Lecture 4

Question 1

What drugs are used in animals?

Answer 1

Hormones
antimicrobials
anti-inflammatories
analesics
anthelminitcs 
vaccines
fluids/electrolytes

Question 2

Antimicrobial

Answer 2

natural
semi-synthetic
synthetic origin

Question 3

Antibiotic

Answer 3

natural origin

is an antimicrobial but an antimicrobial is not necessarily an antibiotic

Question 4

How are antimicrobials used in animals?

Answer 4

disease prevention
disease treatment
growth promotion

Question 5

Regulation of Veterinary drugs in Canada at the National level

Answer 5

veterinary drug directorate health canada

• responsible for licensing and labeling
• decide if its is vet prescribed or over the counter

Question 6

Regulation of Veterinary drugs in Canada at the provincial level

Answer 6

practice of veterinary medicine(regulate vet licenses)

regulation of over the counter drugs

Question 7

Rationale for classification of antimicrobial

Answer 7

spectrum of activity of antimicrobials
mode of actions
mechanism of resistance
availability of alternative antimicrobial therapy
potential for transfer or resistance

Question 8

Categories of drugs of human medicine importance

Answer 8

category 1 
-very high importance 
category 2
-high importance
category 3
medium importance
category 4
low importance
not used for humans at all

Question 9

Antimicrobial resistance

Answer 9

microbial hazard

• resistant bacteria/genes are isolated from the meat or milk of an animal
• dissemination of resistant bacteria/genes continues beyond residue withdrawl period

Question 10

Antimicrobial residue

Answer 10

chemical hazard

-antimicrobial drug or metabolite present in the meat or milk of an animal

Question 11

Why do we care about antimicrobial residue

Answer 11

• direct pharmacological effect on human
• consumer perception
• export/trade

Question 12

Avoidance of antimicrobial residue is done by?

Answer 12

record keeping
label directions or veterinary prescribed protocol
food animal residue avoidance databanks
quality assurance programs
livestock medicines programs
systematic and random testing of products

Question 13

Why do we care about antimicrobial resistance?

Answer 13

reduces our ability to effectively treat bacterial infections in humans and animals

• transmission through the food supply represents a food safety concern
• may have occupation health implications
• economic implications

Question 14

Human and animal health consequences of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 14

greater morbidity and mortality due to resistance to antimicrobials

• multi-drug resistance could lead to the inability to effectively treat certain disease
• incorrect empirical treatment- loss of time in critical cases
• alternative antimicrobials- more toxic, less effective or more expensive

Question 15

Prudent Use of Antimicrobials

Answer 15

• use of antimicrobials only when needed
• use of the right antimicrobial
• consider importance to human medicine
• use of a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial if possible
• use at the right dosage and the right dosing interval
• utilize management/production systems that limit the need for antimicrobials

Question 16

Campylobacter

Answer 16

• most common bacterial cause of GI disease
• estimated 145 000 domestically aquired cases
• most human caused by c. jejuni
• very rare in cuts of beef and pork

Question 17

Why resistance to ceftiofur matters

Answer 17

labelled for use in cattle and swine

• not labelled for use in chickens in Canada
• used extra label to control e.coli in broilers
• resistance to ceftiofur=resistance to ceftriaxone

Question 18

Ceftriaxone is a drug used for?

Answer 18

Salmonellosis in pregnant women and children

• community and health-care acquired pneumonia
• bacterial meningitis
• potentially septic febrile infants
• STDs