Lecture 6

Question 1

Five C’s of successful calf rearing

Answer 1

colostrum
cleanliness
consistency
calories
comfort

Question 2

Key diseases that occur from birth to weaning

Answer 2

neonatal calf diarrhea
pneumonia
cocidiosis
speticemia
omphalophlebitis
umbilical hernia

Question 3

Factors affecting absorption of colostrum

Answer 3

quantity
quality
quickness
cleanliness

Question 4

Based on a typical Holstein colostral [IgG] a calf must ingest how much?

Answer 4

~4L within the first 24 hours

Question 5

Variable colostrum quality in beef, heifers and mature dair

Answer 5

beef> mature dairy> dairy heifer

Question 6

Quality of colostrum affected by?

Answer 6

heat stress
vaccination
nutrition of dam
leaking 
cleanliness of harvest

Question 7

How to test colostrum

Answer 7

specific gravity of colostrum

Ig or total protein in calf serum(1-7 days old)

Question 8

Successful passive transfer of immunity requires that?

Answer 8

calf consumes a sufficient quantity of antibodies

calf absorbs colostral antibodies

Question 9

Peak absorption in the calf is?

Answer 9

1-2 hours after birth

Question 10

How much of all dairy heifer mortality during the first 21 days could be prevented by improved colostrum management?

Answer 10

31%

Question 11

Why is it an issue to just let the calf suckle colostrum from the dam?

Answer 11

highly unreliable
many unattended calves fail to suckle by 6 hours
no way to know volume it consumes
increased risk of manure meal

Question 12

The goal of colostrum replacers is?

Answer 12

calf has > 10mg/ml IgG

Question 13

Issue with colostrum replacers?

Answer 13

absorption is less than with colostrum

-efficiency of absorption typically 35-40%

Question 14

Which has better absorption colostrum replacer or supplements?

Answer 14

supplements, but one is often not enough

Question 15

Most contamination of colostrum happens?

Answer 15

in bucket

Question 16

How long can colostrum be refrigerated for

Answer 16

1 day is ok

Question 17

How long can colostrum last in the fridge if it has potassium sorbate?

Answer 17

2 days

Question 18

How to clean milking equipment

Answer 18

1. rinse with warm water (105-110)
2. soak in hot water(>120F)
3. Use 140-180F water with detergent
4. Scrub all surfaces including using bottle brushes
5. rinse with hot water with acid

Question 19

Signs of enteropathogenic E. Coli

Answer 19

profuse, water, yellow diarrhea

severe depression and dehydration

Question 20

Pathogenesis of Enteropathogenic E. Coli

Answer 20

pilli allow e.coli to adhere to gut wall so endotoxin absorbed by gut
-endotoxin cuases GI cells to secrete water and salts in gut lumen= hyper-secretory diarrhea

Question 21

Treatment for Enteropathogenic E. Coli

Answer 21

• Correct fluid loss

- antimicrobial treatment if bacterium present(1/3 of moderate to severe cases)

Question 22

The goal of correcting fluid loss is??

Answer 22

replace fluid deficit
replace electrolytes
correct metabolic acidosis `

Question 23

Prevention of enteropathogenic E. Coli?

Answer 23

improve immunity of calf by improving quality and quantity of colostrum
improve specific immunity of colostrum
nutrition

Question 24

Rotavirus

Answer 24

5-15 days of age
mild to severe diarrhea
not as sick as with e.coli or salmonella

Question 25

coronavirus

Answer 25

2-21 days
moderate to severe diarrhea
blood streaks
in severe case, likely didn’t get enough antibodies

Question 26

Cryptosporidia

Answer 26

parasite
5-35 days of age
moderate to severe diarrhea
wasting
no effective treatment
not host specific

Question 27

Salmonellosis

Answer 27

Various strains
high fever, severe depression
invasive/damaging to intestinal epithelial
blood/fibrin in the stool

Question 28

Thermoneutral zone for calves

Answer 28

21 days of age 5.5-28C

Question 29

Downside to pasteurization of colostrum

Answer 29

• 60 degrees for 60 mins

- ~25% loss of IgG

Question 30

Environmental prevention of diarrhea in calves

Answer 30

-reduce exposure to pathogen
(calving in clean pen, dry pasture)
-use clean equipment
-remove calf from cow immediately 
-place in hutch/individual pen until weaning at 6-8 weeks of age
-isolation facilities for sick calves
-all in all out group pens after weaning

Question 31

Enzootic Pneumonia agent examples

Answer 31

virus
-IBR
-bovine virus diarrhea(BVD)
-syncytial(BRSV)
Bacteria
-mycoplasma
-pasteurella multocida

Question 32

Symptoms of Enzootic pneumonia

Answer 32

poor growth in some
coughing, nasal discharge
mild to high fever

Question 33

Environmental prevention of enzootic pneumonia

Answer 33

poor ventilation
overcorwding
sub-optimal nutrition
drafts

Question 34

Navel ill prevention

Answer 34

clean, dry calving

disinfection of navel with 7% iodine

Question 35

Umbilical hernia caused by?

Answer 35

defect in ventral abdominal wall around umbilicus

Question 36

Purpose of ear tagging

Answer 36

unique and permanent ID

• quality assurance trace back
• head management
• national disease surveillance and outbreak investigation