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Bloc I - Reproduction > Aug29 M1-Female_Urogenital_System_Gonadal_and_Duct_Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Aug29 M1-Female_Urogenital_System_Gonadal_and_Duct_Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

most imp structure for dev in female pelvis

A

PMD

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2
Q

consequence of SRY and Sox-9 prod by the testis (after PGCs went from allantois to the bipotential gonad and then testis formed with Sertoli cells)

A
  • testes become an endocrine organ
  • produce testo
  • produce AMH
  • affects ducts + external genitalia*
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3
Q

(IMPORTANT) how embryo testis differs from puberty, adult testis

A

produces testo without pituitary hormones influence

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4
Q

fct of AMH from Sertoli cells

A

regression of PMD (Sertoli cells also make SRY which allows testis formation and make Sox-9 also)

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5
Q

fct of testo of Leydig cells

A

-form mesonephric duct which will form the male system (vas deferens, etc.)

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6
Q

5 alpha reductase is present where in the embryo

A

only in external genitalia. converts testo from blood into DHT (4x more potent). get male external genitalia

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7
Q

(IMPORTANT) what happens if embryo has no testo and no AMH

A
  • MD regresses
  • PMD persists and gets a female type (uterus)
  • external genitalia stays in bipotential state
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8
Q

what happens if Sertoli cells don’t make SRY

A

you form ovaries rather than testes

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9
Q

architecture of testes in embryo

A
  • seminiferous cords with PGCs
  • separated by coelomic epith by tunica alb.
  • within the cord mesenchyme, Leydig cells form
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10
Q

PGCs fct in female

A
  • PGCs reach the primary sex cords with the coelomic epith cells
  • PGCs proliferate to make 7M cells, stop meiosis at prophase 1
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11
Q

coelomic epith fct in the female gonad

A

forms sex cord (rete ovary) with granular and theca follicular cells

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12
Q

Leydig cells do what other than making testo

A

develop LH-CG Rs

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13
Q

first time that LH-CG Rs of Leydig cells are used

A
  • trophoblast of placenta at implantation produces HCG

- HCG similar to LH. binds LH-CG R of Leydig cells to make them produce testo (HCG also maintains the pregnancy)

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14
Q

(imp) important cellular association in the embryonic ovaries

A

in the outer cortical region, PGCs are surrounded by follicular cells and proliferate there

  • stop at prophase 1
  • 7M cells produced (primary oocytes arrested in prophase 1)
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15
Q

what happens to the rete ovary in the female gonad

A

becomes a remnant

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16
Q

ovaries position in embryo

A

high up at L1. and the ovarian a supplies it

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17
Q

(IMPORTANT) name of the functional unit of the follicular cells associated to a primary oocyte in the embryo

A

primary follicle

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18
Q

analog of follicular cells and primary oocyte assoc in the male

A

PGS assoc with Sertoli cells

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19
Q

(important) how the PMD is formed and maintained

A

EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL INTERACTION

  • induced by the mesonephric duct. this mesenchyme produces hox genes which control that.
  • the coelomic epithelium invaginates to produce the PMD. the coelomic epith expresses Lim-1, a TF
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20
Q

why is the PMD not made in the male (why does it regress)

A
  • Sertoli cells make AMH (which is in the TGF, transforming growth factor, family)
  • AMH interacts with Rs on the coelomic epith (which surrounds the mesonephric duct = mesenchyme)
  • because of this mesenchyme (PMD) - epithelium (coelomic) interaction, the PMD regresses
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21
Q

why PMD maintained in the female

A
  • Rs for AMH are still there in the mesenchyme
  • no AMH
  • epithelial-mesenchyme interaction (is not EM transition, that’s a diff thing) to maintain PMD
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22
Q

Hox genes fct in the female

A
  • are TFs

- are important for segmentation of the reprod system

23
Q

PMD goes where

A

all the way to the urogenital sinus

24
Q

origin of the Fallopain tube

A

PMD

25
Q

origin of the uterus

A

PMD

26
Q

origin the upper third of the vagina

A

PMD

27
Q

(imp) what happens in Lim1 double negative mutants

A

Fall tube, uterus, upper third of vagina all absent

28
Q

period of dev of PMD and consequence

A

weeks 10 to 17. so vulnerable for a long time

29
Q

what surrounds the PMD

A

mesenchyme with a segmental hox gene expression influencing the segmental division of the PMD

30
Q

(important) example of substance that can influence the female reprod system formation

A

DES (diethylstilbesterol. synthetic estrogen given in the 1900s)
reason is hox genes are influenced by estrogen

31
Q

hox genes influence in vertebral column dev

A

retinoic acid

32
Q

hox genes influence in repro system dev

A

estrogens (for uteus and fallopian tubes)

33
Q

what hox genes help form what female repro system structures

A
  • hox9 = fall tubes
  • hox10 = body of uterus
  • hox11 = cervix
  • hox13 = upper portion of the vagina
34
Q

what step is necessary for the formation of the body of the uterus

A

fusion of the two PMDs (coming from both sides forming each one fallopian tube)
long period of fusion so vulnerable

35
Q

(IMPORTANT) bicornuate uterus def

A

improper fusion of PMD

36
Q

(IMPORTANT) unicornuate uterus def

A

one PMD formed and other one regressed

37
Q

what happens if DES (synthetic estrogen) is introduced during the period of uterus formation

A

get an abnormal shape uterus, T shaped and smaller

38
Q

how does estrogen regulate hox genes of uterus formation

A
  • Hox10 gene for uterus body formation has 2 regulatory elements: estrogen response element 1 and 2.
  • mediate estrogen responsive transcription
39
Q

other problem related to DES use than abnormal uterus

A

children of mothers exposed to DES have adenoCA of the vagina

40
Q

when is hox10 produced in life

A
  • in embryogenesis

- in postnatal life during every menstrual cycle, it rises between day 14 and day 26 and goes back down after that

41
Q

why is hox10 gene present expressed in menstrual cycle after ovulation

A

because it is important for normal implantation

42
Q

hox genes are related to what disease

A

endometriosis (bc are important in endometrial development)

43
Q

relations of the PMD in the embryo

A
  • vertically oriented at L1,L2 then displaced horizontally during vertical growth of the pelvis
  • rectum posterior
  • attached to gonads (ovaries) by mesentery
  • the MD is nearby, connected to the UGS
  • ovarian artery enters the sex cords through the mesentery
  • gubernaculum goes all the way to the labio-scrotal fold. passes BEHIND the PMD. and behind L5 fold.
44
Q

where will the PMDs fuse (landmark)

A

at the point where the gubernaculums pass behind them

45
Q

when does the meso duct regress

A

as the PMDs are fusing

46
Q

name of the mesentery where the ovarian a runs

A

infundibular-pelvic ligament (or cranial suspensory ligament of the ovary). also contains ovarian v and lymphatics

47
Q

the gubernaculum leads to what two structures

A
  1. ligament of the ovary (ovarian ligament)

2. round ligament of the uterus

48
Q

location of the degenerating mesonephros and mesonephric tubules in the female

A

within the mesovarium (mesentery of the ovary between ovary and fallopian tube)

49
Q

anomaly assoc to incomplete degeneration of mesonephros and meso tubules

A

cysts can form because of that, in the ovarian ligament and the mesovarium

50
Q

ovary in the ovarian (inguinal) canal explanation

A
  • very rare anomaly
  • associate to the presence of defective portions of the PMD (as in a unicornuate uterus)
  • the gubernaculum pulls the ovary all the way in the inguinal canal with it
  • can do that bc ovary not attached to fallopian tube and uterine body (bc parts are missing)
51
Q

name of the mesentery attaching to the fallopian tube (for Dr Daniels)

A

mesovarium

52
Q

anomalies assoc with incomplete degen of the mesonephric duct in the female

A

a lot of cysts can form on the side of the ovaries, beside the UGS, inside the uterus.
Gartner cysts**

53
Q

where would you find cysts from incomplete degeneration of PMD in the male

A

in the testis

54
Q

name of the two possible remnants of the PMD from its incomplete degeneration in the male

A
  • appendix epididymis
  • appendix testis
  • found in the testis close the apex = top*

Bloc I - Reproduction (57 decks)

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