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Animal Health > Final 8 > Flashcards

Final 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Sheep are used for?

A
  1. meat production
  2. dairy
  3. fibre/wool production
  4. Lifestyle flock
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2
Q

Sheep milk is mainly used for?

A

cheese production

-high in butter fat

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3
Q

Goats are used for?

A
  1. dairy
  2. pets
  3. meat
  4. Fibre(mohair, cashmere) production
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4
Q

Meat sheep/ goat production

A

Breeding at 7 months of age (during fall)
-females joined with males, breeding exposure 30-42 days
Winter
-females gestate 150 days
Females give birth in the spring
-if bred in novemeber will give birth in march-april
Lambs/kids are weaned at 60 days of age
-some may wean up to 4 months
Lambs/kids marketed at weights from 50lb to 100lb
Replacement females bred at 7 months of age

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5
Q

Lifecycle of a diary goat

A

Does are exposed to the buck- natural breeding. Breeding exposure 30 to 42 days
Usually ~7 months into lactation
Does gestate 150d
Does freshen in spring
Kids removed at birth
Doeling reared on milk replacer for 2 months(buck kids often sold at few day of age)

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6
Q

Seasonality in Ewes and Does

A

-days shorten in fall and lengthen after chirstmas
-sheep and goat- short day breeders
June- detect shorter days, melatonin signals ovaries to cycle
May-June worst time to get pregnant
August transition season
September-December ovulating

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7
Q

Induction/sychronization of estrus

A

tight lambing/kidding period
iduction allows for out season lambing/kidding
CIDR progesterone-used for lambs/cows
Marketed year round

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8
Q

CIDR program

A

Don’t know where sheep/goats in cycle
Natural source of progesterone
Leave in long enough so ovaries not in normal cycle anymore
Remove no longer than 24 hours after implanting
Need more rams now, since all ewes cycle at the same time

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9
Q

Breeding in the Anovulztory Season

A

Progesterone supplementation not sufficient

Stimulate follicle development and ovulation

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10
Q

Dairy goat breeding

A

Ram will have crayon on breeding harness that leaves mark on does once he tries to mount her
-gives idea of breeding activity and when doe will kid

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11
Q

AI for goats and sheep

A

during estrus easier to service for goats
sheep- hard to get through cervic
-using acroscopy- $$$ , into uterus

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12
Q

Induce estrus without hormones

A
  • manipulating light/ photoperiod
  • creates melatonin secretion, ovaries cycle
  • fool dairy goats when winter, its spring
  • rams more fertile at short day length
  • more so dairy goats not as common in sheep
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13
Q

Infectious abortion

A
  • abortion outbreaks common in sheep and goat

- Normally

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14
Q

Management of abortion

A
  • diagnosis is critical to management (placentas and fetuses to vet diagnostic lab)
  • Biosecurity and protection of farm workers important for infectious diseases
  • Control much more effective than treatment
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15
Q

Common causes of abortions

A
  • chlamydopilia abortus
  • toxoplasma gondii (most common cause in sheep)
  • coxiella burnetii Q fever (infection very common)(human disease)
  • Campylobacter (sheep only)
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16
Q

Iodine Deficiency Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroids, still born or aborted fetuses
Not enough iodine in diet of pregnant ewes/does
Great lakes region deficient
Supplement throughout gestation
-cobalt iodized salt block
-available easily to them

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17
Q

Risk losses of lamb/kid

A 
Hypothermia
Mismothering
Maternal underfeeding
Infectiouns
Injuries and Predation
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18
Q

Small Ruminant Dystocia

A

Most often malpresentation or position of fetus
Also of sheep
-failure of cervix to soften “ring womb”
-secondary to vaginal prolapse
Correction
-after 30 min with no progress in 2nd stage labour
-or evidence of malpresentation/position

19
Q

Taildocking lambs

A 
After colostrum, before out of claiming pen, bonded with dam best time to do so
Within week of age
Tetanus prophylaxis
Tetanus antitoxin at time of docking 
Hot iron- docker- least painful way
-most people use rings
-crush tail and cut it- burdizzo method
-if docked too short, destroys muscular around anus/nerves
20
Q

Castration- lambs and kids

A

Castrate if kept older than 6 months of age

Otherwise market intact

21
Q

Why do we castrate?

A
  • intact males gain faster but…
  • if reach sexual maturity fight and mount
  • meat is tainted
22
Q

Castrating less than 1 week

A

rings

cut and pull

23
Q

Older than 1 week

A

burdizzo up to 5 weeks

pain management

24
Q

Hypothermia- Hypoglycemia

A

Starvation from insufficient milk/ colostrum intake
Chilling from exposure to elements
Limited energy stores at birth(brown fat for quick energy-depletes in hours)
Body temperatures drop quickly
Depressed, comatose, dead

25
Q

Enterotoxaemia/ Pulpy kidney

A

3 weeks to 1 year of age
Clostridium perfringens type D
Bacterial spores in mature, soil- contaminate feed
Excess carbs in diet (secrete toxins in gut)
Sudden death

26
Q

Control for pulpy kidney

A 
Vaccination program to protect youngstock 
Feeding management(to reduce risk of undigested carbs in intestine)
27
Q

Vitamin E Selenium Deficiency

A

White muscle disease
Illthrift, weak immune system
Add Se and Vit E to ration
Or inject lambs/kids at birth

28
Q

Pneumonia

A 
Very common
Mannheimia haemolytica
Mycoplasma ovipneumonia
Viruses only play minor role
Risk factors
-environmental stresses predispose to development of disease
-stocking density
-air changes
-ammonia
-temperature fluctuations
-humidity
-transport
-mixing
29
Q

Coccidiosis

A 
Common in youngstock
Intestinal protozoal parasite
Destroys lining of intestine
Pasty stool to blood diarrhea 
Poor doing to sudden death
Control
-don't mix feces and feed
-coccidiocidal drugs approved in lambs
30
Q

Lameness causes

A

foot scald

Foot rot

31
Q

Control for footrot

A 
Footbathing
-10% solution of zinc sulfate foot baths
-soak for 20 minutes 2x week
Systemic antibiotics
Hold off infected pastures until clean
Cull non-responders
32
Q

Copper Toxicity

A 
Dietary copper needs in sheep are 1/4 of cattle
Goats same as cattle 
Store extra Cu in liver until too much and liver cells start to die
Sudden onset of toxicity
-damages RBC
-Dark urine
-Jaundice
-Death 
Critical to avoid extra Cu in ration
-mineral source, some feeds
-pig and poultry manure 
-ration
33
Q

Parasites of sheep and goats

A 
Internal parasites
-GI nematodes
-Coccidiosis 
External parasites
-mange
-lice
-flystrike
34
Q

GI parasites

A 
In abomasum and small intestine
-Haemonchus contortus
-suck blood and protein, anaemia, bottle jaw, death 
Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus
-diarrhea
-poor growth
35
Q

External paratistes

A 
Lice
Mange
Fly strike
-fecal contamination
-surgery
-failure to tail dock
36
Q

Chronic wasting disease of adults

A
  • these are diseases which often present as weight loss, most often accompanied by poorer production
  • most often only a few animals are noted to be affected, although disease may be affecting more
37
Q

Peridontal Disease “Broken Mouth”

A 
Usually affects adults 4+
Gingivitis 
Loss of teeth
Weight loss in face of good nutrition and reasonable appetite 
Check teeth
38
Q

Maedi Visna- adult sheep

A

Retrovirus infection
Chronic respiratory disease
Wasting
Hard udder (little milk)

39
Q

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

A 
Arthritis of many joints
Hard udder 
Very common infection
Early culling
Lost milk production
40
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis

A 
Cornyebacterium psuedotuberculosis
Abscess
-External and internal lymph nodes and internal organs
Control
-Cull affected animals
-Biosecurity- abscess pen
-Vaccinate
41
Q

Paratuberculosis

A 
Johnes disease
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Sheep strain/cattle strain (goat)
Diarrhea is an unusual and terminal event 
Detect disease 
-necropsy of thin animals
-fecal culture -slow and expensive
-serology- poor detection of positives
42
Q

Control of Paratuberculosis

A

environmental hygiene
prevent transmission to offspring
cull affected animals

43
Q

Scrapie- Federally re portable

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease for sheep and goats
2-7 years of age
Scratching, high stepping, down, wasting

44
Q

Control of scrapie

A

not rare
not zoonotic
if case confirmed
-flock quarantined
-canadian food inspection agency remvoes all infected genetical susceptible animals
Brains are checked for evidence of prion damage

Animal Health (22 decks)

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