Motor Learning Flashcards
Therapists help to teach ______ motor skills and help ______ and recover previously learned motor skills
new, refine
motor learning encompasses both ____________ and ___________
skill acquisition and recovery function
motor learning is the study of:
acquisition of and or modification of movement in health individuals
recovery of function refers to the:
reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury or pathology
definition of motor learning:
- process of acquiring skilled action
- results from practice
- inferred from performance
- relatively permanent change
- emerges from the interaction between person, task, and environment
Please list key performance characteristics associated with motor learning
improvement
persistance
consistancy
adaptability
stability
reduction in attention demands
we can assess motor learning by:
examining performance over time and using performance curves
what is the 2/3 power law of practice
rapid gains before leveling off
retention can be a measure of?
persistancy
transfer can be a measure of?
adaptability
movement variability changes and can be a measure of?
consistency
variability is a hallmark of?
learning
how do you measure motor learning?
- pre and post test
- retention test
- transfer test
- variability
what 2 theories do we use to explain stages of learning?
- fitts and posner
- systems 3 stages model
fitts and posner stages of learning
cognitive
associative
autonomous
need for cues and attentional demands decrease linearly as we learn
systems 3 stage model of learning
focus on controlling degrees of freedom
1 - novice (freeze DOF)
2 - advanced (release DOF to function synergies)
3 - expert (exploit DOF)
What changes with motor learning?
action changes
cognition
perception
What action changes with motor learning
improved coordination
increased consistancy
more efficient energy expenditure
what cognitive changes with motor learning
attention demands decrease
visual selective attention changes
what perception changes with motor learning
ability to detect error and correct it improves
early motor learning is associated with the________ and late motor learning is associated with the _________-
cerebellum
basal ganglia
sensory receptors allow ________, selective attention allow __________, and association/repetition/rehearsal allow_____________
sensory register
short term memory
long term memory
steps of memory processing
encoding (sensory register)
consolidation (short term)
storage (long term)
retrieval (long term)
what are key features of the consolidation phase of memory?
- makes info stable for long term memory
- see structural changes in neurons
what are two types of long term memory
declarative (explicit)
non-declarative (implicit)
declarative
- explicit
- what
- factual knowledge
- can consciously be recalled
non-declarative
- implicit
- how (procedural)
- memory of skills and actions
- not based on conscious recall or attention
what are the clinical implications of the two types of long term memory
want to move from declarative to non-declarative with repetition (more automatic behavior)
we need a lot of _________ to form non-declarative memory
repetition
__________ learning is the type of learning most closely related to motor skill acquisition
non-declarative
repetition of movement leads to automatic learning of the movement itself accomplished through:
trial and error
clinical implications: a lot of patients do well with this learning esp those with cognitive deficits
there __________ (is/is not) a direct relationship between the ability to learn new declarative info and the ability to learn motor skills
is not
the ability to learn motor skills is _____ even in the presence of profound declarative memory loss
retained
learning will be optimized with the PT:
- keep cues/feedback short (attention resources)
- use meaningful cues (selective attention)
- allow rehearsal (memory processing)
- group movement together (chunking)
learning will be optimized with the learner is:
- attending to task (attention resources)
- motivated (selective attention)
- integrate info to what they know (selective attention)
what are the two theoretical frameworks for motor learning
schmidt’s schema theory
ecological theory
3 types of non-declarative memory
non-associative, associative, and procedural
schmidt’s schema theory
as people practice a task, they acquire general rules (schemas) about how to recognize the correct response and how to produce it
schmidt’s schema theory is closely linked with what
generalized motor program
generalized motor program
we have “programs” for a class of actions or patterns of movement (defined by invariant features) that can be modified to yield various outcomes
after a GMP based movement attempt, info about the attempt is organized into what 2 schemas
recall and recognition
recall schema (motor)
houses relationship between the parameters and outcome
recognition schemas
- used to evaluate the response
- monitors ongoing action and helps to adjust
- uses error info to update schemas
ecological theory
emphasizes dynamic exploratory activity of the perceptual/motor workspace in order to create optimal strategies for performing a task
