Sept. 9, 2019

Question 1

Which is considered an INJURY and why:

Broken arm or infected cut

Answer 1

Both. INJURIES can take on many forms, basically any damage done to a bodily Fx is considered an INJURY

Question 2

Give 4 factors that determine the extent of the INJURY

Answer 2

1. CELL type
2. l/o PERFUSION
3. Intensity
4. Duration

Question 3

Why would CELL type determine the extent of an INJURY?

Answer 3

Because different types of CELLS replicate easier than others. Some do not replicate at all

Question 4

Which CELL types replicate easily? Which do not replicate at all?

Answer 4

EPITHELIAL CELLS replicate easily and often, CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS do not replicate

Question 5

Why would l/o PERFUSION determine the extent of an INJURY?

Answer 5

Because if there is l/o PERFUSION, it becomes impossible for the body to transport defense CELLS and nutrients for repair

Question 6

Why would intensity determine the extent of an INJURY?

Answer 6

Because the initial severity of the INJURY inflicted will influence the overall extent of that INJURY

Question 7

Why would duration determine the extent of an INJURY

Answer 7

Because if the INJURY has been present in your body for an extended period of time, it may become increasingly more severe and require more time and effort for healing

Question 8

Explain HYPOXIA

Answer 8

A deficiency of O2 is the tissues, ATP requires O2

Question 9

What is HYPOXEMIA?

Answer 9

A def. of O2 in ARTERIAL B

Question 10

Why is HYPOXIA dangerous?

Answer 10

Dec. O2 = dec. ATP = impaired CELL Fx

Lack of O2 to CELLS can cause major problem, BRAIN CELLS may die w/in min, CARDIAC CELLS w/in hours, etc.

Question 11

How would an INJURY result in a Ca imbalance?

Answer 11

CELL damage will result in an influx of Ca into the CELL, and that combined w the Ca being released from the CELL’s ORGANELLES will result in a greatly inc.ed amount of Ca w/in the CELL

Question 12

What will inc.ed levels of Ca activate?

Answer 12

ENZYMES are activated and may result in damage to the CELL

e.g. PROTEASES or ATPASE

Question 13

What is a FREE RADICAL?

Answer 13

Unpredictable, highly reactive, toxic chemical fragments

Question 14

Why would it be bad to have inc.ed amounts of FREE RADICALS in the body?

Answer 14

Because when there is only a small number of FREE RADICALS in the body, they can easily be controlled or “dealt with”, but when the amount inc.es, they become difficult to control and possibly dangerous

Question 15

What is one negative thing that may occur d/t inc.ed FREE RADICALS?

Answer 15

May bind to NITROGENOUS BASES in a DNA strand and damage that DNA

Question 16

What is an example of a FREE RADICAL?

Answer 16

SUPEROXIDE, formed when O2 gain an excess electron

Question 17

What is ISCHEMIA?

Answer 17

l/o or blocked PERFUSION to TISSUE

Question 18

Give 3 reasons for CELLULAR ADAPTATION to occur

Answer 18

1) Unfavorable conditions (e.g. HYPOXIA)
2) Inc. demand (inc. workload)
3) Compensate for altered environment

Question 19

Define ATROPHY

Answer 19

Dec. in size, mass, number, and/or level of Fx in CELLS

Question 20

Can all CELLS dec. in number?

Answer 20

No, some CELLS cannot regenerate like others.

e.g CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

Question 21

Define HYPERPLASIA

Answer 21

Inc. in TISSUE mass, number of CELLS, and level of function

Question 22

T or F:

HYPERPLASIA is usually PATHOLOGIC

Answer 22

F

HYPERPLASIA is usually COMPENSATORY

Question 23

Define HYPERTROPHY

Answer 23

Inc. in CELL size and level of function

Question 24

Would an enlarged HEART be considered a good thing, or a bad thing?

Answer 24

A bad thing, this almost always indicates the onset of HEART failure. An exception is seen in extreme athletes, whose HEARTS are enlarged d/t their extremely athletic lifestyle