Sept. 25, 2019 Flashcards
Does GRADING a TUMOR fall under a HISTOLOGY or CLINICAL description?
HISTOLOGY
What is the range of the GRADING?
1-5, (1 = restrictive, 5 = INVASIVE)
Does STAGING a TUMOR fall under a HISTOLOGY or CLINICAL description?
CLINICAL
What protocol is used for STAGING?
TNM protocol
What does the “T” in TNM stand for and what range is used to describe it?
T stands for the SIZE of the TUMOR, the T is accompanied by 0-4 to describe the size
What does the “N” in TNM stand for and what range is used to describe it?
N stands for the regional LYMPH NODES involved, the N is accompanied by 0-3 to further describe the LYMPH NODE activity
What does the “M” in TNM stand for and what range is used to describe it?
M stands for METASTASIS, it is accompanied by 0 or 1 depending on whether or not the TUMOR has actually METASTASIZED
What are the 3 approaches to CA Tx?
Control, cure, or palliative
What are 6 methods of CA Tx?
1) SURGICAL EXCISION
2) RADIATION
3) CHEMOTHERAPY
4) IMMUNOTHERAPY
5) HORMONE THERAPY
6) COMBINATION THERAPY
Explain SURGICAL EXCISION?
TUMOR is surgically removed or EXCISED, this is a direct way to remove the TUMOR, often the most ideal choice of Tx d/t the lack of harmful side effects
Explain RADIATION?
Purposeful CELL NECROSIS via FREE RADICALS, this disrupts DNA bonds, therefore prevent the viral replication of CA CALLS, but FREE RADICALS will also harm normal tissue
Explain CHEMOTHERAPY?
Targets CELLS that divide and proliferate quickly
Explain IMMUNOTHERAPY?
Stimulates the IMMUNE RESPONSE, brings about CELL destruction via:
CYTOKINES, Abs, Ags, and cultured CELLS
Explain HORMONE THERAPY?
Only works on TUMORS that require HORMONES, usually TUMORS associated w REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. This form of Tx disrupts CELL Fx
Explain COMBINATION THERAPY?
Used for advanced DISEASE. This combines different therapies to maximize the effects as much as possible
e.g. DEBULKING = First EXCISE as much as possible, then begin RADIATION
What are some problems that may arise w Tx?
All Tx carry side effects, there is currently n o way to focus Tx on only CA CELLS, healthy CELLS will be affected as well (specifically ones that proliferate quickly). There is always a chance of RECURRENCE even if Tx has been successful and no signs of CA for a longgg time.
Define CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY
Non-GENETIC developmental defect occurs in embryo, manifested at birth
When is fetus most vulnerable to CONGENITAL ABN?
During organogenesis (formation of organs)
When does organogenesis take place?
15-60 days post-conception
What is the CRITICAL PERIOD?
The time when a specific organ is being formed and is especially susceptible
What is a TERATOGEN?
Any factor responsible for a CONGENITAL ABN
What are some examples of common TERATOGENS?
- Thalidomide (was a drug taken for morning sickness, discovered to cause limb reductions in babies)
- Cigarette smoke (many dangerous chemicals and substances in cigarettes, smoke will be absorbed into blood stream and cause defects
- Alcohol (FAS, disrupts neural development)
- Malnourished (lacking in essential vitamins, etc)
What are the 4 types of GENETIC ABNs?
1) MONOGENIC
2) MITOCHONDRIAL GENE
3) COMPLEX TRAIT
4) CHROMOSOMAL
How many affected ALLELES are required in AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ABNs to affect carrier?
Only one affected ALLELE required
