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Bloc I - Reproduction > Sept11 M2-Histo_Pituitary_Gland_Mammary_Gland > Flashcards

Sept11 M2-Histo_Pituitary_Gland_Mammary_Gland Flashcards

1
Q

glands in embryo

A
  • form from endoderm and ectoderm
  • lining of columnar epithelial cells undergoes induction from adjacent tissues or neural cells (tube)
  • eptih proliferates and invaginates
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2
Q

glands in embryo: 2 things that can happen after epith invagination

A
  1. secretory portion at end (base) stays connected to duct and surface lumen
  2. duct deteriorates, cells die. mass of secretory cells is now separate
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3
Q

glands in embryo: 2 things that can happen to separated mass of secretory cells

A
  1. cells organize into cords (like in pituitary) assoc with fenestrated caps system with fenestrated endoth cells
  2. endocrine cells organize into follicules (like in thyroid) surrounded by fenestr capillaries
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4
Q

development of exocrine glands (mammary, salivary, pancreas)

A
  • ducts form and split into smaller acini with end glands
  • formation of several lobes in mammary gland, subdivided into lobules by CT
  • duct system is intralobular (in lobules) or interlobular (out of lobules, between them)
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5
Q

cords of anterior pit

A
  • cells assoc with capillaries called sinusoids (large caps)

- cords ass with caps, embedded in CT

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6
Q

follicle def (like thyroid)

A

circle of cells with follicular secretion in middle (like colloid with TH)

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7
Q

pit gland embryo dev

A
  • invagination of ectoderm at base of mouth (for ant pit)
  • floor of diencephalon also produces an invagination (for post pit)
  • both come together to form the pit
  • duct system from mouth detaches from invagination of ectoderm to leave the ant pit alone attached to post pit
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8
Q

parts of pit

A
  • pars nervosa (post pit)
  • pars distalis (ant end of ant pit)
  • pars tuberalis (ant pit part in middle, on top of both ant pit and post pit, surrounds the infundibulum)
  • pars intermedia (ant pit part close to post pit. = most post part of ant pit)
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9
Q

pit dev relation to bone

A
  • bone forms mesenchymal tissue around

- bone depression (sera pulsica) where ant pit and post pit go)

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10
Q

pars intermedia is a remnant of what embryo structure

A

Rathke’s pouch

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11
Q

ant pit vs post pit on histo

A

ant pit is darker

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12
Q

what do you see in pars intermedia

A

cysts

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13
Q

zone of attachment of post pit (neurohypophysis) to hypoth

A

median eminence

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14
Q

nuclei of hypoth going into median eminence to post pit

A
  • supraoptic nuclei
  • paraventricular nuclei
  • send long axons penetrating the infundibulum, the median eminence and then PN*
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15
Q

2 arteries supplying pituitary

A
  • superior pit artery

- inferior pit artery

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16
Q

what sup pit artery does

A
  1. supplies infundibulum (pituitary stalk = connection between ant pit and post pit) and PT a bit
  2. makes a rich cap network called primary capillary plexus (found in the MEDIAN EMINENCE)
  3. portal veins connect primary cap plexus to a secondary cap plexus that is in the ant pit
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17
Q

supraoptic and PV nuclei of hypoth (to post pit) are in what part of hypoth

A

posterior part. are dorsal nuclei

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18
Q

ventral nuclei of hypoth are what nuclei + do what

A
  • are the ventral medial nuclei, the infundibulary nuclei and the dorsal medial nuclei**
  • send long axons to the infundibulum and pars tuberalis for the ant pit
  • produce neurosecretory hormones regulating ant pit
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19
Q

main categories of cells in ant pit

A
  • chromophils (stain) and chromophobes (don’t stain) (resting, degranulated cells)
  • folliculostellate cells
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20
Q

chromophils subtypes

A
  • acidophils (stain with eosin)

- basophils (bind hematoxylin)

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21
Q

2 kinds of acidophils (can’t distinguish on EM)

A
  • somatotrophs

- mammotrophs (lactotrophs)

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22
Q

somatotrophs fct

A
  • make somatotropin (GH)
  • GH goes to liver to make it produce somatomedins (insulin like growth factors 1 and 2)
  • IGF1 and IGF2 go to epiphyseal plate of bone to promote elongation by chondrocytes
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23
Q

what hypoth releasing hormones from ventral nuclei controls somatotrophs

A
  • somatotropin releasing hormone (SRH) (or GHRH). stimulates GH release
  • somatostatin (inhibits GH release so called GH inhibiting hormone or GHIH)
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24
Q

mammotrophs (lactotrophs) do what

A

produce prolactin

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25
Q

what hypoth hormones from ventral nuclei control lactotrophs (mammotrophs)

A
  • PRH (prolactin releasing hormone). stimulates its release

- dopamine (or prolactin inhibiting factor = PIF). inhibits its release

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26
Q

what hormone from elsewhere in the body stimulates prolactin release by mammotrophs

A

oxytocin

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27
Q

3 categories of basophils

A
  • corticotrophs
  • tyrotrophs
  • gonadotrophs
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28
Q

corticotrophs fct

A
  • secrete ACTH
  • secrete LPH (lipotropic hormone)
  • secrete POMC
29
Q

what ventral hypoth hormone stims corticotrophs to release ACTH

A

-CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

30
Q

thyrotrophs fct

A

make TSH (thyroid stimulating H) (thyrotropin)

31
Q

what ventral hypoth hormone stims thyrotrophs to release TSH

A

TRH (thyrotropin releasing H)

32
Q

gonadotrophs fct

A
  • make LH (stims formation of CL in female. stims Leydig cells to make testo in male)
  • make FSH
33
Q

what ventral hypoth hormones control gonadotropin release by gonadotrophs

A
  • GnRH (for FSH and LH)

- LHRH (for LH)

34
Q

where GnRH and LHRH are produced specifically

A

in ventral hypoth nuclei at level of infundibulum

35
Q

folliculostellate cells fct

A

-nonsecretory, support secretory cells, support the cords

36
Q

what are the cysts in the pars intermedia

A

colloid surrounded by cuboidal cells

37
Q

significance of cuboidal cells of PI cysts in animals

A

produce POMC which forms MSH which stimulates melanocytes

in humans, saw that POMC comes from corticotrophs

38
Q

POMC fct in humans vs animals

A
  • animals = stim melanocytes

- humans = not this. have another fct

39
Q

pars nervosa histo

A
  • mostly axons from PV and supraoptic nuclei

- end in small dilations called Herring body which contain vasopressin and oxytocin

40
Q

AVP fct

A
  • water retention

- conc of urine

41
Q

oxytocin fct

A
  • stim contraction of SM of uterus

- contract myoepithelial cells of mammary glands during lactation

42
Q

nuclei found in PN are what

A
  • nuclei of capillaries of the primary plexus (that was over the median eminence)
  • nuclei of pituicytes
43
Q

pituicytes def

A

cells in PN (post pit) that are supportive cells

44
Q

pituitary adenoma def

A

benign tumor of pituitary producing excess nbr of acidophils or basophils

45
Q

pituitary adenoma of somatotrophs consequence in children (open growth plate)

A

gigantism. too much GH made = growth of cartilage in length

46
Q

pituitary adenoma of somatotrophs consequence in adults (closed growth plate)

A

acromegaly because of growth of periosteal bone

47
Q

separations in mammary gland (exocrine)

A
  • lobes and lobules
  • main duct
  • interlobular duct
  • intralobular duct
  • secretory portion
48
Q

how many glands in the breast

A

15-20. and each gland is a lobe so 15-20 lobes

49
Q

name of main duct + histo in whole portion except near nipple

A

lactiferous duct

-2 layers of cuboidal stratified epith, remnant of sweat glands

50
Q

main duct histo near nipple

A

squamous stratified epith

51
Q

cells producing milk in the secretory portion

A

alveolar cells

52
Q

milk components

A

proteins, lipids, lactose (all made by alveolar cells)

53
Q

2 mechanisms of milk secretion

A
  • merocrine

- apocrine

54
Q

2 states of mammary glands

A
  • resting (nonsecreting)

- lactating (active)

55
Q

does the male mammary gland has the same histo as female resting mammary gland

A

no because at puberty, excess E and P in female make mammary glands develop

56
Q

structure of resting mammary gland

A
  • lactiferous duct (double cuboidal epith on BM)
  • smaller ducts (double cuboidal epith) (interlobular even though no lobules)
  • no lobules
57
Q

structure of lactating gland

A
  • now have lobules
  • interlobar CT
  • lactiferous and interlobular duct same as resting but the interlobular duct now has a simple cuboidal epith at its end
  • intralobular ducts (simple cuboidal epith)
  • alveoli (circular, 1 layer of cuboidal cells) (secretory portion: always caps nearby)
58
Q

inter vs intralobular duct

A
  • interlobular surrounded by lot of CT

- intralobular not lot of CT around

59
Q

how mammary glands dev during pregnancy

A
  • T1: ducts elongate and form buds at their ends
  • T2: buds grow and multiple and form primitive acini
  • T3: alveoli produce a lumen with lymphoid cells and lipid droplets initially called colostrum and eventually replaced by milk
60
Q

mammary alveolar cells charact on EM

A
  • polarized. basal and apical (lumen) plasma membrane
  • secretory
  • attached to BM
  • Golgi packing material from ER and making secretory vesicles containing casein (a protein), lactoalbumin (albumin+sugar) and lactose (sugar)
61
Q

how lipid droplets are formed in alveolar cells by merocrine secretion

A
  • the membrane forms lipid droplets
  • the droplets coalesce and form larger lipid droplets
  • large droplets eventually push the plasma membrane and detach with a small area of cytoplasm surrounding them
62
Q

meaning of word merocrine

A

doesn’t modify the structure of the secretory cell

63
Q

apocrine secretion def

A

substantial loss of cytoplasm when lipid micelle (droplet) is secreted in the lumen

64
Q

contents of merocrine secretion

A

lactose, casein, albumin

65
Q

contents of apocrine secretion

A

lipids

66
Q

other fct of mammary alveolar cells

A
  • take Igs from capillary system using Rs
  • internalize the basal membrane with Ig-R
  • vesicles transcytose from basal membrane to apical membrane and release Ig in the milk
  • Igs as passive defense mechanism for the baby*
67
Q

one of most common form of cancer in mammary glands

A 
ductal CA (from ductal cells)
-can enter in cap system and metastasize via lymphatics to lung and brain
68
Q

acute mastitis def

A

infection (or infection + occlusion) of the ducts in the lactating or involuting (regressing) the mammary glands

Bloc I - Reproduction (57 decks)

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