Oct. 7, 2019

Question 1

What % of HTN cases are PRIMARY HTN (1 HTN)?

Answer 1

About 90%

Question 2

Is the ETIOLOGY of 1 HTN known or unknown?

Answer 2

Unknown

Question 3

When the ETIOLOGY is unknown this is referred to as..?

Answer 3

IDIOPATHIC

Question 4

Is 1 HTN usually d/t one cause or multiple causes?

Answer 4

It is usually MULTIFACTORIAL

Question 5

What often results in 1 HTN?

Answer 5

If one or more of the 4 major controls is not working

Question 6

What are the 4 major controls?

Answer 6

1) Baroreceptors
2) RAAS
3) Volume regulation
4) Vascular autoregulation

Question 7

What is SYSTOLIC HTN?

Answer 7

When pressure is elevated during the pumping phase of the heart S = above 140, but D is normal still

Question 8

Why does the risk of HTN inc after age 50?

Answer 8

• Because as a person ages, they are more likely to experience ATHEROSCLEROSIS, dec B flow = inc BP
• As a person ages there are degenerative changes to tissues, poor vessel compliance = dec elasticity = inc S

Question 9

Is there an inc or dec in CO w 1 HTN?

Answer 9

inc

Question 10

What % of HTN cases are SECONDARY HTN (2 HTN)?

Answer 10

About 5-10%

Question 11

Is the ETIOLOGY of 2 HTN known or unknown?

Answer 11

Known

Question 12

T or F:

2 HTN is a PRIMARY DISEASE

Answer 12

F

2 HTN is a SECONDARY DISEASE because it arises as a result of another problem

Question 13

In majority of cases, what is a main cause of 2 HTN?

Answer 13

Problems w the KIDNEYS - RENOVASCULAR

Question 14

What happens when there is a dec in RENAL PERFUSION?

Answer 14

The RAAS loop is initiated

Question 15

What is WHITE COAT HTN?

Answer 15

Elevated BP when in a clinical setting, otherwise normal BP

Question 16

What is GESTATIONAL HTN?

Answer 16

Elevated BP during pregnancy, will return to normal after in most cases

Question 17

What is MALIGNANT HTN?

Answer 17

D = greater than 120

Question 18

What are 3 other names for MALIGNANT HTN?

Answer 18

Severe, persistent, or resistant HTN

Question 19

What kind of CA is associated w MALIGNANT HTN?

Answer 19

No CA, it has nothing to do with CA

Question 20

What is the 1st MNFT of HTN?

Answer 20

Elevated BP, which can only be detected when BP is tested, for this reason HTN is known as the silent killer

Question 21

What are some MNFTS that occur when HTN has progressed?

Answer 21

• Headaches in the morning
• Palpitations
• Dizziness

Question 22

Why would headaches as a result of HTN occur in the morning?

Answer 22

Because BP is highest in the morning (circadian rhythm)

Question 23

What are palpitations?

Answer 23

Feelings or sensations that your heart is pounding or racing, unpleasant awareness of you own heart beat

Question 24

What is a MNFT of severe HTN?

Answer 24

Organ damage

Question 25

Before treating HTN, what *must* be done?

Answer 25

You *must* confirm the type of HTN

Question 26

When treating MILD HTN, what is the 1st type of Tx?

Answer 26

Lifestyle change - diet, activity, no smoking, dec alcohol consumption

Question 27

What is DASH?

Answer 27

Dietary Approaches to Stop HTN

Question 28

When treating MILD HTN, what is the 2nd type of Tx?

Answer 28

DIURETICS

Question 29

What are the therapeutic effects of using DIURETICS?

Answer 29

- Operates at the KIDNEYS - Inc PERMB in NEPHRONS - Enhance volume of FILTRATE - Inc urine output -> dec B volume -> dec BP

Question 30

When treating MILD HTN, what is the last type of Tx?

Answer 30

Drugs - ACE Inhibitors - Ca channel blockers = VASODIL and dec HR - Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers = VASODIL

Question 31

What is PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE?

Answer 31

PVD is a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm. This can happen in your arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels

Question 32

Where does PVD occur most often?

Answer 32

In the ARTERIES

Question 33

What are the 2 types of PVD?

Answer 33

1) ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION | 2) ATHEROSCLEROTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

Question 34

What is ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION?

Answer 34

Rapidly onset ISCHEMIA d/t occlusion in vessel

Question 35

What is the occluding culprit in AAO?

Answer 35

A THROMBUS or EMBOLUS that disrupts PERFUSION

Question 36

What is a THROMBUS?

Answer 36

A B CLOT, stationary but pieces can break off and become EMBOLI

Question 37

What is an EMBOLUS?

Answer 37

Anything that is moving through the B when it should not be

Question 38

What are the 7 Ps (MNFTS) of AAO?

Answer 38

1) Pain 2) Pallor 3) Pulselessness 4) Polar 5) Paralysis 6) Parasthesis 7) Pistol shot

Question 39

What is a DOPPLER ULTRASOUND used for?

Answer 39

Assessing B flow

Question 40

What are the Tx options for AAO?

Answer 40

- Surgery (a last resort) - Anticoagulants (inhibits PLATELETS) - Thrombolytics (dissolve CLOT)

Question 41

What is ATHEROSCLEROTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE?

Answer 41

Blockage or narrowing of an artery in the legs (or rarely the arms), usually due to atherosclerosis

Question 42

Which ARTERIES are most often affected by AOD?

Answer 42

The FEMORAL or POPLITEAL ARTERIES

Question 43

T or F: | AOD has a gradual onset

Answer 43

T

Question 44

In what 2 gorups of people is AOD more common?

Answer 44

1) The elderly | 2) Diabetics

Question 45

What is the body's immediate response to impaired PERF?

Answer 45

- Stat VASODIL - Early ANAEROBIC METABOLISM d/t HYPOXIA - Later COLLATERALIZATION (angiogenesis to bypass occlusion)

Question 46

What happens to VENOUS and LYMPHATIC flow during AOD?

Answer 46

It stops; VENOSTASIS and LYMPHATICATASIS

Question 47

Why does EDEMA occur d/t AOD?

Answer 47

Because there is a dec in B flow, waste and fluid build-up in the INTERSTITIAL SPACES

Question 48

What is INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION?

Answer 48

Pain when walking d/t inadequate B flow

Question 49

What are some complications of AOD?

Answer 49

- Ulceration - Gangrene - Amputation

Question 50

Tx steps: | 3

Answer 50

1) Identify the potential complications 2) Begin interventions to prevent complications 3) Deal w complications if they arise despite interventions