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Animal Health > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Replacement groups include:

A
  • preweaning calves
  • weaned calves
  • open heifers
  • bred heifers
  • springing heifers
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2
Q

After weaning the time of greatest risk of?

A

respiratory disease

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3
Q

Recommended weaning criterion?

A

calf eating 2lbs of starter per day for 3 consecutive days
minimum 3 weeks on starter
leave hutch or pen for 5-7 days after weaning
dehorn at 1-4 weeks

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4
Q

Eating dry feed(starter) helps develop the rumen by:

A

starts fermentation of nutrients in rumen
stimulates growth of rumen bacteria
growth of rumen papillae
growth of rumen muscle

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5
Q

Full rumen flora development takes how long?

A

3 weeks

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6
Q

Diet after weaning

A

mostly grain

free choice water

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7
Q

Bunk space for calves 2-18 months of age

A

> 12”

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8
Q

Bunk space for calves 18 months until transition

A

> 18”

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9
Q

Breeding goal for heifers

A

ready to breed at 13-15 months of age

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10
Q

Calving at how many months is ideal?

A

22-24 months

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11
Q

Consequences of overfeeding?

A

if too high in energy and not enough protein:

  • difficulty calving
  • difficulty conceiving
  • reduced milk yield
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12
Q

Consequences of under feeding

A

stunted growth
delayed estrus
delayed conception

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13
Q

Minimum growth target for holstein heifers at pregnany(~15 months of age)

A

55% mature weight
330-385kg
48-50”
BSC= 3.0

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14
Q

Minimum growth target for holstein heifers at calving(24 months)

A

82-85% mature weight
500-595 kg
52-55”
BSC=3.5

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15
Q

Coccidiostats are class?

A

4

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16
Q

Coccidia pathogen?

A

protozoan parasite

17
Q

Most infectious form of coccidia?

A

subclinical

-results in lack of growth

18
Q

Lifecycle of Coccidia

A
  1. subclinical in small intestine(day 5 of life)
  2. marozoites infect large intestine(day 16)
  3. Diarrhea +/- blood, clinical in LI (day 18-19)
  4. Excretion of oocyts (day 22-25)
19
Q

How coccidiostat works

A
  1. rumensin kills cocidia before thy invade the small intestine
  2. rumensin kills coccidia emerging into the lumen of the small intestine
  3. rumensin kills coocidia emerging into the lumen of the large intestine
  4. rumensin reduces the opportunity for reinfection by reducing oocyts shedding
20
Q

Preventative measures for coccidia

A
  1. avoid fecal contamination
  2. clean calving pens regularly to avoid buildup
  3. all in/all out calf hutch management
  4. minimize contact between calves
  5. prevent over grazing pastures
  6. Water sources above ground
21
Q

Life cycle of a GIN

A
  1. Eggs passed in feces
  2. in the warm sun eggs hatch and mature through stages L1-L3
  3. L3 crawl off fecal pat onto grass so more likely to be eaten
  4. L3 are eaten and mature to L4 and adults in abomasum
  5. GIN suck protein from abomasal wall
  6. Produce eggs 21 days post infection
22
Q

Which stage of the larva is infective in GIN?

A

L3

23
Q

How does raking of pasture prevent GIN?

A

dries the patties and killing in L1 and L2 stage

24
Q

Parasite burden in pasture dependent on?

A

cattle density
weather(cool, wet)
sharing of pastures by adults and heifers
rotation of pastures + rotation of animal species
deworming program for heifers and cow

25
Q

Ostertagia is?

A

brown stomach worm

26
Q

Ostertagia affect?

A

abomasum

27
Q

Type 1 ostertagiasis will see clinical signs if?

A

Parasite load is high enough

cattle are young

28
Q

Type 1 ostertagiasis clinical sings

A 
diarrhea
anemia 
weight loss or poor weight gain
protein loss and debilitation 
large # of eggs in feces
death
29
Q

Type 2 ostertagiasis

A

in fall L4 go dormant in wall of abomasum(hypobiosis)

emerge in spring to feed and produce eggs

30
Q

If heavy enough load of type 2 ostertagiasis side effects include:

A

severe clinical disease and death

often no egg in feces because too early in life cycle

31
Q

Developmental issues associated with parasitism

A

inefficient use of feed
delayed pregnancy
undersized at calving

32
Q

Anthelmintic strategy for parasites depends on?

A

parasite load on pasture
product
target parasites

33
Q

Difference between pour on and oral/injectable anthelmintics?

A

pour on= kill hypobiotics, residual activity(15-56 days)

oral/injectable= cheaper, no residual activity

34
Q

Causes of anthelmintic resistance

A
  • under dosing
  • no evidence of loss of resistance
  • pasture management

Animal Health (22 decks)

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