Oct. 2, 2019 Flashcards
Define HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Elevated levels of LIPIDS (fats) in the B
3 examples of LIPIDS
- CHOLESTEROL
- TRIGLYCERIDE
- PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Roughly what % of the population of HYPERLIPIDEMIA?
About 40%
Are LIPIDS soluble?
No, insoluble
How are LIPIDS transported through the B?
By CARRIER PROTEINS
What is an example of a CARRIER PROTEIN?
APOPROTEIN
LIPID + APOPROTEIN = ?
LIPOPROTEIN
What determines the types of LIPOPROTEIN?
The density
3 examples of LIPOPROTEINS
- VLDL
- LDL
- HDL
T or F:
LIPIDS are heavier the PROTEINS
F, other way around
Role of CHYLOMICRON?
Transports LIPIDS from GI tract into B
Which is worse for your health:
LDL or HDL
LDL
L = lousy
What does ATHEROS (a greek word) translate into?
Describing something soft or paste-like
SCLER = ?
Hardening
Define ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Deposit of “paste” (PLAQUE) in INTIMA of vessel (not in LUMEN)
What is an ATHEROMA?
A FIBROFATTY LESION in INTIMA of ARTERIES
T or F:
ATHEROMA is a BENIGN NEOPLASM
F, not a tumor despite the “OMA”
An ATHEROMA is a space-occupying-?
LESION
What are the 3 progressive lesions that develop during ATHERSCLEROSIS?
1) FATTY STREAK
2) FIBROUS ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUE
3) COMPLICATED LESION
What is a FATTY STREAK made up of?
MACROPHAGES, FOAM CELLS, SM CELLS
What is a FIBROUS ATHERMATOUS PLAQUE made up of?
MACROPHAGES, FOAM CELLS, SM CELLS, accumulation of LIPIDS, scar tissue, Ca2+
What is CALCIFICATION and why does it happen?
Build-up of Ca2+ as a result of CELL death
What happens with a COMPLICATED LESION?
Hemorrhaging/bleeding into PLAQUE
Explain the effect MACROPHAGES have on SM CELLS? Why?
MACROPHAGES release GF which stim SM CELLS to proliferate and move into the INTIMA
What are FOAM CELLS?
LIPOPROTEINS that have been engulfed by MACROPHAGES
What do FOAM CELLS release?
FREE RADICALS
What effect do FREE RADICALS have in the vessel?
Specific to ATHERO, not just the usual “disruption of DNA blah blah blah”
They kill CELLS, which releases Ca2+ and cause CALCIFICATION
The origin of ATHEROSCLEROSIS is..?
…insidious, subtle changes to ENDOTHELIUM
What does CRP indicate?
Serum marker for INFLM and elevated levels indicate ATHS
3 risk factors of ATHS
- HYPERLIPIDEMIA
- HTN
- Smoking
When do MNFTS appear?
Decades later
Provide a quick overview of the role of MACROPHAGES int the formation of PLAQUE, starting with the introduction of MONOCYTES in the ENDOTHELIUM
- MONOCYTES bind to ENDOTHELIUM
- Pass to INTIMA
- Transform into MACROPHAGE
- Engulf LIPIDS and release FREE RADICALS (oxidize LDL)
- Release GF which stim the growth and proliferation of SM CELLS, which enter the INTIMA
- ATHEROMA
Which is the #1 area for ATHS?
Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries
Which is the #2 area for ATHS?
Proximal coronary artery
Which is the #3 area for ATHS?
Thoracic aorta, femoral and popliteal arteries
Define HYPERTENSION
Persistently elevated BP
Is HTN common?
Yes, approx 22-25% of the population have HHTN
? x ? = BP
PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE, CARDIAC OUTPUT
What are the 4 major controls of BP?
1) BARORECEPTORS
2) RAAS
3) Volume reg
4) Vascular autoreg
SYSTOLE = ?
Pumping phase
DIASTOLE = ?
Filling phase
When is BP highest (referring to circadian rhythm)?
Highest in the morning
When is BP the lowest (referring to circadian rhythm)?
Between 2-5am
S/D for a normal BP?
120/80
S/D for a high normal BP?
S = 120-139, D = 80-89
S/D for STAGE 1 HTN (aka MILD HTN)?
S = 140-159, D = 90-99
S/D for STAGE 2 HTN (aka MODERATE HTN)?
S = 160-179, D = 100-109
S/D for STAGE 3 HTN (aka SEVERE HTN)?
S = greater than 180, D = greater than 110
