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Bio 252 > Oct. 7, 2019 > Flashcards

Oct. 7, 2019 Flashcards

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1
Q

What % of HTN cases are PRIMARY HTN (1 HTN)?

A

About 90%

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2
Q

Is the ETIOLOGY of 1 HTN known or unknown?

A

Unknown

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3
Q

When the ETIOLOGY is unknown this is referred to as..?

A

IDIOPATHIC

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4
Q

Is 1 HTN usually d/t one cause or multiple causes?

A

It is usually MULTIFACTORIAL

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5
Q

What often results in 1 HTN?

A

If one or more of the 4 major controls is not working

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6
Q

What are the 4 major controls?

A

1) Baroreceptors
2) RAAS
3) Volume regulation
4) Vascular autoregulation

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7
Q

What is SYSTOLIC HTN?

A

When pressure is elevated during the pumping phase of the heart S = above 140, but D is normal still

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8
Q

Why does the risk of HTN inc after age 50?

A
  • Because as a person ages, they are more likely to experience ATHEROSCLEROSIS, dec B flow = inc BP
  • As a person ages there are degenerative changes to tissues, poor vessel compliance = dec elasticity = inc S
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9
Q

Is there an inc or dec in CO w 1 HTN?

A

inc

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10
Q

What % of HTN cases are SECONDARY HTN (2 HTN)?

A

About 5-10%

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11
Q

Is the ETIOLOGY of 2 HTN known or unknown?

A

Known

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12
Q

T or F:

2 HTN is a PRIMARY DISEASE

A

F

2 HTN is a SECONDARY DISEASE because it arises as a result of another problem

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13
Q

In majority of cases, what is a main cause of 2 HTN?

A

Problems w the KIDNEYS - RENOVASCULAR

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14
Q

What happens when there is a dec in RENAL PERFUSION?

A

The RAAS loop is initiated

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15
Q

What is WHITE COAT HTN?

A

Elevated BP when in a clinical setting, otherwise normal BP

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16
Q

What is GESTATIONAL HTN?

A

Elevated BP during pregnancy, will return to normal after in most cases

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17
Q

What is MALIGNANT HTN?

A

D = greater than 120

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18
Q

What are 3 other names for MALIGNANT HTN?

A

Severe, persistent, or resistant HTN

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19
Q

What kind of CA is associated w MALIGNANT HTN?

A

No CA, it has nothing to do with CA

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20
Q

What is the 1st MNFT of HTN?

A

Elevated BP, which can only be detected when BP is tested, for this reason HTN is known as the silent killer

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21
Q

What are some MNFTS that occur when HTN has progressed?

A
  • Headaches in the morning
  • Palpitations
  • Dizziness
22
Q

Why would headaches as a result of HTN occur in the morning?

A

Because BP is highest in the morning (circadian rhythm)

23
Q

What are palpitations?

A

Feelings or sensations that your heart is pounding or racing, unpleasant awareness of you own heart beat

24
Q

What is a MNFT of severe HTN?

A

Organ damage

25
Q

Before treating HTN, what must be done?

A

You must confirm the type of HTN

26
Q

When treating MILD HTN, what is the 1st type of Tx?

A

Lifestyle change - diet, activity, no smoking, dec alcohol consumption

27
Q

What is DASH?

A

Dietary
Approaches to
Stop
HTN

28
Q

When treating MILD HTN, what is the 2nd type of Tx?

A

DIURETICS

29
Q

What are the therapeutic effects of using DIURETICS?

A
  • Operates at the KIDNEYS
  • Inc PERMB in NEPHRONS
  • Enhance volume of FILTRATE
  • Inc urine output -> dec B volume -> dec BP
30
Q

When treating MILD HTN, what is the last type of Tx?

A

Drugs

  • ACE Inhibitors
  • Ca channel blockers = VASODIL and dec HR
  • Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers = VASODIL
31
Q

What is PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE?

A

PVD is a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm. This can happen in your arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels

32
Q

Where does PVD occur most often?

A

In the ARTERIES

33
Q

What are the 2 types of PVD?

A

1) ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION

2) ATHEROSCLEROTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

34
Q

What is ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION?

A

Rapidly onset ISCHEMIA d/t occlusion in vessel

35
Q

What is the occluding culprit in AAO?

A

A THROMBUS or EMBOLUS that disrupts PERFUSION

36
Q

What is a THROMBUS?

A

A B CLOT, stationary but pieces can break off and become EMBOLI

37
Q

What is an EMBOLUS?

A

Anything that is moving through the B when it should not be

38
Q

What are the 7 Ps (MNFTS) of AAO?

A

1) Pain
2) Pallor
3) Pulselessness
4) Polar
5) Paralysis
6) Parasthesis
7) Pistol shot

39
Q

What is a DOPPLER ULTRASOUND used for?

A

Assessing B flow

40
Q

What are the Tx options for AAO?

A
  • Surgery (a last resort)
  • Anticoagulants (inhibits PLATELETS)
  • Thrombolytics (dissolve CLOT)
41
Q

What is ATHEROSCLEROTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE?

A

Blockage or narrowing of an artery in the legs (or rarely the arms), usually due to atherosclerosis

42
Q

Which ARTERIES are most often affected by AOD?

A

The FEMORAL or POPLITEAL ARTERIES

43
Q

T or F:

AOD has a gradual onset

A

T

44
Q

In what 2 gorups of people is AOD more common?

A

1) The elderly

2) Diabetics

45
Q

What is the body’s immediate response to impaired PERF?

A
  • Stat VASODIL
  • Early ANAEROBIC METABOLISM d/t HYPOXIA
  • Later COLLATERALIZATION (angiogenesis to bypass occlusion)
46
Q

What happens to VENOUS and LYMPHATIC flow during AOD?

A

It stops; VENOSTASIS and LYMPHATICATASIS

47
Q

Why does EDEMA occur d/t AOD?

A

Because there is a dec in B flow, waste and fluid build-up in the INTERSTITIAL SPACES

48
Q

What is INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION?

A

Pain when walking d/t inadequate B flow

49
Q

What are some complications of AOD?

A
  • Ulceration
  • Gangrene
  • Amputation
50
Q

Tx steps:

3

A

1) Identify the potential complications
2) Begin interventions to prevent complications
3) Deal w complications if they arise despite interventions

Bio 252 (24 decks)

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