Sensorimotor Processing Flashcards
sensory integration
the way in which the brain organizes sensation for movement or behavior
sensory weighting refers to ____________ use
subsystem
in what way does sensorimotor processing occur?
both hierarchically and simultaneously through the nervous system
parallel/distributed processing
simultaneous processing of the same information that is spread across networks of neurons
somatosensation encompasses what three things
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and pain information from periphery
what do mechanoreceptors do?
- detect skin stretch and movement
- proprioceptive feedback
- stimulus for reflexes
- grip force adjustment
What do mechanoreceptors afford/allow?
accuracy
consistency
movement timing
proprioception describes the afferent information arising from internal peripheral areas of the body that contribute to _____________, ________________, and ____________.
postural control, joint stability, and muscle force production
What three things are under proprioception
- kinesthesia
- joint position sense
- sense of resistance
what do muscle spindles do?
- muscle length detection (length/velocity/reflex activation)
- affords spatial and temporal accuracy
- affords control of discrete movements
ultimately muscle spindles, golgi tendon, and joint receptors contribute to?
- accuracy
- consistency
- coordination
- joint stability
- movement timing
What do golgi tendon organs do?
- muscle tension detection
- affords force gradation and dynamic muscle stiffness
T or F: golgi tendon organs are modified by the CNS
F: they do not branch to the brain or cortex. they are modulated through descending commands on interneurons
golgi tendon organs provide dynamic muscle __________
stiffness
what are joint receptors for?
- joint force and angle detection
detects force and rot esp at end range
afferent signals to cortex
gamma motor activation
What do joint receptors afford?
- awareness in space
- joint stability
can we improve proprioception with training?
debatable. task oriented training and postural control exercises are thought to improve sensory and motor processing which leads to greater proprioceptive acuity
What has poor proprioceptive acuity been linked to?
altered coordination and injury
vestibular system acts as a _________ of the head
proprioceptor
3 functions of the vestibular system
1 - visual stabilization
2 - coordination
3 - gravito-inertial frame of reference
semicircular canals = ___________ acceleration
angular
utricle and saccule = ___________ acceleration and_____________ related to gravity
linear
position sense
vision is used for what kind of control?
feedforward and feedback
feedforward =
feedback =
anticipatory
corrective
what are 3 important vision-related concepts critical to motor control?
1 - monocular vs binocular
2 - central vs peripheral
3 - 2 visual systems for motor control
The movement system operates more effectively when it receives info from both eyes (binocular vision). Why? (3)
- increased end point accuracy
- increased depth perception
- greater timing accuracy
where is central/focal vision and what does it provide?
middle 2-5 degrees of visual field
provides that “what”
- contrast
- form/color
- object recognition
where is peripheral vision and what does it provide?
200 degrees horizontal and 160 degrees vertical
provides the “where”
- motion vision
- course detail
- helps w/ depth perception
- helps w/ body orientation
is central and peripheral vision faster? which one is conscious?
peripheral is faster
central is conscious
optical flow
when our head moves, the visual system detects and used these patterns to detect speed and direction of head motion
time to contact (tau)
a perceptual variable that refers to time to contact between an object and a person’s eye
the LGN contains what 2 types of cells
pLGN and mLGN
pLGN cells are responsible for?
color/contrast
helps with shape and form discrimination
mLGN cells are responsible for?
movement
visual system path
retinal ganglion cell
LGN
primary visual cortex
the ventral pathway is the _______ and the dorsal pathway is the ________
what, where
visual selective attention
directing visual attention to cues that influence preparation and/or performance
visual search
process of directing visual attention to locate relevant environmental cues
visual search and intended actions
- search for regulatory conditions in the performance environment according to what the intended goal is
- detect relevant cues during skill performance (esp. novices)
gaze fixation
“quiet eye” before movement indicates a need for optimal focus on one location or object prior to the execution of the skill
4 characteristics of gaze fixation
1 - directed to critical location in the performance context
2 - a stable fixation of performer’s gaze
3 - onset occurs just before first movement
4 - duration tends to be longer for skilled performers
quiet eye for closed skills
final gaze fixation is located on the goal object in the performance (ex - basketball rim)
quiet eye for open skills
final gaze fixation in on the moving object, which the eye tracks for as long as possible for initiating the requirement movement
closed loop control is a _______ based mechanism of motor control
feedback
- allows for real time feedback
open loop control is a ___________ form of motor control
feedforward
- used to control rapid, ballistic movements and does not have real time feedback
open loop = _______ processing
closed loop = _________ processing
automatic
controlled
