Set 3

Question 1

Transition is?

Answer 1

change from being a dry cow in late pregnancy to milking

-3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving

Question 2

Far off dry

Answer 2

early dry period, refers to time to calving(8-4 weeks)

Question 3

close up dry

Answer 3

late dry period (4 weeks to calving)

Question 4

Challenges of transition(group)

Answer 4

• dietary adjustments

- group changes(social disruption)

Question 5

Other challenges of transition

Answer 5

immune function due to stress and pregnancy

calving itself

Question 6

reasons for intake drop

Answer 6

• acute stress of impending calving
• roles of insulin and leptin(changes how the animal metabolizes fat)
• increase in NEFA causes decrease in appetite

Question 7

Exacerbating intake drop

Answer 7

• competition for space at feed bunk or stall space
• group changes and social disturbance
• lack of feed access
• dietary changes
• heat stress

Question 8

Transition diseases

Answer 8

• ketosis
• displaced abomasum
• subacute ruminal acidosis
• milk fever

Question 9

Milk fever(hypocalcemia)

Answer 9

• not an infectious disease
• parturient paresis
• large outflow of Ca into colostrum
• cow needs to replace the Ca through increased bone resporption and absorption from the diet
• jersey more prone

Question 10

Ketosis

Answer 10

elevation in circulating levels of ketones(acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate)
-occurs due to excessive NEFA breakdown

Question 11

Clinical milk fever stages

Answer 11

stage I
-unsteady
-cool extremities(skin, ears)
-hyper-excitable
stage 2(1-12 hours)
-unable to rise(lying in sternal)
-depressed, head on flank
stage 3
-lying in lateral(chest up)
-bloat
-death if untreated

Question 12

Treating milk fever

Answer 12

IV calcium infusion(stage II and III)
Ca supplements(stage 1 and subclinical)

Question 13

Dietary carbs(starch and fiber) are fermented to VFAs:

Answer 13

• acetate 70%
• butyrate 10%
• propionate 20%

Question 14

glucose is produced through?

Answer 14

gluconeogenesis

-propionate + amino acids

Question 15

When glucose isn’t available fats are mobilized as?

Answer 15

non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA)

Question 16

NEFA leads to?

Answer 16

increased ketones +/- fatty liver

Question 17

Clincial ketosis

Answer 17

occurs at different concentrations of BHB

• drop in feed intake
• drop in milk production
• dry manure
• loss of body condition
• nervous signs

Question 18

Primary ketosis

Answer 18

due to maladaptation to NEB

Question 19

Secondary ketosis

Answer 19

drop in feed due to other diseases

Question 20

Risk factors for ketosis

Answer 20

increasing number of lactations
history of being ketotic 
over conditioned cows : BCS >3.75 at dry off
limiting feed intake during dry period
higher producing cows(?)