Motor Learning

Question 1

Therapists help to teach ______ motor skills and help ______ and recover previously learned motor skills

Answer 1

new, refine

Question 2

motor learning encompasses both ____________ and ___________

Answer 2

skill acquisition and recovery function

Question 3

motor learning is the study of:

Answer 3

acquisition of and or modification of movement in health individuals

Question 4

recovery of function refers to the:

Answer 4

reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury or pathology

Question 5

definition of motor learning:

Answer 5

• process of acquiring skilled action
• results from practice
• inferred from performance
• relatively permanent change
• emerges from the interaction between person, task, and environment

Question 6

Please list key performance characteristics associated with motor learning

Answer 6

improvement
persistance
consistancy
adaptability
stability
reduction in attention demands

Question 7

we can assess motor learning by:

Answer 7

examining performance over time and using performance curves

Question 8

what is the 2/3 power law of practice

Answer 8

rapid gains before leveling off

Question 9

retention can be a measure of?

Answer 9

persistancy

Question 10

transfer can be a measure of?

Answer 10

adaptability

Question 11

movement variability changes and can be a measure of?

Answer 11

consistency

Question 12

variability is a hallmark of?

Answer 12

learning

Question 13

how do you measure motor learning?

Answer 13

• pre and post test
• retention test
• transfer test
• variability

Question 14

what 2 theories do we use to explain stages of learning?

Answer 14

• fitts and posner
• systems 3 stages model

Question 15

fitts and posner stages of learning

Answer 15

cognitive
associative
autonomous

need for cues and attentional demands decrease linearly as we learn

Question 16

systems 3 stage model of learning

Answer 16

focus on controlling degrees of freedom
1 - novice (freeze DOF)
2 - advanced (release DOF to function synergies)
3 - expert (exploit DOF)

Question 17

What changes with motor learning?

Answer 17

action changes
cognition
perception

Question 18

What action changes with motor learning

Answer 18

improved coordination
increased consistancy
more efficient energy expenditure

Question 19

what cognitive changes with motor learning

Answer 19

attention demands decrease
visual selective attention changes

Question 20

what perception changes with motor learning

Answer 20

ability to detect error and correct it improves

Question 21

early motor learning is associated with the________ and late motor learning is associated with the _________-

Answer 21

cerebellum
basal ganglia

Question 22

sensory receptors allow ________, selective attention allow __________, and association/repetition/rehearsal allow_____________

Answer 22

sensory register
short term memory
long term memory

Question 23

steps of memory processing

Answer 23

encoding (sensory register)
consolidation (short term)
storage (long term)
retrieval (long term)

Question 24

what are key features of the consolidation phase of memory?

Answer 24

• makes info stable for long term memory
• see structural changes in neurons

Question 25

what are two types of long term memory

Answer 25

declarative (explicit) non-declarative (implicit)

Question 26

declarative

Answer 26

- explicit - what - factual knowledge - can consciously be recalled

Question 27

non-declarative

Answer 27

- implicit - how (procedural) - memory of skills and actions - not based on conscious recall or attention

Question 28

what are the clinical implications of the two types of long term memory

Answer 28

want to move from declarative to non-declarative with repetition (more automatic behavior)

Question 29

we need a lot of _________ to form non-declarative memory

Answer 29

repetition

Question 30

__________ learning is the type of learning most closely related to motor skill acquisition

Answer 30

non-declarative

Question 31

repetition of movement leads to automatic learning of the movement itself accomplished through:

Answer 31

trial and error clinical implications: a lot of patients do well with this learning esp those with cognitive deficits

Question 32

there __________ (is/is not) a direct relationship between the ability to learn new declarative info and the ability to learn motor skills

Answer 32

is not

Question 33

the ability to learn motor skills is _____ even in the presence of profound declarative memory loss

Answer 33

retained

Question 34

learning will be optimized with the PT:

Answer 34

- keep cues/feedback short (attention resources) - use meaningful cues (selective attention) - allow rehearsal (memory processing) - group movement together (chunking)

Question 35

learning will be optimized with the learner is:

Answer 35

- attending to task (attention resources) - motivated (selective attention) - integrate info to what they know (selective attention)

Question 36

what are the two theoretical frameworks for motor learning

Answer 36

schmidt's schema theory ecological theory

Question 37

3 types of non-declarative memory

Answer 37

non-associative, associative, and procedural

Question 38

schmidt's schema theory

Answer 38

as people practice a task, they acquire general rules (schemas) about how to recognize the correct response and how to produce it

Question 39

schmidt's schema theory is closely linked with what

Answer 39

generalized motor program

Question 40

generalized motor program

Answer 40

we have "programs" for a class of actions or patterns of movement (defined by invariant features) that can be modified to yield various outcomes

Question 41

after a GMP based movement attempt, info about the attempt is organized into what 2 schemas

Answer 41

recall and recognition

Question 42

recall schema (motor)

Answer 42

houses relationship between the parameters and outcome

Question 43

recognition schemas

Answer 43

- used to evaluate the response - monitors ongoing action and helps to adjust - uses error info to update schemas

Question 44

ecological theory

Answer 44

emphasizes dynamic exploratory activity of the perceptual/motor workspace in order to create optimal strategies for performing a task