Final 8 Flashcards
Sheep are used for?
- meat production
- dairy
- fibre/wool production
- Lifestyle flock
Sheep milk is mainly used for?
cheese production
-high in butter fat
Goats are used for?
- dairy
- pets
- meat
- Fibre(mohair, cashmere) production
Meat sheep/ goat production
Breeding at 7 months of age (during fall)
-females joined with males, breeding exposure 30-42 days
Winter
-females gestate 150 days
Females give birth in the spring
-if bred in novemeber will give birth in march-april
Lambs/kids are weaned at 60 days of age
-some may wean up to 4 months
Lambs/kids marketed at weights from 50lb to 100lb
Replacement females bred at 7 months of age
Lifecycle of a diary goat
Does are exposed to the buck- natural breeding. Breeding exposure 30 to 42 days
Usually ~7 months into lactation
Does gestate 150d
Does freshen in spring
Kids removed at birth
Doeling reared on milk replacer for 2 months(buck kids often sold at few day of age)
Seasonality in Ewes and Does
-days shorten in fall and lengthen after chirstmas
-sheep and goat- short day breeders
June- detect shorter days, melatonin signals ovaries to cycle
May-June worst time to get pregnant
August transition season
September-December ovulating
Induction/sychronization of estrus
tight lambing/kidding period
iduction allows for out season lambing/kidding
CIDR progesterone-used for lambs/cows
Marketed year round
CIDR program
Don’t know where sheep/goats in cycle
Natural source of progesterone
Leave in long enough so ovaries not in normal cycle anymore
Remove no longer than 24 hours after implanting
Need more rams now, since all ewes cycle at the same time
Breeding in the Anovulztory Season
Progesterone supplementation not sufficient
Stimulate follicle development and ovulation
Dairy goat breeding
Ram will have crayon on breeding harness that leaves mark on does once he tries to mount her
-gives idea of breeding activity and when doe will kid
AI for goats and sheep
during estrus easier to service for goats
sheep- hard to get through cervic
-using acroscopy- $$$ , into uterus
Induce estrus without hormones
- manipulating light/ photoperiod
- creates melatonin secretion, ovaries cycle
- fool dairy goats when winter, its spring
- rams more fertile at short day length
- more so dairy goats not as common in sheep
Infectious abortion
- abortion outbreaks common in sheep and goat
- Normally
Management of abortion
- diagnosis is critical to management (placentas and fetuses to vet diagnostic lab)
- Biosecurity and protection of farm workers important for infectious diseases
- Control much more effective than treatment
Common causes of abortions
- chlamydopilia abortus
- toxoplasma gondii (most common cause in sheep)
- coxiella burnetii Q fever (infection very common)(human disease)
- Campylobacter (sheep only)
Iodine Deficiency Goiter
Enlarged thyroids, still born or aborted fetuses
Not enough iodine in diet of pregnant ewes/does
Great lakes region deficient
Supplement throughout gestation
-cobalt iodized salt block
-available easily to them
Risk losses of lamb/kid
Hypothermia Mismothering Maternal underfeeding Infectiouns Injuries and Predation
Small Ruminant Dystocia
Most often malpresentation or position of fetus
Also of sheep
-failure of cervix to soften “ring womb”
-secondary to vaginal prolapse
Correction
-after 30 min with no progress in 2nd stage labour
-or evidence of malpresentation/position
Taildocking lambs
After colostrum, before out of claiming pen, bonded with dam best time to do so Within week of age Tetanus prophylaxis Tetanus antitoxin at time of docking Hot iron- docker- least painful way -most people use rings -crush tail and cut it- burdizzo method -if docked too short, destroys muscular around anus/nerves
Castration- lambs and kids
Castrate if kept older than 6 months of age
Otherwise market intact
Why do we castrate?
- intact males gain faster but…
- if reach sexual maturity fight and mount
- meat is tainted
Castrating less than 1 week
rings
cut and pull
Older than 1 week
burdizzo up to 5 weeks
pain management
Hypothermia- Hypoglycemia
Starvation from insufficient milk/ colostrum intake
Chilling from exposure to elements
Limited energy stores at birth(brown fat for quick energy-depletes in hours)
Body temperatures drop quickly
Depressed, comatose, dead
Enterotoxaemia/ Pulpy kidney
3 weeks to 1 year of age
Clostridium perfringens type D
Bacterial spores in mature, soil- contaminate feed
Excess carbs in diet (secrete toxins in gut)
Sudden death
Control for pulpy kidney
Vaccination program to protect youngstock Feeding management(to reduce risk of undigested carbs in intestine)
Vitamin E Selenium Deficiency
White muscle disease
Illthrift, weak immune system
Add Se and Vit E to ration
Or inject lambs/kids at birth
Pneumonia
Very common Mannheimia haemolytica Mycoplasma ovipneumonia Viruses only play minor role Risk factors -environmental stresses predispose to development of disease -stocking density -air changes -ammonia -temperature fluctuations -humidity -transport -mixing
Coccidiosis
Common in youngstock Intestinal protozoal parasite Destroys lining of intestine Pasty stool to blood diarrhea Poor doing to sudden death Control -don't mix feces and feed -coccidiocidal drugs approved in lambs
Lameness causes
foot scald
Foot rot
Control for footrot
Footbathing -10% solution of zinc sulfate foot baths -soak for 20 minutes 2x week Systemic antibiotics Hold off infected pastures until clean Cull non-responders
Copper Toxicity
Dietary copper needs in sheep are 1/4 of cattle Goats same as cattle Store extra Cu in liver until too much and liver cells start to die Sudden onset of toxicity -damages RBC -Dark urine -Jaundice -Death Critical to avoid extra Cu in ration -mineral source, some feeds -pig and poultry manure -ration
Parasites of sheep and goats
Internal parasites -GI nematodes -Coccidiosis External parasites -mange -lice -flystrike
GI parasites
In abomasum and small intestine -Haemonchus contortus -suck blood and protein, anaemia, bottle jaw, death Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus -diarrhea -poor growth
External paratistes
Lice Mange Fly strike -fecal contamination -surgery -failure to tail dock
Chronic wasting disease of adults
- these are diseases which often present as weight loss, most often accompanied by poorer production
- most often only a few animals are noted to be affected, although disease may be affecting more
Peridontal Disease “Broken Mouth”
Usually affects adults 4+ Gingivitis Loss of teeth Weight loss in face of good nutrition and reasonable appetite Check teeth
Maedi Visna- adult sheep
Retrovirus infection
Chronic respiratory disease
Wasting
Hard udder (little milk)
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
Arthritis of many joints Hard udder Very common infection Early culling Lost milk production
Caseous Lymphadenitis
Cornyebacterium psuedotuberculosis Abscess -External and internal lymph nodes and internal organs Control -Cull affected animals -Biosecurity- abscess pen -Vaccinate
Paratuberculosis
Johnes disease Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Sheep strain/cattle strain (goat) Diarrhea is an unusual and terminal event Detect disease -necropsy of thin animals -fecal culture -slow and expensive -serology- poor detection of positives
Control of Paratuberculosis
environmental hygiene
prevent transmission to offspring
cull affected animals
Scrapie- Federally re portable
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease for sheep and goats
2-7 years of age
Scratching, high stepping, down, wasting
Control of scrapie
not rare
not zoonotic
if case confirmed
-flock quarantined
-canadian food inspection agency remvoes all infected genetical susceptible animals
Brains are checked for evidence of prion damage
