Disease
Digits become ischemic from overstimulation of the symp. Nervous system
259
What is the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord
Connects white matter from L and R side of the spinal cord
