Final 2

Question 1

Biosecurity refers to?

Answer 1

the steps taken to protect the pig farm from entry of infectious disease

• viral
• bacterial
• fungal
• parasitic

Question 2

Biosecurity in Canada

Answer 2

• farms separated geographically
• country separated from Europe, Mexico and Africa
• climate

Question 3

Most common source of disease is?

Answer 3

new arrivals

Question 4

When bringing in new arrivals what should you do?

Answer 4

quarantine new boars/gilts for at least 60 days

• test for disease
• vaccinate
• expose to sentinel pigs

Question 5

Other ways disease can enter a farm

Answer 5

• introduction of pigs carrying disease
• semen from boar stud
• trucks, equipment (contaminated with manure)
• contaminated feed
• rats, mice, birds, dogs and cats
• people (directly ie influenza or contaminated boots)
• aerosol- virus particles blown from neighboring farm

Question 6

CAZ=?

Answer 6

controlled access zone

• pig farm yard
• -building and driveway
• access limited

Question 7

RAZ=?

Answer 7

restricted access zone

• labeled with signs, locked doors
• where pigs are housed
• wash hands or shower
• change from street clothes into barn boots and coveralls

Question 8

Biosecurity: vehicles

Answer 8

• can be contaminated by pig manure from other farms
• ensure trucks that have been to other farms have been cleaned
• don’t allow vehicles near barn
• have dead-stock pick-up at end of lane

Question 9

How to know when a pig is about to farrow

Answer 9

• restless
• milk can be expressed (nipples mroe prominent and red/swollen)
• contractions, straining (paddling with back legs)
• piglets born every 10-20 minutes

Question 10

Still births represent ____% of all births

Answer 10

5

Question 11

The still born piglets are typiccaly?

Answer 11

• last pigs in litter to be born

- have a broken umbilical cord

Question 12

Sows that are more likely to have stillborn piglets

Answer 12

• older sows
• sows with larger litters
• fat sows
• hot weather

Question 13

Splay leg birth deficiency

Answer 13

weankess

• not very mobile
• hard to compete with others
• will die because won’t get enough food for energy (hypoglycemia) or colostrum to fend off pathogens

Question 14

Major causes of pre weaning mortality

Answer 14

management (crushing of piglets from not using farrowing crates and non-slip flooring)
-chilling- low viability guy will die of hypothermia- have no fat stores at birth
-starvation
Disease
-diarrhea

Question 15

Piglet processing includes:

Answer 15

iron administration (prevents anemia)
clipping of needle teath
castrate males
dock tails

Question 16

Diarrhea in piglets can be caused by?

Answer 16

Colibacillosis
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
Coccidiosis

Question 17

If a piglet has diarrhea

Answer 17

escherichia coli(colibacillosisi)
-too early for virus or parasite to infect them

Question 18

If a piglet has diarrhea at around 2 days of age it is likely?

Answer 18

TGE or PED

Question 19

If a piglet is sick around 5 days of age (could also show at 1-3 weeks) it is likely?

Answer 19

cystiospora suis (coccidiosis)

Question 20

Colibacillosis

Answer 20

Agent: Escherichia coli
-pathogenic E.coli must be present
Pathogenesis: Fecal-oral route
-attachement and colonization of villi of small intestine
-bacteria produce enterotoxins
-excess fluid secretion into lumen
Clinical signs
-watery to creamy diarrhea that can begin within hours of birth
-piglets become dehydrated and weak
-more common in gilt litters
-morbidity and mortality rates can be high

Question 21

How to Control for Colibacillosis

Answer 21

maximize lactogenic immunity
-vaccinate sows prior to farrowing
-vaccinate gilts twice, sows once with killed vaccine
minimize challenge
-all in/all out farrowing rooms
keep piglets warm
-chilling reduces gut mobility, decreases sucking
Minimize transmission
-wash hands after handling piglets with diarrhea
-handle litters with diarrhea last

Question 22

Transmissible Gastroenteritis

Answer 22

Agent: a corona virus
-heat labile
-very stable when frozen
-seasonal disease- highest incidence in winter months
Pathogenesis: fecal-oral (nasal) route
-severe villous atrophy in neonates
-entereocyte growth from base of crypt to tips of villi
(neonate ~3 weeks slow vs adults ~3 )
Clinical signs
-vomiting and watery diarrhea
-all ages of pig affected younger = more severe
-high mortality in young piglets, see diarrhea
-spread through herd

Question 23

How to control transmissible gastroentritis

Answer 23

Expose all animals (feedback program)
Institute strict biosecurity
Close herd
Clean and disinfect barn- monitor sows for sero-conversion

Question 24

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Answer 24

Agent: PED virus - a coronavirus

Question 25

Coccidial disease

Answer 25

Etiology: protozoal parasite - cystisospora suis
Pathogenesis:
-grow in enterocytes of small intestine
-cause milk to moderate villous atrophy
Predisposing factor: cement floors and late summer
Clinical Signs:
-mild creamy diarrhea
-affects older piglets at least 5 days of age but usually 1-3 weeks of age
-slow growth
-high morbidity but low mortality

Question 26

How to control for coccidial disease

Answer 26

Antibiotic treatment ineffective
-no vaccine
-anti-parasite medication available
Long term
-change flooring to perforated, raised floors