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Bio 252 > Oct. 16, 2019 > Flashcards

Oct. 16, 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the literal meaning of ANGINA PECTORIS?

A

“Squeezing of chest”

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2
Q

What is ANGINA PECTORIS?

A

Pain d/t MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA

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3
Q

Is ANGINA PECTORIS technically a disease?

A

Not technically, it is a mnft of CAD, but it does still have its own mnfts

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4
Q

4 reasons that ANGINA may occur?

A
  • ATHEROSCLEROSIS
  • THROMBOSIS
  • VASOSPASM
  • HEMORRHAGE
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5
Q

What is the most common cause of ANGINA PECTORIS? Why?

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS because it affects perf, which results in ISCHEMIA

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6
Q

Why might THROMBOSIS cause ISCHEMIA?

A

Dec B flow = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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7
Q

What is VASOSPASM? Why does it cause ISCHEMIA?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE in the VESSEL contracts spontaneously, and locks in CONSTRICTED state, which dec B flow = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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8
Q

T or F:

healthy tissue cannot dilate on command

A

T

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9
Q

How does ATHERO affect the ability to dilate?

A

Causes poor to no dilation

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10
Q

What is a mnft of ANGINA?

A

Chest pain

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11
Q

What is a defining characteristic of STABLE ANGINA?

A

It involves FIXED PLAQUE

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12
Q

In STABLE ANGINA, how is B flow affected at rest vs on exertion?

A

At rest, flow is normal

On exertion, flow is impeded = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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13
Q

What words are used to describe ANGINA

A

Brief and transient

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14
Q

What other factors affect ANGINA?

A

Cold and stress

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15
Q

How does cold affect ANGINA?

A

Cold = VASOCON = dec B flow = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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16
Q

What are 2 other names for VARIANT ANGINA?

A

VASOSPASTIC or PRINZMETAL’s ANGINA

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17
Q

With VARIANT ANGINA, when does pain occur?

A

Anytime! Rest, exertion, at night, etc.

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18
Q

The ETIOLOGY of VARIANT ANGINA is unclear, but what are the 4 main theories as to why this ANGINA happens?

A

1) VASOSPASM
2) ENDOTHELIAL dysfx
3) Ca problems
4) SNS dysfx

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19
Q

How might ENDOTHELIAL dysfx contribute to ANGINA?

A

Perhaps the ENDOTHELIAL tissue is allowing things to move in and out of CARDIAC MUSCLE inappropriately?

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20
Q

How might Ca problems contribute to ANGINA?

A

Ca causes muscle contraction, so perhaps Ca is building up and causing inappropriate contractions?

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21
Q

What relates ENDOTHELIAL dysfx with Ca problems?

A

Excess Ca enters d/t ENDO dysfx

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22
Q

How might the SNS be involved in ANGINA?

A

SNS controls contractions, dysfx could result in abn contractions

23
Q

T or F:

ECG changes are present in VARIANT ANGINA

24
Q

When reading an ECG, if the abns are d/t ISCHEMIA, the changes to the HEART are…

A

…permanent

25
When reading an ECG, if the abns are d/t ANGINA, the changes to the HEART are...
...only brief changes
26
Inc ANGINA indicates a higher risk for what?
MI
27
What is a defining characteristic of UNSTABLE ANGINA?
It involves *UN*STABLE PLAQUE
28
What makes up UNSTABLE PLAQUE?
An accum of PLATELETS, FIBRIN, and CELLULAR DEBRIS
29
Is there and inc or dec of PG in UNSTABLE ANGINA?
Inc PG
30
What are PGs sometimes referred to as and why?
"local hormones" because they have a different action in many different location in the body
31
What do PGs do in the vessel when r/t ANGINA?
VASOSPASM
32
What releases PGs?
PLATELETS
33
What happens if the PLAQUE is dislodged?
THROMBOSIS
34
How is the pain from UNSTABLE ANGINA different from other forms of ANGINA?
More prolonged, more severe, present at res/exertion/nocturnal
35
What do cells do when they are damaged? Why is this a benefit?
They release their contents, this includes PROTEINS which may act as SERUM MARKERS
36
Are there SERUM MARKERS involved w UNSTABLE ANGINA?
No
37
If SERUM MARKERS *were* elevated, what might this indicate for the HEART?
MI, STEMI, NSETMI
38
MNFTs of UNSTABLE ANGINA:
- Chest pain (mild-severe, transient) | - Squeezing/burning pain that radiates to (usually) L shoulder, upper arm, neck, see pic for more
39
What is important to remember about chest pain?
Not all chest pain indicates CARDIAC problem
40
What are Tx options for UNSTABLE ANGINA?
- Cease activity that is causing pain - Nitro-gylcerin patch - Prevention by removing risk factors
41
What effect does smoking have which would be negative for ANGINA?
Smoking causes VASOCON
42
What is the end stage of CAD?
MI
43
Is MI considered STEMI or NSTEMI?
It can be either
44
T or F: | MI has a slow, prolonged onset
F, rapido
45
What is indicated by "PROXIMAL OCCLUSION"?
A blockage higher on the HEART (closer to the AORTA)
46
What is indicated by "DISTAL OCCLUSION"?
A blockage lower on the HEART (closer to the APEX)
47
Is STEMI a complete or partial occlusion of a major A?
Complete occlusion, usually PROX
48
Are most MIs NSTEMI or STEMI?
STEMI (70%)
49
Which vessels are the most affected by MI? (3)
1) L ANTERIOR DESCENDING A (40-50%) 2) R CORONARY A (30-40%) 3) L CIRCUMFLEX A (15-20%)
50
Name 3 causes of MI
1) Severe HEMORRHAGE 2) ATHERO 3) CORONARY A VASOSPASM
51
What condition is most often the cause of MI?
ATHEROSCLEROSIS bayyybeee (been watching too much of RuPaul's Drag Race at this point...)
52
Explain how ATHERO causes MI
Progressive ATHERO = ACUTE ISCHEMIA = HYPOXIA = anaerobic metabolism = buildup of lactic acid = METABOLIC ACIDOSIS = ARRHYTHMIAS, INFARCTION, and HF
53
What do we call death d/t ISCHEMIA?
INFARCTION
54
What factors determine the extent of the INFARCT?
- Which V is affected - Degree of OCCLUSION (complete or partial) - Duration of blockage - Cardiac status (eg BP, rhythm) - Existing COLLATERALS (to compensate)

Bio 252 (24 decks)

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