Lecture 1

Question 1

Health is?

Answer 1

Health is a spectrum, in which the ends of the spectrum are death and reproduction

Question 2

What is disease?

Answer 2

a finite abnormality of structure of function with an identifiable pathological basis and recognizable clinical signs

Question 3

Clinical disease is?

Answer 3

a disease with visible symptoms

Question 4

Subclinical disease is?

Answer 4

not visible but measurable in some way

Question 5

Infection is?

Answer 5

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues

Question 6

Inections especially cause local cellular injury due to?

Answer 6

competitive metabolism, toxins, replication, antigen-antibody response

Question 7

Classification of disease is done by?

Answer 7

Degenerative
Anomalous
Metabolic
Neoplastic
Infectious 
Traumatic

Question 8

Degenerative disease is?

Answer 8

when the structure is altered by age, use or disuse or biochemical changes

Question 9

Anomalous disease is?

Answer 9

abnormal structure or function- which can be genetic, a developmental accident or congenital

Question 10

Metabolic disease is?

Answer 10

due to nutrition, toxins or hormonal activity that alters normal metabolism

Question 11

Neoplastic disease is?

Answer 11

abnormal growth of cells at the expense of normal tissue structure and function

Question 12

Infectious disease is?

Answer 12

caused by microorganisms that invade the body and damage normal structure and function

Question 13

Traumatic disease is?

Answer 13

mechanical injury like a broken bone

Question 14

Etiology is?

Answer 14

the study of the cause of disease

Question 15

Etiologic agent?

Answer 15

causative agent of disease but does not equal the cause of disease

Question 16

Pathogenesis is?

Answer 16

the development of disease, the process by which a pathogen produces disease

Question 17

Pathogens are?

Answer 17

any disease-producing microorganism or material

Question 18

Epidemiology is?

Answer 18

the study of patterns of disease that exist under field conditions specifically the frequency, distribution and determinants of health and disease in a population

Question 19

Koch’s Postulate is?

Answer 19

sick animal–> isolate a pathogen–> infect a healthy animal with this pathogen–>cause the same disease in this animal–>re-isolate the same pathogen

Question 20

Bacteria are? Different types include?

Answer 20

more like cells, which are capable of replicating outside the host and are mostly responsive ot antimicrobials but can develop a resistance:

• non-pathogenic(don’t cause disease)
• opportunistic(only becomes pathogenic in prime condition)
• pathogenic(cause disease)

Question 21

Viruses are?

Answer 21

contain some form of nucleic acid(DNA or RNA) and require a host cell to replicate and are not responsive to traditional antimicrobial agents

Question 22

Prions are?

Answer 22

abnormal form of PrP protein(no DNA/RNA)

they are resistant to proteases, somewhat host specific

Question 23

Mycotic?

Answer 23

fungal

Question 24

paratsites are? types include?

Answer 24

intracellular
internal
external

Question 25

Pathogen examples

Answer 25

bacterium, virus, fungus that cause infection/disease

Question 26

Virulence includes?

Answer 26

degree of pathogenicity
includes severity
fitness of pathogen

Question 27

Predisposition with disease?

Answer 27

what predisposes an animal to infectious disease

Question 28

Fomite transmission is?

Answer 28

Inanimate objects or passive carriers (ones which are alive but the organism doesn’t infect like the human hand)

Question 29

Vector transmission

Answer 29

invertebrate animal required for agent life cycle and transmission

Question 30

Horizontal transmission

Answer 30

between animals of the same generation, infectious and contagious

Question 31

Vertical transmission

Answer 31

from mother to offspring

Question 32

Contagious means?

Answer 32

capable of being transmitted from animal to animal

Question 33

Determinants of disease include?

Answer 33

Host factors 
age
genetics
physioologic state
production level
nutritional status 
agent factors
environment factors

Question 34

Immune status is dependent on?

Answer 34

nature of agent, challenge and environment

Question 35

Age as a determinant of disease

Answer 35

as one ages there is a physiologic effect which causes chages in cell or organ function which are inevitable

Question 36

Physiological changes associated with age are associated with?

Answer 36

changes in production level, immune status and physiologic state

Question 37

Physiologic state example

Answer 37

pregnant

lactating

Question 38

Agent factors as determinants of disease

Answer 38

virulence determinants

pathogen challenge

Question 39

Environmental factors affect?

Answer 39

pathogen load and host response

Question 40

Necessary cause is?

Answer 40

without this factor, the disease cannot occur but the presence of a disease agent may not be sufficient to cause disease

Question 41

Sufficient cause?

Answer 41

factors working together to produce disease, alone one factor may not be sufficient but in various combinations, disease occurs

Question 42

Carrier state

Answer 42

no clinical disease but potential to transmit an infectious agent-may reamin asymptomatic, incubating the disease or convalescing from the disease

Question 43

Morbidity

Answer 43

the amount of disease

Question 44

Mortality

Answer 44

the number of deaths as a statistic

Question 45

Case fatality

Answer 45

rate- proportion of animals with a specific disease that die from it

Question 46

Prevalence of disease

Answer 46

at a point in time, the number of animals that are diseased/number of animals in the population

Question 47

incedence of disease

Answer 47

number of new cases of disease in a specified time period or risk period/by number at risk. Implies at least observations or measurements