Sept. 25, 2019

Question 1

Does GRADING a TUMOR fall under a HISTOLOGY or CLINICAL description?

Answer 1

HISTOLOGY

Question 2

What is the range of the GRADING?

Answer 2

1-5, (1 = restrictive, 5 = INVASIVE)

Question 3

Does STAGING a TUMOR fall under a HISTOLOGY or CLINICAL description?

Answer 3

CLINICAL

Question 4

What protocol is used for STAGING?

Answer 4

TNM protocol

Question 5

What does the “T” in TNM stand for and what range is used to describe it?

Answer 5

T stands for the SIZE of the TUMOR, the T is accompanied by 0-4 to describe the size

Question 6

What does the “N” in TNM stand for and what range is used to describe it?

Answer 6

N stands for the regional LYMPH NODES involved, the N is accompanied by 0-3 to further describe the LYMPH NODE activity

Question 7

What does the “M” in TNM stand for and what range is used to describe it?

Answer 7

M stands for METASTASIS, it is accompanied by 0 or 1 depending on whether or not the TUMOR has actually METASTASIZED

Question 8

What are the 3 approaches to CA Tx?

Answer 8

Control, cure, or palliative

Question 9

What are 6 methods of CA Tx?

Answer 9

1) SURGICAL EXCISION
2) RADIATION
3) CHEMOTHERAPY
4) IMMUNOTHERAPY
5) HORMONE THERAPY
6) COMBINATION THERAPY

Question 10

Explain SURGICAL EXCISION?

Answer 10

TUMOR is surgically removed or EXCISED, this is a direct way to remove the TUMOR, often the most ideal choice of Tx d/t the lack of harmful side effects

Question 11

Explain RADIATION?

Answer 11

Purposeful CELL NECROSIS via FREE RADICALS, this disrupts DNA bonds, therefore prevent the viral replication of CA CALLS, but FREE RADICALS will also harm normal tissue

Question 12

Explain CHEMOTHERAPY?

Answer 12

Targets CELLS that divide and proliferate quickly

Question 13

Explain IMMUNOTHERAPY?

Answer 13

Stimulates the IMMUNE RESPONSE, brings about CELL destruction via:
CYTOKINES, Abs, Ags, and cultured CELLS

Question 14

Explain HORMONE THERAPY?

Answer 14

Only works on TUMORS that require HORMONES, usually TUMORS associated w REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. This form of Tx disrupts CELL Fx

Question 15

Explain COMBINATION THERAPY?

Answer 15

Used for advanced DISEASE. This combines different therapies to maximize the effects as much as possible
e.g. DEBULKING = First EXCISE as much as possible, then begin RADIATION

Question 16

What are some problems that may arise w Tx?

Answer 16

All Tx carry side effects, there is currently n o way to focus Tx on only CA CELLS, healthy CELLS will be affected as well (specifically ones that proliferate quickly). There is always a chance of RECURRENCE even if Tx has been successful and no signs of CA for a longgg time.

Question 17

Define CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY

Answer 17

Non-GENETIC developmental defect occurs in embryo, manifested at birth

Question 18

When is fetus most vulnerable to CONGENITAL ABN?

Answer 18

During organogenesis (formation of organs)

Question 19

When does organogenesis take place?

Answer 19

15-60 days post-conception

Question 20

What is the CRITICAL PERIOD?

Answer 20

The time when a specific organ is being formed and is especially susceptible

Question 21

What is a TERATOGEN?

Answer 21

Any factor responsible for a CONGENITAL ABN

Question 22

What are some examples of common TERATOGENS?

Answer 22

• Thalidomide (was a drug taken for morning sickness, discovered to cause limb reductions in babies)
• Cigarette smoke (many dangerous chemicals and substances in cigarettes, smoke will be absorbed into blood stream and cause defects
• Alcohol (FAS, disrupts neural development)
• Malnourished (lacking in essential vitamins, etc)

Question 23

What are the 4 types of GENETIC ABNs?

Answer 23

1) MONOGENIC
2) MITOCHONDRIAL GENE
3) COMPLEX TRAIT
4) CHROMOSOMAL

Question 24

How many affected ALLELES are required in AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ABNs to affect carrier?

Answer 24

Only one affected ALLELE required

Question 25

What is the probability that someone with a AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ABN will pass it onto their offspring?

Answer 25

50%

Question 26

Are the majority of CELLS in the human body AUTOSOMAL? what are these CELLS?

Answer 26

Yes, these are any CELLS that are non-GAMATES (aka non-sex) CELLS

Question 27

How many affected ALLELES are required in AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE ABNs to affect carrier?

Answer 27

Both ALLELES must be affected

Question 28

What is the probability that someone with a AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE ABN will pass it onto their offspring?

Answer 28

25% will have the ABN
25 % will not
50% will be carriers

Question 29

What is the most sex-linked ABN?

Answer 29

The X-LINKED RECESSIVE ABN

Question 30

What is represented by XX?

Answer 30

Females

Question 31

What is represented by XY?

Answer 31

Males

Question 32

How many affected ALLELES are required in X-LINKED RECESSIVE ABNs to affect carrier?

Answer 32

Only one affected ALLELE is needed

Question 33

How many GENES are in the MITOCHONDRIA?

Answer 33

37

Question 34

T or F:

The MITOGENE DISORDER is inherited from the paternal MITOCHONDRION, explain

Answer 34

F
They are inherited from the maternal MITOCHONDRIA, this is because the sperm carry most of their MITOCHONDRIA in their tail, which fall off when they enter the egg

Question 35

What do the GENES in the MITOCHONDRIA code for?

Answer 35

PROTEINS (specifically ENZYMES) that are involved in the RESPIRATORY CHAIN

Question 36

What does the RESPIRATORY CHAIN produce?

Answer 36

ATP (energy)

Question 37

What specific systems would be most affected by a MITOGENE DEFECT? Why?

Answer 37

NEURO and MUSCULAR systems because they rely the most on ATP