Lecture 6 Flashcards
Five C’s of successful calf rearing
colostrum cleanliness consistency calories comfort
Key diseases that occur from birth to weaning
neonatal calf diarrhea pneumonia cocidiosis speticemia omphalophlebitis umbilical hernia
Factors affecting absorption of colostrum
quantity
quality
quickness
cleanliness
Based on a typical Holstein colostral [IgG] a calf must ingest how much?
~4L within the first 24 hours
Variable colostrum quality in beef, heifers and mature dair
beef> mature dairy> dairy heifer
Quality of colostrum affected by?
heat stress vaccination nutrition of dam leaking cleanliness of harvest
How to test colostrum
specific gravity of colostrum
Ig or total protein in calf serum(1-7 days old)
Successful passive transfer of immunity requires that?
calf consumes a sufficient quantity of antibodies
calf absorbs colostral antibodies
Peak absorption in the calf is?
1-2 hours after birth
How much of all dairy heifer mortality during the first 21 days could be prevented by improved colostrum management?
31%
Why is it an issue to just let the calf suckle colostrum from the dam?
highly unreliable
many unattended calves fail to suckle by 6 hours
no way to know volume it consumes
increased risk of manure meal
The goal of colostrum replacers is?
calf has > 10mg/ml IgG
Issue with colostrum replacers?
absorption is less than with colostrum
-efficiency of absorption typically 35-40%
Which has better absorption colostrum replacer or supplements?
supplements, but one is often not enough
Most contamination of colostrum happens?
in bucket
How long can colostrum be refrigerated for
1 day is ok
How long can colostrum last in the fridge if it has potassium sorbate?
2 days
How to clean milking equipment
- rinse with warm water (105-110)
- soak in hot water(>120F)
- Use 140-180F water with detergent
- Scrub all surfaces including using bottle brushes
- rinse with hot water with acid
Signs of enteropathogenic E. Coli
profuse, water, yellow diarrhea
severe depression and dehydration
Pathogenesis of Enteropathogenic E. Coli
pilli allow e.coli to adhere to gut wall so endotoxin absorbed by gut
-endotoxin cuases GI cells to secrete water and salts in gut lumen= hyper-secretory diarrhea
Treatment for Enteropathogenic E. Coli
- Correct fluid loss
- antimicrobial treatment if bacterium present(1/3 of moderate to severe cases)
The goal of correcting fluid loss is??
replace fluid deficit
replace electrolytes
correct metabolic acidosis `
Prevention of enteropathogenic E. Coli?
improve immunity of calf by improving quality and quantity of colostrum
improve specific immunity of colostrum
nutrition
Rotavirus
5-15 days of age
mild to severe diarrhea
not as sick as with e.coli or salmonella
coronavirus
2-21 days
moderate to severe diarrhea
blood streaks
in severe case, likely didn’t get enough antibodies
Cryptosporidia
parasite 5-35 days of age moderate to severe diarrhea wasting no effective treatment not host specific
Salmonellosis
Various strains
high fever, severe depression
invasive/damaging to intestinal epithelial
blood/fibrin in the stool
Thermoneutral zone for calves
21 days of age 5.5-28C
Downside to pasteurization of colostrum
- 60 degrees for 60 mins
- ~25% loss of IgG
Environmental prevention of diarrhea in calves
-reduce exposure to pathogen (calving in clean pen, dry pasture) -use clean equipment -remove calf from cow immediately -place in hutch/individual pen until weaning at 6-8 weeks of age -isolation facilities for sick calves -all in all out group pens after weaning
Enzootic Pneumonia agent examples
virus -IBR -bovine virus diarrhea(BVD) -syncytial(BRSV) Bacteria -mycoplasma -pasteurella multocida
Symptoms of Enzootic pneumonia
poor growth in some
coughing, nasal discharge
mild to high fever
Environmental prevention of enzootic pneumonia
poor ventilation
overcorwding
sub-optimal nutrition
drafts
Navel ill prevention
clean, dry calving
disinfection of navel with 7% iodine
Umbilical hernia caused by?
defect in ventral abdominal wall around umbilicus
Purpose of ear tagging
unique and permanent ID
- quality assurance trace back
- head management
- national disease surveillance and outbreak investigation
