AP HEAD NECK AND TORSO Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones in human body
A
206
2
Q
Why do kids have more bones than adults
A
Because some bones fuse during development
3
Q
What are the two parts of the skeleton
A
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
4
Q
What are the basic types of bones
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
5
Q
Where are sutures located
A
In joints between bones of the skull
6
Q
Describe long bones
A
Are greater in length than in width Consist of shaft and extremities (end) slight surged for strength and distribute stress Mostly compact bone in the diaphysis Commonly spongy bone in the epiphyses
7
Q
What are examples of long bones
A
Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius
8
Q
Describe short bones
A
Nearly equal in length and width
Consist of spongy bone tissue except at surface
Surface is a thin layer of compact bone tissue
9
Q
Examples of short bones
A
Carpal bones of the wrist
Remember PISIFORM is a sesamoid bone
10
Q
Describe flat bones
A
Generally thin
Consist of two parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone
Provide protection
Areas for muscle attachment
11
Q
Examples of flat bones
A
Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
12
Q
Describe sesamoid bones
A
Develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension.
Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
-may change direction of pull of a tendon
13
Q
Example of sesamoid bones
A
Patella,
Sesamoid
14
Q
Describe sutural bones
A
NOT THE SAME AS SUTURES
Classified by location not shape
Call bones that are located in sutures between cranial bones
Formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures
15
Q
Describe irregular bones
A
Complies shapes that prevent grouping them into typical bone groups
-vary in the amount of spongy and compact bones
16
Q
Examples of irregular bones
A
Vertebrae, hip bones, calcaneus
17
Q
What are processes
A
Projections or outgrowths
Either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue
18
Q
What parts of bone allow for passage of soft tissue and participate in joints
A
Depressions and openings
19
Q
What is the difference between the origin and the insertion of muscles
A
Origin: is the on the bone that does not move when the muscle shortens/ contracts
(Normally proximal)
Insertion: is the bone that moves with contraction
20
Q
How do we name muscles
A
Patterns of fascicles Size Shape Action Number of origins Location
21
Q
What are the 7 fascicle arrangements of muscles
A
Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Triangular Circular Fusiform Parallel
22
Q
Describe parallel fascicles
A
Fascicles are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle
terminate at either end in flat tendons
23
Q
describe fusifrom fascicle formation
A
Fascicles nearly parallel to the longitudinal axis of muscle
terminate in flat tendons where diameter is less that at the belly
24
Q
This of processes as….
A
Muscle attachment points
25
What is a fossa
A shallow depression in a bone
26
What is a Foramen
A hole
27
What is a meatus
A tube like opening
28
What is a condyle
Large, round protuberance at the end of a bone
29
What is a facet
Smoot flat articular surface
30
What is a crest
Prominent ridge or elongated projection
31
What is a line/línea
A long narrow ridge or border, less prominent than a crest
32
What is a spinous process
Sharpe slender projection
33
What is a trochanter
Very large projection
34
What is tubercle
Small, rounded projection
35
What is a tuberosity
Large, rounded, usually roughened projection
36
Describe circular fascicles
Aka sphincters
fascicles in concentric circular arrangements
37
Describe triangular fascicles
*Convergent*
Fascicles that spread over a broad area, and converge at a thick central tendon give the muscle a triangular appearance
38
Describe Unipennate fascicles
Are short in relation to total muscle length, and are arranged on only on side of the tendon
39
Describe Bipennate fascicles
Are arranged on both sides of centrally positions tendons which extend nearly the entire length of the muscle
40
Describe multipennate fascicles
Attach obliquely from many direction to several tendons, which in turn extend nearly the entire length of the muscle
41
What does rectus mean
Parallel to midline
42
Define transfers
Perpendicular to midline
43
Define oblique
Diagonal to midline
44
Define maximums
Means largest
45
Define medius
Means intermediate
46
Define minimus
Means smallest
47
Define longus
means long
48
Define brevis
Means short
49
Define latissimus
Means Widest
50
Define longissimus
Means longest
51
Define magnus
Means Large
52
Define Major
Means Larger
53
Define minor
Means smaller
54
Define Vastus
Means huge
55
Define Deltoid shape
Triangular
56
Define trapezius shape
Trapezoidal
57
Define serratus shape
Saw-toothed
58
Describe rhomboid shape
Diamond shaped
59
Describe orbicularis shape
Circular
60
Describe pectinate shape
Comblike
61
Define piriformis shape
Pear shaped
62
Describe platys shape
Flat
63
Describe quadratus shape
Square shaped, four sided
64
Describe gracilis shape
Slender
65
Describe flexor action
Decreases a joint angle
66
Describe extensor action
Increase a joint angle
67
Describe abducter action
Moves AWAY from midline
68
Describe adductor action
moves a bone CLOSER to midline
69
Levator action
Raises or elevates a body part
70
Depressor action
Lowers or depresses a body part
71
Supinator action
Turns Palm anteriorly
72
Pronator action
Turns palm posteriorly
73
Sphincter action
Decreases the size on an opening
74
Tensor action
Makes a body part rigid
75
Rotator action
Rotates a bone around its longitudinal axis
76
What is bicep origin number
2
77
What is triceps origin number
3
78
What is quadriceps origin number
4
79
What is the prime mover
The agonist
| Contracts to cause the desired action
80
What is the antagonist
Stretches and yields to prime mover
81
Describe a synergistic
Contract to stabilize nearby joints
82
What are fixations
Stabilize the origin of the prime mover
83
What is Hilton’s law
Is the observation that a nerve that innervates a joint also told to innervate the muscles that move the joint, and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles
84
What fact does Hiltons Law arise from
Embryological development
85
What is entrapment neuropathy
Physical compression or irritation of major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain
86
Entrapment Neuropathy of the upper limbs
Neck
Should
Elbow
Wrist
87
Entrapment Nueropathy of the neck
Thoracic outlet syndrome
88
Entrapment Nueropathy of the shoulder
Supra clavicular neuritis
89
Entrapment Neuropathy of the elbow
Ulnar neuritis
Median Neuritis
Radial neuritis
90
Entrapment neuropathy of the lower limbs
Hip
Leg
Foot
91
Entrapment neuropathy of the hip
Piriformis syndrome
92
Entrapment Neuropathy of the leg
Compartment syndrome
93
Entrapment neuropathy of the foot
Tarsal tunnel syndrome.
Medial plantar neuritis
Digital neuritis
Deep Fibular neuritis
94
S/S of Entrapment neuropathy
Symptoms: Tingling, pain
Followed by accompanied reduced sensation of complete numbness
Signs: muscle weakness, associated atrophy
95
What are the two main circulatory routes
Systemic and pulmonary
96
Where do all systemic arteries Branch from
AORTA
97
What are the four branches of the AORTA
Ascending,
ARCH
Thoracic
Abdominal
98
What are venae comitantes
Viens that accompany arteries
*are often dedicated as single vessels, but in fact they tend to be multiple vessels*
Have the same name as the corresponding artery
99
How is venous blood warmed as it travels back to the heart
By venae comitantes
100
Define Myotome
All the muscles or parts of muscles receiving innervation from one spinal nerve
101
What does it mean to be “recurrent”
That its “running in a reverse” direction
102
How do the venae comitantes play a role in the arteriovenous pump
Veins stretch and flatten as the artery expands during contraction of the heart… milking blood through the veins
103
What are the layer of the SCALP
| Superficial to Deep
```
S-Skin
C-Connective Tissue
A-Aponerousis
L-Loose Connective Tissue
P- Pericranium
```
104
What are the two connective tissues of the scalp
Subcutaneous/ Hypodermis
And
Loose CT
(danger space of loose areolar CT)
105
What three layers of the skin of the scalp are connected and move as a single unit
SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
APONEUROSIS
106
What area of the scalp can fill with pus, or blood due to infection
The loose CT area
| Aka the DANGER AREA
107
How many bones are in the skull
22
108
What are the two parts of the skull
Neurocranium and facial skeleton
109
What is the neurocranium
Cranial Vault or Brain Box
Encompasses the brain, cranial meninges, cranial nerves, and associated structures
110
What composes the Facial Skeleton
Anterior part of the skull containing the orbits, nasal cavities, maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw).
111
What is the facial skeleton also called
Viscerocranium or Splanchnocranium
112
What are the bones of the neurocranium
```
Frontal bone (1)
Parietal Bones (2)
Temporal Bones (2)
Occipital Bone (1)
Sphenoid Bone (1)
Ethmoid Bone (1)
*8 total*
```
113
How are the bones of the neurocranium connected
Most are largely flat, curved bones united by fibrous interlocking sutures
114
What is the space within the neurocranium called
Cranial Vault
115
What are the two parts of the cranial vault
Calvaria and Basicranium
116
What is the calvaria
Aka the skullcap
Is the dome like roof of the cranium, made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones
117
What is the basicranium,
AKA cranial base
Is the floor of the cranium, basically comprising the occipital, sphenoid,
Petrous portion of the temporal bone,
Vomer, palatines, and a portion of the maxillae
118
What is the function of the 8 cranial bones
- protect the brain and house the ear ossicles
| - provide muscle attachments for the jaw, neck, and facial muscles
119
What is the function of the facial bones
-protect delicate sense organs
Like smell, taste, vision
-support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
120
What are the 8 cranial bones
*the same bones as the neurocranium*
```
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Sphenoid
And ethmoid
```
121
What does the frontal bone form
```
Forehead
Roof of orbits
Anterior cranial floor
Suborbital Margin
Frontal Sinus
```
122
When does the frontal suture close
By age 6.
123
What is the frontal suture called before its closed
Metopic suture
124
What does the parietal bone form
Sides and roof of cranial cavity
125
What does the temporal bones from
```
Zygonatic process froms part of arch
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid Foramen
Mandíbula fossa
Petrous portion
Caryatid Foramen
Jugular Foramen
```
126
What CN is associated with the stylomastoid Foramen of the temporal bone
CN VII
127
What CN is associated with the petrous portion of the temporal bone
CN VIII
128
What does the occipital bone form
Foramen Magnum
Occipital condyles
External occipital protuberance attachment of ligamentum nuchae
Superior and inferior unchallenged lines
129
What is the keystone bone and why is it called that
The sphenoid bone
Because it articulates with all other cranial bones
130
Where is the sphenoid bone located and what does it compose
In the middle part of the base of the skull
Composes ptygoid processes that are attachment sites for jaw muscles
131
What do the greater wings of the sphenoid bone form
The anteriolateral floor of the cranium and the lateral part of the skull
132
Describe the body of the sphenoid
Is a cable like portion holding the sphenoid sinuses
133
What do the lesser wings of the sphenoid form
Part of the orbit of the eye and part of the cranium floor
134
What are the pterygoid processes
Attachment points from muscles that move the mandible
*lateral and medial pterygoid muscles on each side*
135
What is the passageway for CN III, IV, VI and CNV1
Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
136
Where does CN V2 pass through
Forman rotundum of the sphenoid bone
137
Where does CN V3 transmit through
The Foramen Ovale of the Sphenoid Bone
138
What does teh sella turcica of the sphenoid bone hold
The Pituitary gland
139
What is the central depression of the sphenoid bone called,,,
The hypophyseal fossa
140
What does the ethmoid bone form
Forms portion of cranial floor
Medial wall of the orbit
Superior portion of the nasal septum
And most of the superior walls of the nasal cavity
141
Which bone is a major supporting structure of the nasal cavity
The ethmoid bone
142
What does the cristales galli of the ethmoid bone attach
Attaches to the falx cerebri
| Celebrating L and R cerebral hemispheres
143
Where does CN I pass through
The olfactory for amine of the ethmoid bone
144
What do the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone contain
Lateral masses
145
What is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
The upper part of the sandal septum
146
What are the turbinates
Portion of the ethmoid bones
| Made from the superior and middle nasal conchae
147
What are the functions of the superior and middle nasal conchae
Increase vascular surface to warm passing air
Causes inhaled air to swirl and impact mucus (Filters air)
*Superior conchae house the olfactory receptors*
148
What are the 14 Facial Bones
```
Nasal (2)
Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Inf.. Nasal Conchae (2)
Vomer (1)
```
149
What do the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible
A sockets for teeth
150
What structures do the maxillary bones make up
```
Floor of the orbit
Floor of the nasal cavity
Hard palate
Maxillary sinus
Alveolar processes of the upper teeth
```
151
What do the zygomatic bones make up
Cheekbones
Lateral walls of the orbit
Combines with the termporal bone for the zygomatic arch
152
What structures arrise from the lacrimal bones
Medial wall of the orbit
| Lacrimal fossa houses the lacrimal sac
153
What is another name for the inferior nasal concha
Turbinate
154
What are the three portions of the mandible
Body, angle, and the rami
155
What are the two Foramen of the mandible
The mandibular and mental Foramen
156
What are the two processes of the mandible
Alveolar and the coronoid processes
157
What structures does the palatine bone make up
The back end of the hard palate and a part of the orbit
158
Where is the vomer
Posterior part of the nasal septum
159
What three things comprise the nasal septum
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Septal cartilage
160
What are the 7 bones that make up the orbits
- Maxillary
- Frontal
- zygomatic
- ethmoid
- lacrimal
- sphenoid
- palatine
161
What 5 important Foramina are associated with each orbit
- optic foramen
- superior orbital fissure
- inf. Orbital fissure
- supraorbital foramen
- lacrimal fossa
162
What two bones make the roof of the orbit
Frontal and sphenoid
163
What makes the lateral wall of the orbit
Zygomatic bone and sphenoid
164
What make the orbital floor
Maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine bones
165
What makes the medial wall of the orbit
Maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
166
What are the 4 sutures of primary importance
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- lambdoidal
- squamous
167
Where is the sagittal suture
Along the sagittal plane, combines the two parietal bones
168
Where is the lambdoid suture
Posterior
| Unites the parietal and occipital bones
169
Where is the coronal suture
Along the frontal plane
Unites frontal with both parietal bones
170
Where is the squamous suture
Unites each parietal bone to the temporal bone
Located laterally
171
What are the 4 fontanels
Anterior
Posterior
Anteriolaterals
Posterolaterals
172
What are the two major functions of fontanels
Enable the fetal skull to pass through the birth canal
Permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy
173
What are the paranasal sinuses
Cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
- lined with mucous membranes
- serve to lighten the weight of the skull
- are resonating chambers for speech
174
What are the cranial bones that contain the paranasal sinuses
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae
175
What are the four paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoidal Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
176
What are the 3 muscles that move the mandible
Masseter, termporalis, and pterygoids
177
What CN innervates movement of the maxillae
CN V3
178
What are the movements and correlated muscles of the mandible
Protracts and elevates
Aka biting
(Temporalis and Masseter)
Retracts
(Temporalis)
179
What is the only muscle that depresses the mandible
Lateral pterygoid
180
What two muscles move the jaw side to side for mastication
Lateral and medial pterygoid
181
What are the two points of origin for the occipitofronatalis
Occipital belly: occipital bone
| Frontal belly: galea aponeurotica
182
What are the two insertion points for the occiputofrontalis
Occipital belly: galea aponeurotica
Frontal belly: fascia and skin superior to the eye and nose
183
What is the action and innervation of the Occipitofrontalis
Elevated eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of the forehead
(look surprised)
Innervation CN VII
184
What is the origin of the Zygomaticus major and minor
Zygomatic bone
185
What is the insertion points of the Zygomatic Major and Minor
Major: skin at the angle of the mouth and orbicularis oris
Minor: Upper Lip
186
What is the action and innervation of the Zygomaticus Major and Minor
Action-
Major: draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally (smiling)
Minor: elevated the upper lip, exposing the maxillary teeth
Innervation: CN VII
(zygomatic and bucal branch)
187
What is the Insertion of the lavator labii superioris
In the skin at angle of mouth and orbicularis oris
188
What is the action and innervation of the Levator labii superioris
Raises upper lip
| Innervation CN VII
Zygomatic Branch
189
What is the insertion site of the depressor labii inferioris
In the skin of lower lip
190
What is the action and innervation of the depressor labii inferioris
Depresses Lower Lip
| Innervation CN VII
Mandibular Branch
191
What is the insertion site of the depressor ánguli oris
In the angle of the mouth
192
What is the action and innervation of depressor anguli oris
Draws the mouth laterally and inferiorly ( frowning )
| Innervation: CN VII
Mandibular branch
193
What is the origin of the orbicularis oris
Muscle fibers surrounding the opening of the mouth
194
What is the insertion side of the orbicularis oris
Skin at the corner of the mouth
195
What is the action and innervations of the orbicularis oris
Action: Closes and protrudes lips
Compresses lips against teeth,
Shapes lips during speech
(Monkey face)
Innervation: CN VII
(Bucal Branch)
196
What is the insertion site of the Buccinator
Orbicularis Oris
197
What is the action and innervation of the buccinator
Presses cheeks against teeth and lips, whistling, sucking,
Draws corner of the mouth laterally
Assists in mastication by keeping food in between teeth.
Innervation: CN VII
(Bucal Branch)
198
Where is the insertion site of the risorius
In the skin at the angle of the mouth
199
What is the action and innervation of the risorius
draws the angle of the mouth laterally, as in grimacing
| Innervation: CNVII
bucal branch
200
What is the insertion site of the mentalis
In the skin of the chin
201
What is the action and innervation of the mentalis
Elevated and protrudes the lower lip and pulls the skin of the chin
(Pouting)
Innervation: mandibular branch
202
What is the insertion site of the platysma
Mandible, muscle around angle of the mouth, and skin of the lower face
203
What is the action and innervation of the platysma
Draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly,
(Pouting)
Depresses the mandible
Innervation: CN VII
(Cervical Branch)
204
What is the insertion site of orbicularis oculi
Circular path around the orbit
205
What is the action and innervation of the orbicularis oculi
Closes and squints eye
(Orbital part)
Depresses upper eyelid
Elevated lower eyelid
Innervation: CN VII
(Temporal branch and Zygomatic Branch)
206
Is the Levator palperbrae a muscle of facial expression
NO
It opens the eye
Innervation CN III but does not contribute to facial expression
207
Where is the insertion site of corrugator supercilii
Skin of the eyebrow
208
What are the actions and innervations of the corrugator supercilii
Action: draws the eyebrow inferiorly and medically
(Frowning)
Wrinkles the skin of the forehead vertically
Innervation: CN VII
(Temporal branch)
209
Where is the origin and the insertion site of the sternocleiodmastoid
Origin: Sternum and clavicle
Insertion: onto mastoid process of the temporal bone
210
What is the action and innervation of sternocleidmastoid
Action: contraction of both flexes the cervical verebrae
(Shin toward the manubrium)
And Thrusts chin forward
(Keeps head level)
Contraction of only one, laterally flexes the neck and rotates the face in opposite direction
Innervation: CN XI
211
What is the scalene Muscle Group
- Attach cervical vertebrae to uppermost ribs
- Flex, laterally flex and rotate the head
- participate in forced respiration
- innervated by Cervical Spinal Nerves C3-C8
212
What two muscle groups are innervated by CN XI
Sternocliodmastoid and the Trapezius
213
What are the two groups of muscles associated with the anterior aspect of the neck
Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles
214
What do the suprahyoid and infrahyoid do….
Stabilize the hyoid bone
| Allowing it to be a firm base on which the tongue can move
215
Describe the shape and specifics of the Hyoid Bone
U-shaped bone
articulates with no other bone in your body
Has a horizontal body and paired projections
(The greater and lesser horns)
Suspended by a ligament from the skull
**supports the tongue and provides attachment for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscle
216
What are the four suprahyoid muscles
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
217
What is the general function of the suprahyoid muscle group
They elevate the hyoid bone, the floor of the oral cavity, and tongue during swallowing
218
What are the 4 muscles of the infrahyoid muscles
Omohyoid
Sternhyoid
Strenothyroid
Thyrohyoid
219
What is the general function of the infrahyoid muscle group
Depress the hyoid bone and move the larynx during swallowing and speech
220
define the suboccipital region
-Upper back of the neck-
Is the triangular area inferior to the occipital region of the head
221
What are the 4 muscles of teh subocciptial region
Rectus cavities posterior
(Major and Minor)
Obliquus Capitis
(Inferior and superior)
222
External carotid arteries supply …
Structures external to the skull as branches of maxillary and superficial temporal branches
223
What do the Internal carotid arteries supply
Circle of Willis
| Eyeballs and brain
224
How do the internal carotid arteries enter the cranial cavity
Through the carotid canals in the petrous part of the temporal bones
225
The verterbral arteries passs through the,,.
Foramen magnum
226
Circle of Willis
Connects the posterior and anterior blood supplies to the brain by connection the branches of the basilar artery with branches of the internal carotid arteries
227
What makes up the circle of Willis
The vertebral arteries become the basilar arteries, and communicates with anterior and 2 posterior communicating arteries
228
Where do dural venous sinuses drain to
The internal jugular vein
229
Where is the thoracic duct
Is the L lymphatic duct located at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
230
Where is the R lymphatic duct
At the junction of the R internal jugular and right subclavian veins
231
Which cranial bone contains the carotid foramen
Temporal Bone
232
What are the dermatomes of the face
Face: CN V
C2: Occipital Protuberance
C3: Gentleman’s collar
233
What comprises the cervical plexus
The ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5
234
What does the greater occipital nerve supply
The back of the head and protuberance
235
What does the lesser occipital nerve supply
Posterior to the ear
236
What does the great auricular nerve supply
Goes from the lobe of the ear and runs along the mandible (jaw line)
237
What are the nerves of dermatome C2
Greater Occiptial
238
The great auricular and lesser occipital is part of the
Cervical plexus
239
What does the cervical plexus supply
Supplies the skin, muscles of the head and neck and the PHRENIC NERVES
240
What causes occipital neuralgias
When the greater occipital nerve gets entrapped at the obliquus capitis inferior muscle
Causes Pain in the back of the head
241
What muscle does the greater occipital nerve emerge from beneath
The obliquus capitis inferior muscle
242
What is the only moveable joint of the head
Temporal Joint
| TMJ
243
The mandible articulates with the temporal bone to from the….
Temporomandibular Joint
244
What is TMJ syndrome
Dysfunction to varying degrees of the TMJ joint.
245
What are the muscles of the TMJ
Temporal
Masseter
Lateral pteygoid
Medial ptyergoid
246
What kind of joint in the TMJ
A hinge joint
247
In the TMJ the head of the mandible fits into the
Mandibular fossa
248
What disk and tubercle is in the TMJ
Articular tubercle
| Articular Disk
249
What are the subsections of the posterior triangle of the neck
Occipital triangle and the subclavian triangle
250
What are the important features of the occipital triangle
TheCN XI
Occipital artery
And the cervical plexus
251
What are the important feartures of the subclavian triangle
The subclavian artery and vein
252
What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle
Submandibular
Submental
Muscular triangle
Carotid Triangle
253
What is in the submental triangle
The submental lymph nodes
| Hyoid bone
254
What is in the submandibular triangle
The facial artery and the facial vein
| Along with the submandibular lymph nodes and glands
255
What is in the carotid triangle
```
Common carotid artery
Internal and external carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
And parts of the thyroid
And parts of the larynx
```
256
What is the vagus nerve also called
A transient nerve
257
What is in the muscular nerves
It’s bellow the hyoid
And contains infra hyoid muscles
Contains parts of the thyroid
Parathyroid and trachea and larynx
258
What are 2 transient nerves in the neck
Vagus and Phrenic Nerves
259
How many bones are in the vertebral column
26
| 7-12-5-5-4
260
What are the 4 natural curves of the vertebrae
Cervical
Lumbar
Thoracic
Sacral
261
What curves are formed during fetal development
Thoracic and Sacral Curves
262
When is the cervical curve formed
When infants begin to raise their head at around 4 months
263
When in the lumbar curve formed
When infants begin to sit up and walk around 1 year old
264
What is kyphosis
Humpback
Is abnormal increase in the thoracic curve
265
What is dowagers hump
A colloquial name for kyphosis in older women caused by wedge fxs of the thoracic vertebrae resulting from osteoporosis
266
What is lordosis
Sway back
Characterized by an anterior rotation of the pelvis at the hip producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Associated with weakened trunk musculature.
267
What can cause lordosis
Late pregnancy due to gravity
Obesity
268
What is scoliosis
Curved back
Characterized by an abnormal lateral curve that is accompanied by a rotation of the vertebrae
The spinous processes turn TOWARD the cavity of the abnormal curvature.
269
What is the most common deformity of the vertebral column in pubertal girls?
Scoliosis
270
How many processes are on a typical vertebrae
7 :
2 transverse
1 spinous
4 articular
271
What makes up the vertebral arch
The pedicle and the lamina
272
What makes the intervertebral foramina
2 vertebral notches together
273
What is the first cervical vertebra called
The atlas
274
What is the 2nd cervical vertebra called
Axis
275
What is the 7th cervical vertebra called
Vertebra prominens
276
What are typical cervical vertebral like
Smaller bodies
Larger canal
Have bifid processes
Shorter with transerves foramen for vertebral arteries
277
The transverse foramina transmits the
Vertebral arteries
278
What are the two craniovertebral joints in the cervical region
The Atlanta-occipital joint and atlanoaxial joint
| Synovial Joints
279
In the cervical region, a ring of bone, has superior facets for occipital condyles
Atlas C1
280
In the cervical region, dens or odontological process is body of atlas
Axis C2
281
What is the tectorial membrane
A strong superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
282
What is the hangman’s fx
Is the common name given to a fracture of both pedicles of the C2 vertebrae
283
What are specific characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
Articulate with the ribs
Have larger and stronger bodies
Have facet joints for connecting ribs.
284
Describe rib articulation with the spinal vertebrae
Tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
The head of the rib articulates with the vertebral bodies
285
What is specific about lumbar vertebrae
Are the strongest and largest of the vertebral column
Have short thick spinous and transverse processes
286
How many bones form the sacrum
5 bones fused
287
What is the foundation of the pelvic girdle
The sacrum
288
What are the median, medial, and lateral sacral crest
Median- are fused rudimentary spinous processes
Medial- fused articular processes
Lateral- tips of transverse processes of fused sacral vertebrae
289
How many bones fuse to form the coccyx
4
290
At what age does the coccyx finish fusing
Generally by age 30
291
What are coccygeal cornua
Rudimentary articular processes
292
What is the medical importance of the sacral and coccygeal cornu
Important landmarks for caudal anesthesia
Local anesthetic injected into sacral canal at the sacral hiatus and coccygeal nerves.
293
Describe a intervertebral disk
Fibrocartilage ring with a pulpy center
294
What causes herniated intervertebral discs
Flexion of the vertebral column pushes the nucleus pulposus posteriorly toward the thinnest part of the annulus fibrosis
295
If degeneration of the posterior longitudinal ligament and wearing of the anulus have occurred, what can happen in intervertebral disk herniation
The nucleus pospusus may herniate into the vertebral canal and compress on the spinal cord or the nerve roots of the cuadra equina
296
What can forcible hyper flexion of the neck cause
May rupture the intervertebral disk without fx the vertebral body
297
What are the most common ruptures intervertebral disks?
C5/C6 and C6/C7
Which would compress the nerves of C6 or C7 respectively
298
What can hyperextension of the neck cause
May stretch of tear the anterior longitudinal ligament
| Whiplash
299
what is a zygapophyseal joint
Facet joints
-plane synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
300
What do accessory ligaments in a zygapophysial joint do
Unite the laminae, the transverse processes, and the spinous processes to help stabilize the joint
301
What can injury or disease of the zygapophysial joint cause
They are closes associated with spinal nerves, so osteoarthritis in the joint causes pain and distribution patterns along the dermatomes of the affected spinal nerve along with spasms of the associated myotomes
302
What is foraminal stenosis
Narrowing of one of more spinal formamina
Commonly at C5/6 and C6/7 in the neck and L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 in the low back
S/s;
Associated with back or neck pain with sciatica or branchialgia
303
Where and what is the anterior longitudinal ligament
Strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects anterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks
304
The anterior longitudinal ligament extends from
Atlas to the sacrum
305
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament
Maintains stability of the joints between vertebral bodies, and helps prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column
306
What is the Posterior Longitudinal ligament
A ligament that runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the verterbral bodies
-is narrower and weaker that the anterior longitudinal ligament
307
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Helps to prevent hyper flexion of the vertebral coló un and herniation or posterior protrusion of the vertebral disks
308
What is the ligamenta Flava
Are broad, yellow elastic fibrous tissue that join adjacent laminae of verterbral arches
309
What is the function of the ligamenta flava
To prevent separation of the vertebral lamina, to arrest abrupt flexion of the vertebral colómn, and help prevent injury to vertebral disks
310
What is the supraspinous ligament
Is the most posterior connection on the spinous process
-joins the tips of the spinous processes on C7 through the sacrum
311
What is the ligamentum nuchae
A thickening of the supraspinous ligament in the neck spanning from C7 to the occipital protuberance
312
What is the artery that is related around each vertebra
The segmental artery
313
What are the two Venus plexuses the spinal cord
The anterior and posterior vertebral venous plexus
314
What are the attributes of ribs 1-7
Called true ribs
Have costal cartilage
And attach directly to the sternum
315
What is the attribute of the 1st rib
Has the sharpest curvature
Articulates with the manubrium at a point below the clavicle
316
What is the attribute of the second rib
Attaches at the eternal angle
317
What is the attribute of ribs 3-7
Sternal coastal articulations are direct to the body of the sternum
318
What are the vertbrochondral ribs
Ribs 8-10
Aka False Ribs
- Do not have direct articulation with the sternum
- Indirectly articúlate with the sternum by joining with the costal cartilage of rib 7
319
What is the costal arch
Is the arrangement of costal cartilages that provide for the indirect articulation of ribs 8-9-10
320
What are the attributes of ribs 11 and 12
Have no anterior articulation with the sternum
Are called floating ribs
Are also false ribs
321
What is the head of a rib
Has either one articulating facet with articulated with the facet of the body of the corresponding vertebrae
Or
Has two articulating facets which articulate with the Demi facets of the bodies of adjacent vertebrae as well as the intervertebral disk
322
What is the tubercle of the rib
The site of articulation of the rib with the transverse process of posterior vertebrae of the same number
323
What is the neck of the rib
Attaches to the head of the bid to the body of the rib
324
What is the sternal extremity of a rib
Is the site of costochondral articulation of the rib to its cartilage
325
What is the costal groove of the rib
Begins near the tubercle on the body of the rib and provides some protection for the Intercostal nerve and vessels
326
What is the costal angle of the ribs
Is a abrupt change in the curvature of the shaft of the rib
327
Describe the sternum
```
Is a flat, elongated bone in the middle of the anterior portion of the thoracic cage
Approx 5-6 inches in length
Consists of 3 parts
-manubrium
-body
-Xiphoid process
```
328
What is the jugular notch of the sternum
Lies just between the clavicles, and is the most superior landmark of the sternum
329
What is the sternoclavicular notch of the sternum
Is the point of articulation of the sternal extremity of the clavicle with with manubrium
330
What is the sternal angle of the sternum
- at the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum
- is the location of the cartilaginous articulation of the second pair of ribs
331
What kind of joint is the xiphisternal joint
And synchonrosis
-progressively fusses as we age, later becoming a synostosis in older persons
332
What is costochondritis
Inflamation of the junctions where the upper rib joins with the cartilage that holds them to the sternum
Usually goes away on its own.
Cause unknown
333
what are extrinsic back muscles
Superficial group of muscles that produce control of limb movements
-intermediate group of muscles that are involved in respiration
334
What are intrinsic back muscles
True back muscles
Specifically act on the vertebral column producing its movements and maintaining posture
335
Name the superficial back muscles
-Trapezius
-Levator scapulae
-Rhomboideus
(Major) (Minor)
-Latissimus dorsi
336
Name the intrinsic muscles of the back
- Erector spinae
| - Transversospinal muscles
337
What are the three muscles that make up the erector spinae group
Spinallis (medial)
Longissimus (intermediate)
Illiocostalis (lateral)
338
Describe the erector spinae group
Origin is sacrum and illiac crest
Externos throughout the lenght of the back
Controls flexion and lateral bending
339
What are the muscles that make up the transversospinal group
Rotatores (rotate)
Multifidus (my)
Semispinalis (spine)
340
What are nerves innervate the transverospinalis
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
341
What are thoracoappendicular muscles
- Anterior thoracic muscles or axial muscles that produce and control limb movements
- generally considered upper limb muscles
342
What are the muscles that assist in breathing
Diaphragm
Scalenes
Intercostals
Some thoracoappendicular muscles
343
Name the anterior thoracoappendicular muscles
Pectoralis Major and Minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior
344
What are the posterior thoracoappendicular muscles
Latissimus dorsi
345
How many layers are there to intercostal muscles
```
3 layers
Outer layer-external intercostal
Middle layer-internal intercostal
Innermost layer- Transversus thoracis
-subcostal muscles
-innermost Intercostal muscles
```
346
Intercostal muscles are _____ innervated by ________intrecostal nerves
ALL
Segmental
347
Origin/ insertion/ function of the external intercostal muscles
Travels obliquely downward from the inferior border of the rib above to the superior border of the bib below
- Elevates the rib cage.
- muscle of inspiration
348
Origin/insertion/ function of the internal intercostal muscles
Originate from the superior border of the rib below and insert on the inferior border of the rib above
-oriented at right angels to the external intercostal muscle
- depress the rib cage
- muscles of forced expiration
349
Where are the transverse thoracic muscles
Originate from the sternum and insert on the cartilages of the ribs
350
What are the two muscle groups of the innermost layer of the rib cage
Subcostal and innermost intercostal
351
Subcostal muscle group
Muscles bridge two intercostal spaces and “probably” elevate the ribs
-no test question-
352
Innermost intercostal muscle group
Muscles bridge an intercostal space and are “probably” muscles of expiration
-no test question-
353
Upon leaving the intervertebral foramina the spinal nerves divide into
Posterior and anterior primary rami
354
The anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves form the
Intercostal nerves
355
The posterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves ….
Pass posteriorly to supply the joint, muscles, and skin of the back in the thoracic region .
356
What spinal nerves supply the dermatomes of the anterior thorax
The dorsal roots of spinal nerves C5 and T1-T6
357
Dermatome landmark for C5
Jugular notch and clavicles
358
Dermatome landmark for T1
Inferior to C5, continues down the anterior portion of the arms
359
Landmark for T4
Nipples
360
Dermatome Landmark for T7
Xiphoid process
361
Dermatome landmark for T10
umbillicus
362
What is the most superior dermatome of the back that does not supply the upper limbs
T1
363
Where is the mediastinum located
Between the two pulmonary cavities
364
What is in the glandular plane of the superior mediastinum
Thyroid
Thymus
Lymph glands
365
What is in the venous plane of the superior mediastinum
Left and right brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Arch of the azygos vein
366
What does the arterial nervous plane of the superior mediastinum contain
```
Aortic arch and its branches
-brachiocephalic
-left common carotid
-left subclavian
And the vagus and phrenic nerve
```
367
What is in the visceral nervous plane of the Superior mediastinum
Trachea
Esophagus
Branch of the vagus nerve
(Innervates the larynx, pharynx, and sensory for bronchial tree below the volcano chords)
368
What is in the lymphatic plane of the Superior mediastinum
-Thorcic duct
(Main duct for most of the lymphatic)
(Terminates at the left junction of the subclavian and jugular veins)
369
What is in the anterior mediastinum
Connective tissue and fat
Few blood vessels and lymph
Sometimes the lower end of the thymus
370
What is the only thing in the middle mediastinum
The pericardium surrounding the heart
371
What is in the posterior mediastinum
```
Thoracic aorta, duct
Lymph nodes
Azygos and hemiazygos
Esophagus and esophagus plexus
Thoracic sympathetic trunk and splanchic nerves
```
372
What are the three flat muscles of te abdominal wall
External oblique
Internal Oblique
And the transverse abdominal
373
What are the two vertical muscles of the abdominal wall
```
Rectus abdominal
And pyramidalis (sometimes absent)
```
374
What forms the rectus sheath of the abdomen
Flat muscles have an anterior and medial aponeuroses which collectively forms the rectus sheath
375
What are the arteries of the anteriolateral wall
The superior and inferior Epigastric arteries
376
Describe the superior epigastric artery
Artery is a continuation of the internal thoracic artery
It enter the recutus sheath and provides blood to the rectus abdominus
377
Abdominal Aorta
Runs anterior to the vertebral column
-has parietal and visceral branch’s
378
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk
The common hepatic, splenic, ande left gastric branches
379
The left gastric feeds
The stomach and esophagus
380
What does the superior Mesenteric artery feed
Pancreas, duodenum, jejuni, ileum, ascending colon, and transverse colon
381
Where does the infer. Mesenteric supply
The transverse and desecening colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
