Individual Constraints Flashcards
Motor control is ________ and dysfunction falls on a ___________
multidimensional
continuum
primary impairment
arise directly from the health condition
ex pain from an ACL tear
secondary impairment
result of pre-existing impairment
ex muscle perf deficit due to pain and loss of joint integrity due to ACL tear
What are PT tests and measures based on?
guide to PT practice
aerobic capacity/endurance
ability to perform work or participate in activity over time using the body’s oxygen uptake, delivery, and energy release mechanisms
anthropometric characteristics
traits that describe body dimensions (height, weight, etc)
assistive technology
any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities
balance
ability to maintain the body in equilibrium with gravity both statically and dynamically, while upright and while sitting
circulation
movement of blood through organs and tissues to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and the passive movement of lymph
cranial nerve integrity
soundness of the 12 pairs of nerves connected to the brain
peripheral nerve integrity
soundness of the spinal nerves
gait
the manner in which a person walks, characterized by rhythm, cadence, step, stride, and speed
integumentary integrity
defined as intact skin, including the ability of the skin to serve as a barrier
joint integrity and mobility
structure and function of the joint, capacity of the joint to be moved passively
mental functions (cognition)
global and specific mental functions (consciousness, orientation, attention, memory)
mobility
individual moving by changing body positions or locations or by transferring from one place to another
motor function
ability to learn or demonstrate the skillful and efficient assumption, maintenance, modification, and control of voluntary posture and movement patterns
muscle performance
capacity of a muscle/group of muscles to generate forces to produce movement
neuromotor development
the acquisition and evolution of movement skills throughout the lifespan
sensory processing
ability to integrate movement-related info derived from the environment
pain
disturbed sensation that may cause disability, suffering, or distress
posture
alignment and positioning of the body in relation to gravity, center of mass, or base of support
range of motion
the arc through which active and passive movement occurs at a joint
reflex integrity
soundness of the neural path involved in a reflex
sensory integrity
soundness of cortical sensory processing including proprioception, vibration sense, stereognosis, and cutaneous sensation
skeletal integrity
optimal alignment, density, and soundness of the bony structures of the body
ventilation
movement of a volume of gas in and out of the lungs
respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a membrane
environmental factors
make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives
intersegmental coordination
smooth, fluid movements sequence and timing of activation of multiple muscle groups for movement
fractionated movement
ability to move a single joint without also having to generate movement in other joints
movement gradation
ability to grade movement appropriately for the force, amplitude, distance, and speed aspects of a task
inability to fractionate movement is usually associated with what
hypertonicity
dysmetria
inability to grade forces appropriately for the amplitude, distance, and speed aspects of a task
dystonia
involuntary, sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements and abnormal postures
tremor
rhythmic, involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups
choreiform movements
involuntary, abrupt, rapid, irregular jerky movements
*basil ganglia lesions
athetoid movements
slow involuntary writhing and twisting
neural aspects of force production (3)
1 - number of motor units recruited
2 - type of motor units recruited
3 - discharge frequency
peripheral factors related to force production (4)
atrophy, loss of sarcomeres, connective tissue, pain
central fatigue
decline in force due to processes residing within the CNS
does the capacity to generate force in an isolated muscle predict that muscles ability to work with other muscles in a task specific way
no
muscle tone
muscle’s resistance to being lengthened
what is atypical muscle tone caused by
lesion/disruption of input to alpha motor neurons
hypotonia
decreased muscle tone
floppy
- can be seen in patients with down syndrome
flaccidity
complete loss of tone
no resistance to movement
- can be seen in patients with neural shock
hypertonicity
velocity INdependent increased resistance to passive movement
- patients post CVA
rigidity
velocity INdependent greatly increased resistance to passive movement
- patients with parkinson’s
spasticity
velocity DEpendent increased resistance to passive movement
- patients with CP
what is the role of spasticity in limiting function
inadequate recruitment of agonist motor neurons
DCML lesion
loss of discriminative touch, light touch, kinesthesia
ALS lesion
loss of pain, temperature, coarse touch and kinesthesia
somatosensory cortex lesions
loss of discriminative sensations
sensory selection and weighting deficit
inability to maintain postural orientation or motor performance as a result of decreased ability to screen for and attend to appropriate sensory inputs
apraxia
inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function
