Final 2 Flashcards
Biosecurity refers to?
the steps taken to protect the pig farm from entry of infectious disease
- viral
- bacterial
- fungal
- parasitic
Biosecurity in Canada
- farms separated geographically
- country separated from Europe, Mexico and Africa
- climate
Most common source of disease is?
new arrivals
When bringing in new arrivals what should you do?
quarantine new boars/gilts for at least 60 days
- test for disease
- vaccinate
- expose to sentinel pigs
Other ways disease can enter a farm
- introduction of pigs carrying disease
- semen from boar stud
- trucks, equipment (contaminated with manure)
- contaminated feed
- rats, mice, birds, dogs and cats
- people (directly ie influenza or contaminated boots)
- aerosol- virus particles blown from neighboring farm
CAZ=?
controlled access zone
- pig farm yard
- -building and driveway
- access limited
RAZ=?
restricted access zone
- labeled with signs, locked doors
- where pigs are housed
- wash hands or shower
- change from street clothes into barn boots and coveralls
Biosecurity: vehicles
- can be contaminated by pig manure from other farms
- ensure trucks that have been to other farms have been cleaned
- don’t allow vehicles near barn
- have dead-stock pick-up at end of lane
How to know when a pig is about to farrow
- restless
- milk can be expressed (nipples mroe prominent and red/swollen)
- contractions, straining (paddling with back legs)
- piglets born every 10-20 minutes
Still births represent ____% of all births
5
The still born piglets are typiccaly?
- last pigs in litter to be born
- have a broken umbilical cord
Sows that are more likely to have stillborn piglets
- older sows
- sows with larger litters
- fat sows
- hot weather
Splay leg birth deficiency
weankess
- not very mobile
- hard to compete with others
- will die because won’t get enough food for energy (hypoglycemia) or colostrum to fend off pathogens
Major causes of pre weaning mortality
management (crushing of piglets from not using farrowing crates and non-slip flooring)
-chilling- low viability guy will die of hypothermia- have no fat stores at birth
-starvation
Disease
-diarrhea
Piglet processing includes:
iron administration (prevents anemia)
clipping of needle teath
castrate males
dock tails
Diarrhea in piglets can be caused by?
Colibacillosis
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
Coccidiosis
If a piglet has diarrhea
escherichia coli(colibacillosisi) -too early for virus or parasite to infect them
If a piglet has diarrhea at around 2 days of age it is likely?
TGE or PED
If a piglet is sick around 5 days of age (could also show at 1-3 weeks) it is likely?
cystiospora suis (coccidiosis)
Colibacillosis
Agent: Escherichia coli
-pathogenic E.coli must be present
Pathogenesis: Fecal-oral route
-attachement and colonization of villi of small intestine
-bacteria produce enterotoxins
-excess fluid secretion into lumen
Clinical signs
-watery to creamy diarrhea that can begin within hours of birth
-piglets become dehydrated and weak
-more common in gilt litters
-morbidity and mortality rates can be high
How to Control for Colibacillosis
maximize lactogenic immunity
-vaccinate sows prior to farrowing
-vaccinate gilts twice, sows once with killed vaccine
minimize challenge
-all in/all out farrowing rooms
keep piglets warm
-chilling reduces gut mobility, decreases sucking
Minimize transmission
-wash hands after handling piglets with diarrhea
-handle litters with diarrhea last
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
Agent: a corona virus
-heat labile
-very stable when frozen
-seasonal disease- highest incidence in winter months
Pathogenesis: fecal-oral (nasal) route
-severe villous atrophy in neonates
-entereocyte growth from base of crypt to tips of villi
(neonate ~3 weeks slow vs adults ~3 )
Clinical signs
-vomiting and watery diarrhea
-all ages of pig affected younger = more severe
-high mortality in young piglets, see diarrhea
-spread through herd
How to control transmissible gastroentritis
Expose all animals (feedback program)
Institute strict biosecurity
Close herd
Clean and disinfect barn- monitor sows for sero-conversion
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
Agent: PED virus - a coronavirus
Coccidial disease
Etiology: protozoal parasite - cystisospora suis
Pathogenesis:
-grow in enterocytes of small intestine
-cause milk to moderate villous atrophy
Predisposing factor: cement floors and late summer
Clinical Signs:
-mild creamy diarrhea
-affects older piglets at least 5 days of age but usually 1-3 weeks of age
-slow growth
-high morbidity but low mortality
How to control for coccidial disease
Antibiotic treatment ineffective -no vaccine -anti-parasite medication available Long term -change flooring to perforated, raised floors
