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Bloc I - Reproduction > Aug27 M2-Male Urogenital System Gonad and Duct embryogenesis > Flashcards

Aug27 M2-Male Urogenital System Gonad and Duct embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

early bipotential embryo def

A

5-6 first weeks where sex determined (XY or XX) but no structural diff

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2
Q

pelvic steps in the cranio-caudal embryonic dev

A
  • urinary system forms (pro, meso and meta nephros). mesonephros is the kidney. metanephros comes later
  • cloaca (pelvic viscera precursor) splits to get hindgut (anorectal region) and urogenital sinus
  • pelvis develops later
  • note: for these to be normal, neural tube dev, lateral folding and gut dev must be normal*
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3
Q

2 regions formed from splitting the cloaca

A
  • bladder region (urogenital sinus)
  • anorectal region (anal canal) (endodermal hindgut)
  • NOTE: cloaca is endoderm*
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4
Q

cloaca separates what other thing

A

external bipotential genitalia (so have early bipotential embryo + bipotential external genitalia)

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5
Q

what splits the cloaca

A

mesenchyme called urorectal septum

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6
Q

extension of the cloaca

A

allantois in the umbilical cord

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7
Q

cloacal membrane def

A

membrane surrounding the urogenital sinus (UROGENITAL MEMBRANE) and the anorectal region (ANAL MEMBRANE) (contains them)

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8
Q

cloacal membrane is made of what

A

bilevel structure

  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
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9
Q

gut development completion behind the cloaca requires what

A

recanalization of the thickened endodermal tube by apoptosis all way down to cloaca

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10
Q

consequence of urorectal septum not splitting right

A

can have communications between the 3 systems (urinary, genital, anal)

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11
Q

how cloaca relates to the kidneys

A

the mesonephric duct (from the mesonephros = the functional kidneys in the embryo) goes down into the cloaca

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12
Q

name of the region where the kidney will form (from mesonephros to kidney)

A

ureteric bud
-the ureteric bud and the mesonephric duct will enter the mesonephric sinus (part of posterior urogenital sinus probably?)

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13
Q

allantois fct

A
  • in gastrulation, primordial germ cells migrate and stay in the allantois. (spermatogonia for example)
  • at 6 weeks, migrate into the gonads
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14
Q

what is the genital tubercle

A

specialized sensitive mesenchyme arising from the UROGENITAL MEMBRANE and that is in the region of the mons pubis.

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15
Q

what is the urogenital fold and the labiosacral fold

A

swellings and thickenings of the inner side of the cloacal membrane to form the primitive external genitalia (urogenital fold more medial, labioscrotal more lateral)

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16
Q

3 components of the primitive bipotential external genitalia

A
  • genital tubercle
  • labioscrotal fold
  • urogenital fold
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17
Q

name of the precursor region of the gonads in the embryo

A

urogenital ridge

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18
Q

what’s the gubernaculum

A

a part of the urogenital ridge what ends in the labioscrotal fold to form either the scrotum or the labium majora

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19
Q

shape of the urorectal septum splitting the cloaca

A

like a coronal plate coming down in middle of pelvis

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20
Q

what controls the splitting of the cloaca by the urorectal septum

A

expression of sonic hedgehog by the gut**

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21
Q

consequence of SHH defect in the pelvis

A

abnormal deviation and growth of the urogenital septum

-FISTULAS can form between urogenital sinus

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22
Q

what attaches to the posterior urogenital sinus

A
  • mesonephric duct

- ureter

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23
Q

what forms the perineal body

A

the urorectal septum

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24
Q

mesonephric duct goes to what organ

A

enters the bladder

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25
Q

possible anorectal anomalies at birth

A
  • fistula between the vagina and anal canal (F) or bladder/urethra in and anal canal (M) bc of deviation of urorectal septum to right or left so it failed to close
  • anal canal atresia bc of PERSISTENCE OF THE ANAL MEMBRANE (when it should have died) bc failure of recanalization of the gut by apoptosis
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26
Q

anal membrane cellular components and why it makes sense

A

ectoderm and endoderm bc the anal canal is endoderm on the inside and ectoderm on the outside

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27
Q

charact of the hindgut endoderm in the anal canal

A
  • simple columnar epith
  • ANS inn. (insensitive)
  • sup rectal a. from inf mesenteric.
  • valveless inferior mesenteric vein to portal system
  • inf mesenteric lymph nodes
28
Q

significance of the portal veins being valveless (for hindgut ectoderm of anal canal)

A

increased portal P = get internal hemorrhoids

29
Q

anal membrane significance in the adult

A

the anal membrane used to be at the site of the pectinate line (div between anal canal hindgut endoderm and anal canal ectoderm)

30
Q

charact of the ectoderm in the anal canal

A
  • stratified squamous epith
  • inferior rectal nerve from pudendal nerve (sensitive)
  • pudendal a and v (from inf rectal a and v) to internal iliac to IVC
  • superior inguinal nodes
31
Q

name of the region of the urogenital ridge where the gonads will form

A

gonadal primordial site of the UGR

32
Q

what forms after the gonads form first in the UGR

A

the mesonephric duct (from mesonephros = functional kidney of embryo) and the paramesonephric duct (Muellerian duct)

33
Q

what pelvic structures are common to everyone in the embryo

A
  • mesonephric duct
  • paramesonephric duct (Muellerian duct)
  • bipotential gonads
  • bipotential external genitalia
34
Q

allantois was created by urogenital sinus. why does it connect to the urogenital ridge

A

for primordial germ cells to migrate in the urogenital system and to the gonads

35
Q

level where gonads develop + what is also there

A

L1, L2

-dorsal mesenteries to the gut are also there

36
Q

lining of the abdominal cavity in the embryo

A

primitive multipotential coelomic epithelium (will form many structures) will go around behind the whole UGR and form the dorsal mesentery

37
Q

mesonephros state before the kidneys form and while they’re forming

A

the mesonephros is functional and produces urine

38
Q

what’s the gonadal ridge

A

a big fold for the gonads formed by the coelomic epithelium (it its lining) where imp structures for M and F gonads will form

39
Q

steps of migration of PGCs (how they reach gonads)

A
  1. allantois
  2. bladder
  3. gut
  4. gonads
40
Q

neural tube steps formation related to pelvis

A
  • neural tube forms
  • NCCs migrate and are pluripotent
  • NCCs migrate down the urogenital ridge (high in the ridge, L1, L2)
  • NCCs form the renal medulla (ANS) at the bulge
41
Q

what forms the adrenal cortex

A

coelomic epithelial cells. migrate and act on NCCs to form the adrenal gland

42
Q

how the paramesonephric duct (Muellerian duct) is formed

A

the mesonephric duct induces the coelomic epithelium to form the PMD (Muellerian duct) which then goes all the way down to the cloaca

43
Q

what makes the mesonephros

A

renal corpuscule

44
Q

how urine gets to the cloaca from the mesonephros

A
  1. mesonephros
  2. mesonephric tubules
  3. mesonephric duct
  4. cloaca
45
Q

coelomic epith function in the gonad formation at 4-6 weeks

A

it migrates to form projections that will be the primary sex cords

46
Q

function of the gonadal ridge (made by coelomic epith)

A
  1. is induced by the mesonephric duct
  2. it involules, invaginates and closes all the way down on the side of the PMD (Muellerian duct)
  3. its top forms the Fallopian tube
  4. its bottom forms the body of the uterus
47
Q

function of the primary sex cords in the gonads (were formed by a contribution of coelomic epith to the gonads)

A

form the rete testis or rete ovaries (rete network)

  • in the male, will remain as rete testis
  • in the female, will disappear and all that remains is a remnant of the rete ovaries in the ovary
48
Q

how does the coelomic epith maintain the PMD epithelium

A

coelomic epith produces a TF called Lim-1

49
Q

consequence of anomaly in Lim-1

A

abnormal uterus and fall tube formation

50
Q

embryonic correlate to ectopic endometriosis (why it occurs)

A

defect in the formation of the coelomic epith (Lim-1 defect) (which forms the PMD which forms the uterus). leads to abnormal formation of the endometrium

51
Q

which ducts persist and regress in M and F

A
  • M: mesonephric stays. PMD regresses

- F: PMD stays. mesonephric regresses

52
Q

anomalies related to regressing MD and PMD

A

cysts and others

53
Q

what’s near the gonad and its gonadal ridge

A
  • rete network (from primary sex cords which are from coelomic epith contribution in the gonads)
  • renal corpuscule leading to mesonephric tubules and mesonephric duct
  • PMD on side of MD formed by coelomic epith involuting
54
Q

where do the PGCs go in the gonad once they reach the gonad

A

in the primary sex cords which are/will form the rete testis

55
Q

precise cells that the sex cords in the male gonad will form

A

Sertoli cells, in close contact with the PGCs

56
Q

type of cells that are in the sex cords

A

mesenchyme

57
Q

other cells produced by the mesenchyme in the sex cords

A

Leydig cells

58
Q

function of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in the embryo

A

L: produce testo
S: produce AMH

59
Q

what happens after the rete testis and the medullary region (sex cords = all that’s inside the future tunica albugenia = future STs = S and L cells, PGS, etc.) of the gonads is formed

A

the renal corpuscule (which would cause fluid to go to the mesonephric duct) degenerates so the mesonephros is no longer important functionally

60
Q

what happens to the renal corpuscule, mesonephric tubules and duct: what structures will they lead to

A

no more ‘‘kidney function’’ so

  • renal corpuscule and mesonephric tubules form the ductuli efferentes
  • mesonephric duct becomes the EDD
  • all three together form the vas deferens
61
Q

new function of the mesonephric duct

A

carry spermatozoa

62
Q

what formed the Sertoli cells in the testis

A

coelomic epithelium

63
Q

first gene expressed by sertoli cells

A

SRY gene on the X chromosome

64
Q

2nd gene expressed by Sertoli cells

A

Sox9 gene.

65
Q

function and importance of the Sox9 gene

A
  • fct: maintain Sertoli cells

- MOST IMPORTANT GENE expressed by Sertoli cells

Bloc I - Reproduction (57 decks)

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