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Animal Health > Set 1 > Flashcards

Set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Freemartin

A
  • disease that limits performance
  • heifer is born co-twin to a male
  • > 90% are free martin
  • female sex characteristics androgenized
  • abnormal external and/or internal genitalia
  • 95% sterile
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2
Q

Lactation period lasts how many days

A

~305

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3
Q

Dry period lasts how many days?

A

~60 days

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4
Q

How long is a cow in gestation?

A

~283 days

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5
Q

Time to complete parturition in the following species:

  • mare
  • heifer
  • cow
  • ewe
  • sow
A 
mare= 10-20 mins
heifer=2-4 hours
cow= 20 min - 2 hours
ewe 30-60min
sow= 20 min between piglets(often in pairs)
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6
Q

Stage 1 of parturition

A

relaxation of the pelvic ligaments(tail head up)
relaxation and dilation of the cervix
fetus changes position
placental membranes push against cervix by rhythmic contractions of the uterus
can take 2 to 3 days for this stage to complete

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7
Q

Stage 2(20 min to 2 hours)

A

-allantois ruptures
-amniotic sac ruptures
-fetus is expelled from uterus by
abdominal contractions
uterine contractions
fetal movement

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8
Q

Stage 3 of parturition

A

expulsion of fetal membranes

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9
Q

Dystocia(difficult birth)

A
  • failure of the cervix to dilate
  • obstruction of vagina
  • failure of vulva or vagina to dilate
  • uterine torsion
  • uterine inertia
  • maternal-fetal disproportion
  • abnormal presentation
  • twins
  • malformed fetus
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10
Q

Consequences of dystocia

A 
death of fetus
vaginal tears
uterine tear
obturator nerve paralysis
sciatic nerve paralysis
muscle damage due to being down
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11
Q

Retained placenta

A

-failure to expel fetal membranes by 24 hours post calving

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12
Q

Risk factors with retained placenta

A
  • dystocia
  • twins
  • abortion
  • milk fever
  • caesarian section
  • induced delivery
  • immune function greatly reduced
  • major risk factor for subsequent metritis
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13
Q

Postpartum involution

A

process of restoration of reproductive tract to support subsequent pregnancy
-shrinkage and repair of uterus and cervix
-sloughing of endometrium(lochia)
-clearance of bacterial contamination within 3 weeks
restoration occurs in parallel with return to cyclicity

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14
Q

Postpartum anestrus

A

-20-25% of dairy cows may not cycle by 60 DIM

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15
Q

Metritis

A

acute, bacterial uterine infection (39.5, off feed, toxemia)

  • may or may not have RP
  • uterine discharge is watery, red-brown and foul smelling
  • largely a problem of postpartum immune function
  • systemic antibiotics to treat
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16
Q

Endometritis

A

infection/inflammation of uterus; no systemic signs(>21 DIM)-localized infection
-characterised by delayed involution
-development depends on the immune response of the cow
-treat with IU antibiotics 4-6 weeks postpartum
-clinical signs include
purulent discharge 15-20%
cytological endometritis 15-20%

17
Q

Cost of metritis

A 
Economic loss for each cow:
-antibiotic treatment 53-109/case
-culling and death 85/case
-milk loss 83/case 
-reproduction 109/case
total being ~ 329-386
18
Q

Almost all cows have bacterial contamination of the uterus after calving, the difference of becoming infected or not lies in?

A
  • magnitude of infection
  • regulation
  • duration
  • effectiveness of the response
19
Q

Cystic Ovarian Condition

A

-ovarian follicle that fails to ovulate or regress and grows to abnormal(>2.5 cm diameter)
-ovum in a cyst will age and be infertile
-may impair reproduction short-term
-over-diagnosed and generally overrated as a problem
-treatment
induce LH surge
+/- supplemental progesterone

20
Q

Non-infectious abortion

A
  • early embryonic loss(15-25% of pregnancies diagnosed at 28 days are lost by 60 days)
  • twins
  • heat stress
  • fetal genetic acomalies
  • iatrogenic
21
Q

Infections abortion- non contagious

A

-disease agent may be introduced by circulation or up repro tract
-sporadic abortion(~3-5%)
-fungal
-opportunistic bacteria
other maternal disease, inflammatory response may cause abortion Ex ecoli mastitis

22
Q

Infectious abortion- contagious

A

agents are contagious and have predilection for causing abortion

  • IBR
  • BVD
  • Leptospirosis
  • neospora
23
Q

Neospora Caninum

A
  • coccidian parasite
  • infects cattle, dogs
  • subclinical in infected adults
  • infection is life long
  • manifestation is abortion(4-7 months)
  • if fetus not aborted calf very likely to be infected (PI)
  • no effective treatment

Animal Health (22 decks)

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