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Bloc I - Reproduction > Aug29 M3-Pituitary_Repro > Flashcards

Aug29 M3-Pituitary_Repro Flashcards

1
Q

(EXAM) HP axis of the diff hormones from the anterior pituitary (all controlled by post H nuclei)

A
  1. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (H) leads to TSH release by pit
  2. CRH (corticotropin RH) of H leads to ACTH and MSH release by pit
  3. GnRH of H leads to LH and FSH release by ant pit
  4. GHRH from H and ghrelin (stomach) lead to GH release. somatostatin (from everywhere in body but mostly from H) inhibits release of GH from ant pit
  5. dopamine BLOCKS release of prolactin by ant pit. PRH stims it (oxytocin in blood also, coming from post pit and breast)
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2
Q

embryo origin of the anterior pituitary

A

outgrowth of the pharynx. later glued itself to the pituitary. neurous of post hypothalamus attached vessels there

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3
Q

(IMP) H and P anterior vs posterior relation

A
  • anterior nuclei of the H control post pit

- post nuclei of the H control ant pit

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4
Q

(EXAM) hormones of the posterior pituitary

A
  • AVP (arginine vasopressin) (controls water balance and BP)

- oxytocin (suckling and birth)

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5
Q

(EXAM) why posterior pituitary hormones not really in HP axis

A
  • neurons of ant H travel to post pit and release oxytocin and AVP there.
  • no portal venous system with releasing hormones
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6
Q

(imp) oxytocin functions

A
  • stimulates delivery (uterine contractions) by shutting down vessels to the uterus
  • contracts ducts in the breasts to allow milk to go down
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7
Q

(EXAM) HP axis + other glycoprotein hormones

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • TSH
  • HCG (remember is LH like)
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8
Q

(EXAM) LH, FSH, TSH and HCG similarities + diff

A
  • same alpha chain + all heavily glycosylated

- diff beta chains

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9
Q

(EXAM) 4 factors regulating when the HP gonads axis is active in humans and most important one

A 
age
nutrition
light
social factors (stress)
*MOST IMP IS NUTRITION*
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10
Q

(EXAM) hormones and ntrs related to age and affecting HP gonad axis

A
  • right age for reprod + HPG axis working = kisspeptin activating it
  • wrong age for reprod + HPG axis not working = MKRN3 inhibiting it
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11
Q

(EXAM) hormones and ntrs related to nutrition and affecting HP gonad axis

A
  1. proper nutrition for long term HPG axis working = leptin activating it
  2. proper nutrition for short-term HPG axis working = insulin activating it
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12
Q

(EXAM) hormones and ntrs related to light and affecting HP gonad axis

A

melatonin and pineal input (from the pineal gland)

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13
Q

pulsatile hormones in the pituitary

A
  • FSH and LH (pulsatile GnRH) (even though FSH more constant in men because long half life)
  • GH (GHRH)
  • ACTH (CRH)
  • prolactin (dopamine)
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14
Q

pulsatile hormones affecting the release of sex steroids ultimately

A

sex steroids integrate the cycles of

  • leptin
  • insulin
  • kisspeptin
  • etc
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15
Q

most common cause of amenorrhea in the developing world

A

underweight

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16
Q

most common cause of amenorrhea in the developed world (us)

A

overweight

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17
Q

(imp) most common cause of amenorrhea worldwide, overall

A

underweight

18
Q

factors influencing HP function in general (so not only related to HPG axis)

A
  • age (kisspeptin and MKRN3)
  • fat mass (leptin)
  • food supply (insulin)
  • stress
19
Q

pulses of GnRH and FSH, LH in follicular vs luteal phase

A

slower in luteal

20
Q

kisspeptin charact and fct

A
  • gene Kiss 1, many H nuclei
  • is regulated epigenetically. is acetylated
  • causes neuronal depolarization
  • creates the GnRH pulse
21
Q

estrogen effect on brain during feedback on hypothalamus

A

acts on two diff nuclei to affect kisspeptin cycle in 2 diff ways leading to

  • suppression of FSH
  • stimulation of LH (leading to ovulation)
22
Q

why does underweight cause infertility in women

A
  • in women, fat is essential for reproduction

- insulin is needed for GnRH secretion (no GnRH secretion = no LH and FSH secretion)

23
Q

tx of infertility due to underweight

A

gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

24
Q

problem assoc with abnormal MKRN3

A

precocious puberty

25
Q

hormones signaling the fat mass of the body to the H and P

A

leptin and estrone

26
Q

hormones that inhibits FSH

A
  • inhibin

- estrogen

27
Q

how lactation induces contraception

A

causes infertility by causing an increase in prolactin (high prolactin) which prevents pulsatility

28
Q

what mediates the LH surge

A

kisspeptin. estrogen stimulates the kisspeptin neurons of the H to activate and release GnRH in an increased frequency

29
Q

consequences of prolactin excess (due to lactation for ex)

A

-amenorrhea
-hypogonadism
(via suppression of GnRH pulses)
so prolactin controlled by dopamine but ends up affecting GnRH

30
Q

estradiol and estrone effects

A

help feminize the body pre and post puberty

31
Q

GH and gonadotropins link during puberty

A

mutually increased, so their resulting tissue hormones IGF1 and sex steroids rise together

32
Q

(EXAM) testo effect in the body other than making its functions

A
  • inhibits LH by slowing the GnRH pulse

- becomes estrogen by aromatisation

33
Q

(EXAM) progesterone effect in the body other than its fcts

A

inhibits LH by slowing the GnRH pulse

34
Q

why women get more autoimmune disease than men

A

have less testo and testo inhibits B and T cells activity so their immune cells are more active

35
Q

3 possible mechanisms of gonadal underactivity

A
  1. hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HP failure)
  2. hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (gonadal failure)
  3. end organ resistance to gonadal steroids (sex steroids made but target organs resist to them)
    * MOST COMMON CAUSE OF GONADAL UNDERACTIVITY IS NO PULSE (prolactin excess, low weight)*
36
Q

(imp) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism lab signs

A
  • low sex steroids

- low LH and FSH

37
Q

causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A
  • congenital
  • hypothalamic (low weight, prolactin excess: slow GnRH pulses)
  • pituitary damage
38
Q

(IMP) gonadal failure lab signs

A

HIGH gonadotropin and LOW steroids

39
Q

causes of gonadal failure

A
  • chromosomal (Turner)
  • menopause
  • autoimmune
  • surgical, chemo
40
Q

(imp?) reproductive investigation checks for what

A
  • androgen level (testo, DHEA)
  • estrogen level (estradiol)
  • FSH, LH, prolactin level
  • fasting insulin level
  • screen for diabetes if overweight
  • scan pituitary if suspected lesion

Bloc I - Reproduction (57 decks)

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