Oct. 2, 2019

Question 1

Define HYPERLIPIDEMIA

Answer 1

Elevated levels of LIPIDS (fats) in the B

Question 2

3 examples of LIPIDS

Answer 2

• CHOLESTEROL
• TRIGLYCERIDE
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Question 3

Roughly what % of the population of HYPERLIPIDEMIA?

Answer 3

About 40%

Question 4

Are LIPIDS soluble?

Answer 4

No, insoluble

Question 5

How are LIPIDS transported through the B?

Answer 5

By CARRIER PROTEINS

Question 6

What is an example of a CARRIER PROTEIN?

Answer 6

APOPROTEIN

Question 7

LIPID + APOPROTEIN = ?

Answer 7

LIPOPROTEIN

Question 8

What determines the types of LIPOPROTEIN?

Answer 8

The density

Question 9

3 examples of LIPOPROTEINS

Answer 9

• VLDL
• LDL
• HDL

Question 10

T or F:

LIPIDS are heavier the PROTEINS

Answer 10

F, other way around

Question 11

Role of CHYLOMICRON?

Answer 11

Transports LIPIDS from GI tract into B

Question 12

Which is worse for your health:

LDL or HDL

Answer 12

LDL

L = lousy

Question 13

What does ATHEROS (a greek word) translate into?

Answer 13

Describing something soft or paste-like

Question 14

SCLER = ?

Answer 14

Hardening

Question 15

Define ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Answer 15

Deposit of “paste” (PLAQUE) in INTIMA of vessel (not in LUMEN)

Question 16

What is an ATHEROMA?

Answer 16

A FIBROFATTY LESION in INTIMA of ARTERIES

Question 17

T or F:

ATHEROMA is a BENIGN NEOPLASM

Answer 17

F, not a tumor despite the “OMA”

Question 18

An ATHEROMA is a space-occupying-?

Answer 18

LESION

Question 19

What are the 3 progressive lesions that develop during ATHERSCLEROSIS?

Answer 19

1) FATTY STREAK
2) FIBROUS ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUE
3) COMPLICATED LESION

Question 20

What is a FATTY STREAK made up of?

Answer 20

MACROPHAGES, FOAM CELLS, SM CELLS

Question 21

What is a FIBROUS ATHERMATOUS PLAQUE made up of?

Answer 21

MACROPHAGES, FOAM CELLS, SM CELLS, accumulation of LIPIDS, scar tissue, Ca2+

Question 22

What is CALCIFICATION and why does it happen?

Answer 22

Build-up of Ca2+ as a result of CELL death

Question 23

What happens with a COMPLICATED LESION?

Answer 23

Hemorrhaging/bleeding into PLAQUE

Question 24

Explain the effect MACROPHAGES have on SM CELLS? Why?

Answer 24

MACROPHAGES release GF which stim SM CELLS to proliferate and move into the INTIMA

Question 25

What are FOAM CELLS?

Answer 25

LIPOPROTEINS that have been engulfed by MACROPHAGES

Question 26

What do FOAM CELLS release?

Answer 26

FREE RADICALS

Question 27

What effect do FREE RADICALS have in the vessel? | Specific to ATHERO, not just the usual "disruption of DNA blah blah blah"

Answer 27

They kill CELLS, which releases Ca2+ and cause CALCIFICATION

Question 28

The origin of ATHEROSCLEROSIS is..?

Answer 28

...insidious, subtle changes to ENDOTHELIUM

Question 29

What does CRP indicate?

Answer 29

Serum marker for INFLM and elevated levels indicate ATHS

Question 30

3 risk factors of ATHS

Answer 30

- HYPERLIPIDEMIA - HTN - Smoking

Question 31

When do MNFTS appear?

Answer 31

Decades later

Question 32

Provide a quick overview of the role of MACROPHAGES int the formation of PLAQUE, starting with the introduction of MONOCYTES in the ENDOTHELIUM

Answer 32

- MONOCYTES bind to ENDOTHELIUM - Pass to INTIMA - Transform into MACROPHAGE - Engulf LIPIDS and release FREE RADICALS (oxidize LDL) - Release GF which stim the growth and proliferation of SM CELLS, which enter the INTIMA - ATHEROMA

Question 33

Which is the #1 area for ATHS?

Answer 33

Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries

Question 34

Which is the #2 area for ATHS?

Answer 34

Proximal coronary artery

Question 35

Which is the #3 area for ATHS?

Answer 35

Thoracic aorta, femoral and popliteal arteries

Question 36

Define HYPERTENSION

Answer 36

*Persistently* elevated BP

Question 37

Is HTN common?

Answer 37

Yes, approx 22-25% of the population have HHTN

Question 38

? x ? = BP

Answer 38

PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE, CARDIAC OUTPUT

Question 39

What are the 4 major controls of BP?

Answer 39

1) BARORECEPTORS 2) RAAS 3) Volume reg 4) Vascular autoreg

Question 40

SYSTOLE = ?

Answer 40

Pumping phase

Question 41

DIASTOLE = ?

Answer 41

Filling phase

Question 42

When is BP highest (referring to circadian rhythm)?

Answer 42

Highest in the morning

Question 43

When is BP the lowest (referring to circadian rhythm)?

Answer 43

Between 2-5am

Question 44

S/D for a normal BP?

Answer 44

120/80

Question 45

S/D for a high normal BP?

Answer 45

S = 120-139, D = 80-89

Question 46

S/D for STAGE 1 HTN (aka MILD HTN)?

Answer 46

S = 140-159, D = 90-99

Question 47

S/D for STAGE 2 HTN (aka MODERATE HTN)?

Answer 47

S = 160-179, D = 100-109

Question 48

S/D for STAGE 3 HTN (aka SEVERE HTN)?

Answer 48

S = greater than 180, D = greater than 110