Oct. 23, 2019 Flashcards
What is an ARRHYTHMIA?
Abn impulse propagation
- alt. HR or rhythm
Can ARRHYs occur in a normal HEART?
Yes
What affect do ARRHYs have on the CARDIAC CYCLE
They disrupt it
- CO and perfusion affected
Is this CONGENITAL?
Yes
What are electrical charges dictated by?
Ions, potassium
Can ELECTROLYTES affect ARRHYs?
Yes, imbalances cause ARRHYs
What kinds of drugs cause ARRHYs?
Stimulants
Does MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA contribute to ARRHYs?
Yes
What is ATRIAL FLUTTER?
Regular A+V tachycardia (300:150 bpm, ratio is roughly 1
What Dx is used to diagnose ATRIAL FLUTTER?
ECG
What is ATRIAL FIBRILLATION?
Irreg, non Fx contractions of A (300-600 bpm)
Is a HEART BLOCK referring to an occlusion?
No, it is referring to ELECTRICAL activity
Is there still an impulse in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION?
No, no impulse from A-V
What is 1st deg HEART BLOCK?
There is reg conduction, but it is delayed
- Longer PR
What is 2nd deg HEART BLOCK?
Intermittent l/o Fx
What is 3rd deg HEART BLOCK?
No conduction
- Independent A+V contraction
What is VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION?
The HEART is shaking/quivering, no contractions
How is CO affected by V FIB?
There is no CO
What is ASYSTOLE?
Flat lining, can be fatal in minutes
What Dx is used for V FIB?
ECG
What is DEFIBRILLATION?
Do not refer to it as a “shock”
It is the stopping of fibrillation of the heart by administering a controlled electric shock in order to allow restoration of the normal rhythm
Txs for V FIB:
5
- DEFIBRILLATION
- Drugs
- Pacemakers
- Ablation
- Cardioversion
What type of drugs would you use to treat V FIB?
Class 1 - Block fast Ns channels
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
What is ARRHYTHMOGENIC tissue?
Describes the tissue infarcted
How is ARRHYMOGENIC tissue removed?
Through ABLATION
What happens with VALVULAR DISEASE?
The valves in the HEART are damaged
What role do the valves play in the HEART?
Ensure unidirectional flow
Define REGURGITATION:
Backwards flow of blood
What can cause REGURGITATION?
If valves become either PROLAPSED or STENOTIC
How would you describe a PROLAPSED valve in simple terms?
“Floppy”
Why are PROLAPSED valves a negative thing?
Because they do not properly close, therefore allowing B to flow backwards
improper closure = REGURG = flow affected = inc workload
How would you describe a STENOTIC valve in simple terms?
“hardened/stiff”
Why are STENOTIC valves a negative thing?
They become difficult to open = impeded/difficult flow = inc workload
Which vessels are most commonly affected by VALVULAR DISEASE? Why?
The MITRAL and AORTIC valves because these are areas of highest pressure flow
4 things that may cause VALVULAR DISEASE:
1) Valve trauma or inflm
2) ISCHEMIA
3) Degenerative changes
4) CONGENITAL defects
Where can ISCHEMIA happen?
Anywhere in the HEART that require B flow, even valves
What are the Tx options for VALVULAR DISEASE?
- Drugs to maintain/improve Fx
- Sx?
How can infct occur in the HEART?
For infct to occur in the HEART, microorganisms must first enter and survive circulation until they reach the HEART - not easy
What is INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS?
ENDOCARDIAL and VALVULAR inflm
T or F:
The cause of INFCT ENDOCAR is usually viral
F, it is usually bacterial
2 requirements for infct in the HEART:
1) Bacteria must enter and survive in circ
2) They must have an intra-cardiac adherence surface
What do bacteria do once in the HEART?
They establish and proliferate (PLATELETS and FIBRIN)
T or F:
PLATELETS help to conceal bacteria
T
What are the mnfts of INFCT ENDOCAR?
- The mnfts of INFCT (systemic and local)
- The mnfts of impaied valve Fx
- HEART murmur (swish swish bish;))
- Possible DISTAL EMBOLISM from THROMBUS or bacterial colony
Is the diagnosing of INFCT ENDOCAR simple?
No, tis difficult
6 Dx tests to help determine:
1) Hx
2) Echo
3) C+S of blood
4) Serology
5) CRP
6) General labs
