Aging and Postural Control Flashcards

1
Q

What two factors contribute to aging?

A

genetic 20%
environmental 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the primary factors for age-related decline?

A

consequence of lifestyle - physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are other secondary factors that contribute to age-related decline

A

inadequate nutrient intake
excess body weight
smoking
excessive alcohol intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is there a clear definition of old age? Is there a clear line between healthy/non-healthy aging?

A

nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the continuum of physical function among older adults from least to most active?
(Definitely don’t fuck in flippers, ew)

A

disability
physically dependent
physically frail
physical independent
physically fit
physically elite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

at what point on the continuum of physical function among older adults are your patients likely to be in?

A

physically dependent
physically frail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

we use the ___________ tract to execute movement

A

corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does our free will to decide movements come from?

A

we don’t know for sure but we think its the limbic system (emotion/memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four main categories of motor system changes in postural control

A

MSK
change in steady-state balance
changes in reflexive postural control
changes in anticipatory postural control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 2 main categories of sensory/perceptual changes in postural control with aging

A

changes in individual sensory systems
adapting senses for postural control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some changes with MSK?

A
  • loss of muscle strength (and power)
  • loss of ROM
  • muscle power is more highly correlated with physical function than strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some changes to steady state balance?

A
  • increase sway in quiet stance
  • increase in functional stability limits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

changes in reactive balance control with aging

A
  • use hip strategies rather than ankle
  • longer latency to fire muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

changes in adaptation

A
  • increase muscle response amplitudes during large perturbation in old/unstable adults
  • more oscillations
  • increase time to stabilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is it bad there is an increased muscle response amplitude during large perturbations in older and unstable older adults compared to young adults

A

because muscle strength and power decrease with age so then they fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 4 compensatory stepping change in base of support strategies

A
  • ankle strategy
  • Hip strategy
  • Stepping
  • Reaching
17
Q

what is the only stepping strategy that does not increase fall risk

A

side-step sequence

18
Q

In anticipatory postural control, the ________ activates before the ___________

A

postural response muscle
prime mover

19
Q

medium old and very old adults show ________ in both postural and prime mover muscle response onsets

A

significant slowing

20
Q

what are some age related changes in somatosensory components

A

loss of vibration sense
loss of proprioception
decreased sensation

21
Q

what are some age related changes in vision

A

loss of acuity
loss of depth perception
loss of contrast sensitivity

22
Q

what are some age related changes in the vestibular system

A

20-40% loss of hair cells after 70
loss of neurons in vestibular nuclei

23
Q

somatosensory: delay activation of muscle and increase muscle onset latency in people with__________

A

neuropathy

24
Q

do older adults have more postural sway with eyes open or closed

25
when is the vestibular system most important for balance control?
when the visual and somatosensory systems give conflicting information
26
why is attention limited?
think bottle neck theory
27
what are the two main theories of duel-task interference
- perceptual processing (physiological) limitation i.e. bottleneck - central processing (neural/machinery) limitations
28
______ response to a secondary cognitive task is fast than _______
young adults old adults
29
if sensory information is decreased, reaction times become significantly longer for?
both young and older adults but more so older adults
30
sway was _______ in the older faller compared to the nonfaller
larger
31
older faller ___________ postural sway compared to older nonfaller during dual-task performance
significantly increased
32
___________ took a longer time to regain stable posture in the duel-task condition than in the single postural task alone
balance impaired older adults
33
def of fall
- an unintentional loss of balance that leads to failure of postural stability or - sudden and unexpected change in position which usually results in landing on the floor
34
def of recurrent faller
those who have fallen two or more times in either 6 or 12 months
35
should a fall without injury still be considered a fall?
duh, yes
36
T or F: all studies looking at fall incident data have an operational definition of falling
apparently not. stupid. false
37
what are the top three causes of falls in elderly adults
1 - accident/environment related 2 - gait/balance disorders or weakness 3 - dizziness/vertigo
38
what are the top 3 individual risk factors for falls
1 - weakness 2 - balance deficit 3 - gait deficit
39
T or F: PTs alone should be responsible for falls prevention
false, fall prevention is a multidiscipline teamwork issue