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Bio 252 > Dec. 2, 2019 > Flashcards

Dec. 2, 2019 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the cranium of and adult differ form that in an infant? How does this relate to inc INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP)?

A

In adults the cranium is fused and fixed together, in an infant the bones are not yet fused. This mean that when there is an inc in ICP the infants cranium is (too an extent) able to expand, whereas the adults is not

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2
Q

What % of the brain is made up of tissues? What % is B/CSF?

A

Tissue - 80%

B/CSF - 10% each

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3
Q

What is the usually amount of ICP in mmHg?

A

5 - 15 mmHg

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4
Q

How do you calculate CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSURE (CPP)?

A

MAP - ICP

Usually 60 - 80 mmHg

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5
Q

How do you calculate MAP?

A

S + (2 x D) / 3

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6
Q

Below what CPP does CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA set in?

A

A CPP of below 50

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7
Q

What is the MONRO-KELLIE hypothesis?

A

That small fluctuations in tissue or fluid volume are compensated for by each other to maintain a stable ICP

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8
Q

What are PROLIFERATING LESIONS? What effect do these have on ICP?

A

Tumor or hemorrhage, these cause volume changes in the cranium which inc ICP

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9
Q

What happens in the 1st compliance for inc ICP?

A
  • Displace CSF: push it into the spinal cord
  • Secrete less CSF
  • Reabsorb more CSF
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10
Q

What happens in the 2nd compliance?

A

There will be a dec in perfusion

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11
Q

What is the limitation of the 2nd compliance?

A

Perfusion can only be dec by a certain amount because if there is too much dec in perf, this will result in CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

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12
Q

What is the final consequence of inc ICP?

A

Brain compression and displacement

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13
Q

What are the MNFTs of inc ICP?

A 
Cushing's Triad
- Widening pulse pressure (HTN)
- Irregular breathing d/t impact on brain stem and 
  respiration center in the brain
- Bradytardia
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14
Q

How might l/o Fx result from a hemorrhage in the brain?

A

When a vessel is bleeding the tissue distal to it will become ISCHEMIC

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15
Q

How might l/o Fx result from a hematoma in the brain?

A

The hematoma may press on a spot in the brain that is control of a specific Fx, and the compression may result in l/o Fx at both the local, and target site

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16
Q

What tissue is affected in an INTRACEREBRAL hemorrhage/hematoma?

A

The brain tissue

17
Q

Where would an EPIDURAL bleed be taking place?

A

Between the cranium and the DURA MATER

18
Q

What vessel is usually severed in an EPIDURAL bleed?

A

The middle meningial A

- Lots of B loss because this is an A

19
Q

Where does a SUBDURAL bleed take place?

A

Between the DURA MATER and ARACHNOID MATER

20
Q

How do the membranes affect HEMATOMAS in a SUBDURAL bleed?

A

They encapsulate the HEMA

21
Q

How do RBCs contribute to a SUBDURAL HEMA?

A

While encapsulated they are lysed, and their contents are released. This incs the concentration of solutes in the HEMA, which incs the OSMOTIC PRESSURE (pull). This will pull more fluid into the HEMA, causing dehydration d/t cellular efflux

22
Q

What are the risk factors of developing a brain bleed?

A
  • Aging (after the age of 50)
    • Degenerative changes
    • Higher risk of ANEURYSM (rupture)
  • DM
  • HTN
23
Q

A CVA has what effect on B flow?

A

Acute ISCHEMIA

24
Q

What is the difference between a focal and global CVA?

A

Focal - Small vessel affected

Global - Large vessel affected

25
Q

Ischemia in the brain causes…

A

…acute neurologic impairment

26
Q

What is the difference between a red stroke and a white stroke?

A

Red stroke = HEMORRHAGIC stroke (~20% of CVAs)

White stroke = ISCHEMIC stroke (~80% of CVAs)

27
Q

What is one major risk factor for having a stroke?

A

Atherosclerosis

28
Q

A brief overveiw of the patho for a CVA?

A

Vessel blockage -> inadeq perf -> hypoxia -> brain cannot metb anaerobically -> infarction w/in mins

29
Q

What 2 components are essential for aerobic metb?

A

O2 and glucose

30
Q

What is a NECROTIC CORE?

A

The infarcted, permanently dead cells in the brain d/t a CVA. The core is surrounded by perfused (but not optimally perfused) brain cells

31
Q

What is the PENUMBRA?

A

The moderately perfused brain cells surrounding the NECROTIC core, still salvageable but will die if left

32
Q

Brief overview of a HEMORRHAGIC CVA

A

Severed vessel -> hemorrhage -> brain compression -> hypoxia etc

33
Q

Complications of a CVA?

A
  • Coma

- Death

Bio 252 (24 decks)

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