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Bio 252 > Oct. 16, 2019 > Flashcards

Oct. 16, 2019 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the literal meaning of ANGINA PECTORIS?

A

“Squeezing of chest”

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2
Q

What is ANGINA PECTORIS?

A

Pain d/t MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA

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3
Q

Is ANGINA PECTORIS technically a disease?

A

Not technically, it is a mnft of CAD, but it does still have its own mnfts

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4
Q

4 reasons that ANGINA may occur?

A
  • ATHEROSCLEROSIS
  • THROMBOSIS
  • VASOSPASM
  • HEMORRHAGE
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5
Q

What is the most common cause of ANGINA PECTORIS? Why?

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS because it affects perf, which results in ISCHEMIA

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6
Q

Why might THROMBOSIS cause ISCHEMIA?

A

Dec B flow = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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7
Q

What is VASOSPASM? Why does it cause ISCHEMIA?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE in the VESSEL contracts spontaneously, and locks in CONSTRICTED state, which dec B flow = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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8
Q

T or F:

healthy tissue cannot dilate on command

A

T

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9
Q

How does ATHERO affect the ability to dilate?

A

Causes poor to no dilation

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10
Q

What is a mnft of ANGINA?

A

Chest pain

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11
Q

What is a defining characteristic of STABLE ANGINA?

A

It involves FIXED PLAQUE

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12
Q

In STABLE ANGINA, how is B flow affected at rest vs on exertion?

A

At rest, flow is normal

On exertion, flow is impeded = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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13
Q

What words are used to describe ANGINA

A

Brief and transient

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14
Q

What other factors affect ANGINA?

A

Cold and stress

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15
Q

How does cold affect ANGINA?

A

Cold = VASOCON = dec B flow = inadeq perf = ISCHEMIA

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16
Q

What are 2 other names for VARIANT ANGINA?

A

VASOSPASTIC or PRINZMETAL’s ANGINA

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17
Q

With VARIANT ANGINA, when does pain occur?

A

Anytime! Rest, exertion, at night, etc.

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18
Q

The ETIOLOGY of VARIANT ANGINA is unclear, but what are the 4 main theories as to why this ANGINA happens?

A

1) VASOSPASM
2) ENDOTHELIAL dysfx
3) Ca problems
4) SNS dysfx

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19
Q

How might ENDOTHELIAL dysfx contribute to ANGINA?

A

Perhaps the ENDOTHELIAL tissue is allowing things to move in and out of CARDIAC MUSCLE inappropriately?

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20
Q

How might Ca problems contribute to ANGINA?

A

Ca causes muscle contraction, so perhaps Ca is building up and causing inappropriate contractions?

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21
Q

What relates ENDOTHELIAL dysfx with Ca problems?

A

Excess Ca enters d/t ENDO dysfx

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22
Q

How might the SNS be involved in ANGINA?

A

SNS controls contractions, dysfx could result in abn contractions

23
Q

T or F:

ECG changes are present in VARIANT ANGINA

A

T

24
Q

When reading an ECG, if the abns are d/t ISCHEMIA, the changes to the HEART are…

A

…permanent

25
Q

When reading an ECG, if the abns are d/t ANGINA, the changes to the HEART are…

A

…only brief changes

26
Q

Inc ANGINA indicates a higher risk for what?

A

MI

27
Q

What is a defining characteristic of UNSTABLE ANGINA?

A

It involves UNSTABLE PLAQUE

28
Q

What makes up UNSTABLE PLAQUE?

A

An accum of PLATELETS, FIBRIN, and CELLULAR DEBRIS

29
Q

Is there and inc or dec of PG in UNSTABLE ANGINA?

A

Inc PG

30
Q

What are PGs sometimes referred to as and why?

A

“local hormones” because they have a different action in many different location in the body

31
Q

What do PGs do in the vessel when r/t ANGINA?

A

VASOSPASM

32
Q

What releases PGs?

A

PLATELETS

33
Q

What happens if the PLAQUE is dislodged?

A

THROMBOSIS

34
Q

How is the pain from UNSTABLE ANGINA different from other forms of ANGINA?

A

More prolonged, more severe, present at res/exertion/nocturnal

35
Q

What do cells do when they are damaged? Why is this a benefit?

A

They release their contents, this includes PROTEINS which may act as SERUM MARKERS

36
Q

Are there SERUM MARKERS involved w UNSTABLE ANGINA?

A

No

37
Q

If SERUM MARKERS were elevated, what might this indicate for the HEART?

A

MI, STEMI, NSETMI

38
Q

MNFTs of UNSTABLE ANGINA:

A
  • Chest pain (mild-severe, transient)

- Squeezing/burning pain that radiates to (usually) L shoulder, upper arm, neck, see pic for more

39
Q

What is important to remember about chest pain?

A

Not all chest pain indicates CARDIAC problem

40
Q

What are Tx options for UNSTABLE ANGINA?

A
  • Cease activity that is causing pain
  • Nitro-gylcerin patch
  • Prevention by removing risk factors
41
Q

What effect does smoking have which would be negative for ANGINA?

A

Smoking causes VASOCON

42
Q

What is the end stage of CAD?

A

MI

43
Q

Is MI considered STEMI or NSTEMI?

A

It can be either

44
Q

T or F:

MI has a slow, prolonged onset

A

F, rapido

45
Q

What is indicated by “PROXIMAL OCCLUSION”?

A

A blockage higher on the HEART (closer to the AORTA)

46
Q

What is indicated by “DISTAL OCCLUSION”?

A

A blockage lower on the HEART (closer to the APEX)

47
Q

Is STEMI a complete or partial occlusion of a major A?

A

Complete occlusion, usually PROX

48
Q

Are most MIs NSTEMI or STEMI?

A

STEMI (70%)

49
Q

Which vessels are the most affected by MI? (3)

A

1) L ANTERIOR DESCENDING A (40-50%)
2) R CORONARY A (30-40%)
3) L CIRCUMFLEX A (15-20%)

50
Q

Name 3 causes of MI

A

1) Severe HEMORRHAGE
2) ATHERO
3) CORONARY A VASOSPASM

51
Q

What condition is most often the cause of MI?

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS bayyybeee (been watching too much of RuPaul’s Drag Race at this point…)

52
Q

Explain how ATHERO causes MI

A

Progressive ATHERO = ACUTE ISCHEMIA = HYPOXIA = anaerobic metabolism = buildup of lactic acid = METABOLIC ACIDOSIS = ARRHYTHMIAS, INFARCTION, and HF

53
Q

What do we call death d/t ISCHEMIA?

A

INFARCTION

54
Q

What factors determine the extent of the INFARCT?

A
  • Which V is affected
  • Degree of OCCLUSION (complete or partial)
  • Duration of blockage
  • Cardiac status (eg BP, rhythm)
  • Existing COLLATERALS (to compensate)

Bio 252 (24 decks)

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