Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

An antigen is?

A

a part of an organism or substance that is recognized by the immune system as non-self
-often cell-surface protein or sugar

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2
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • preformed antibody acquired from an outside source

- half-life of ~21 days

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3
Q

Non-specific Immunity (Anatomical Defences)

A
  • Skin/Hoof/Hair, mucous membranes
  • mucus
  • Cilia
  • Lacrimal secretions
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4
Q

Non-specific immunity(Humoral defences)

A
  • play a role in inflammation
  • complement system
  • cytokines
  • lysozyme
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5
Q

Lysozymes function? found in?

A

Found in tears

-breaks down the cell wall of bacteria

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6
Q

Cytokines are?

A

communication molecules

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7
Q

The three roles of the complement system include?

A

complement fixation
opsonisation
trigger inflammatory reaction

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8
Q

Complement fixation

A

binding to and destroying foreign cell membranes

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9
Q

Opsonisation

A

tagging of foreign cells for stimulation of phagocytosis

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10
Q

Non-specific Immunity(cellular defences)

A

phagocytes

  • lack memory
  • contribute to inflammatory response
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11
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • WBC
  • PMNSs
  • ingest and digest foreign particles by lysozyme digestion
  • very non-specific
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12
Q

Neutrophils attracted to sites of infection and inflammation by?

A

chemotaxis

-chemical signaling from cytokines and interleukins

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13
Q

Neutrophil activation

A

become sticky, marginate in circulation, squeeze through endothelial junctions(diapedesis) and migrate to the site of infection or tissue damage

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14
Q

Neutrophils are specifically important in?

A

mammary glands and uterus

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

largest WBC
5-8%
cytoplasm contains lysosomes
eventually leave circulation to become macrophages in tissue

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16
Q

Function of monocytes

A

non-specific removal of bacteria, fungi, necrotic debris and act as antigen presenting cells to T lymphocytes

17
Q

Humoral wing of the immune system

A

B cells

production of specific antibodies

18
Q

Cell mediated specific immune system

A
  • macrophages
  • tcells
  • cytokines
19
Q

B lymphocytes mature in the?

A

bone marrow

20
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the?

A

mature in thymus

21
Q

Antibody production by B lymphocytes

A
  • B cell divides repeatedly
  • forms a clone of antibody secreting plasma cells
  • after assault is over some become memory B cells
22
Q

Types of immunoglobulins(antibodies)

A
  • proteins produced by B cells(plasma cells)
  • antigent-antibody complexes stimulate additional production of antibody
  • IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE
23
Q

IgA

A

found on mucosal surfaces
-GI, respiratory, reproductive tracts
10-15% of total

24
Q

IgM

A

circulates mainly in blood, not tissue
generally produced most quickly in response to antigenic stimulation
-first to scene first to leave
5-10%

25
Q

IgG

A

most common(80%)
found equally in circulation and in tissue
has the longest half-life of all the antibody types
gives us titres

26
Q

IgE

A

associated with parasites and allergies

27
Q

Function of antibodies

A

released into the intercellular fluid where they bind to the infecting antigen and flag it for destruction by phagocytes and complement system
coating may prevent attachement or invasion of bacteria or virus
blind toxins secreted by pathogens

28
Q

What is needed to protect phagocytes from oxidative damage from radicals generated in digestion?

A
  • vitamins E and A
  • Selenium
  • copper
29
Q

Immunize

A

to stimulate/confer a protective immune response

30
Q

Modified live vaccine

A

lab-attenuated virus
produce a low-level true infection
replicates in host
activates both humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity

31
Q

killed virus vaccines

A

completely inactivated
all that’s residing in the outside surface of the virus
no replication
adjuvants added to increase immune response
only targets humoral adaptive immune system

32
Q

Advantages of Killed Virus

A

generally stimulate good humoral response
can be used in all stages of lactation
no risk of shedding
no risk of reversion to virulence
properly stored a partial bottle can be used

33
Q

Disadvantages to Killed virus vaccines

A

primer dose needs to be boostered in 2-4 weeks
ability to stimulate CMI?
antibodies alone are not protective for many diseases
antibodies produced against strains in the vaccine
more expensive
high levels of antibody for approx 4-6 months

34
Q

Advantages of modified live vaccines

A
stimulate cell mediated and humoral wings of the immune system 
single dose usually provides protection
less expensive per dose
more rapid immune response
longer lasting protection
35
Q

Disadvantages to Modified live vaccine

A

historically cannot be given to pregnant animals
can be inactivated by heat, sunlight, chemical residues in syringe
must be used within hours

36
Q

Onset of immunity is typically?

A

2-4 weeks after vaccination

37
Q

Compliance for vaccination success?

A

storage and transportation
mixing, usage, maintenance of sterility
correct route of administration
accurate records to vaccinate all animals at correct times
testing and vaccination of purchased animals