Atypical R2G

Question 1

is reach to grasp innate or learned

Answer 1

some predetermined (pre-reaching), but maturation of multiple systems and learning through trial and error is needed for skillful R2G

Question 2

in ages 0-2 months, do children have more or less success with their head and trunk stabilized

Answer 2

better

Question 3

what constrains reflexive grasping in 0-2 month olds

Answer 3

head stabilization and PC development

Question 4

describe grasp in 0-2 month olds

Answer 4

reflexive grasping - not purposeful
flexor synergy
grasp when object touches palm (tactile/proprioceptive)

Question 5

describe visual regard in 0-2 month olds

Answer 5

saccades are present (limited smooth pursuit)
highly used for initation

Question 6

describe reach in 0-2 month olds

Answer 6

inaccurate
extensor synergy
reach primarily with shoulder

Question 7

describe visual regard for 2-4 month olds

Answer 7

uncoupling of head-arm which allows flexibility (myelination) improving smooth pursuit

Question 8

describe reach for 2-4 month olds

Answer 8

reduction in extensor synergy
increase elbow use

Question 9

describe grasp for 2-4 month olds

Answer 9

voluntary grasp emerges

Question 10

describe visual regard for 4-6 month olds

Answer 10

visual guided reaching emerges
progressive uncoupling of head/arm
visual predictive abilities begin

Question 11

describe reach for 4-6 month olds

Answer 11

smoother, less freezing DOF
gaining trunk stability

Question 12

describe grasp for 4-6 month olds

Answer 12

palmar grasp
preparatory adjustments of hand
orientation start along with force quantification

Question 13

describe visual regard for 6-12 month olds

Answer 13

continued development of vision for guidance and anticipation

Question 14

describe reach for 6-12 month olds

Answer 14

unilateral reaching begins

Question 15

describe grasp for 6-12 month olds

Answer 15

visually controlled with hand starting to close for object anticipation
>9mo = hand scaling of size/force
>10mo = pincer grasp (independent fingers)

Question 16

how does grasp change in 2-3 year olds

Answer 16

smooth arm movements
anticipatory control w/ grip and forces emerges
can adapt to friction with practice

Question 17

how does grasp change in 4-6 year olds

Answer 17

smooth arm movement
pincer grasp used when appropriate
adapts to changes in friction
can orient hand to glass being upside down

Question 18

how does visual regard change across late childhood -> adolescence

Answer 18

ventral/dorsal stream not functionally segregated
4-9 y/o shift to predominately feedback control
9-11 y/o use feedback and feedforward

Question 19

how does cognition change from late childhood -> adolescence

Answer 19

older = better dual task
reaction time decreases

Question 20

how does aging affect R2G

Answer 20

less efficient, higher grip forces, and more variability in grip forces
slowing and hesitation
breaking down into smaller movements

Question 21

what are common characteristics of a balance impaired elder

Answer 21

slowed movement
end point accuracy reduced
worse performance on dual task
slowed reaction time
variable grip forces

Question 22

what are common characteristics og CP?

Answer 22

paresis, spasticity, sensory loss
grip/load forces uncoordinated
delayed movement time
poor anticipatory control

Question 23

what are common characteristics on PD?

Answer 23

bradykinesia
reduced intersegmental coordination
longer time to develop force
tremor

Question 24

what are common characteristics of chronic stroke

Answer 24

lack of smoothness and coordination
decreased movement speed
abnormal muscle activity
variable inter-joint coordination
spasticity, weakness
no lateral pincer grasp

Question 25

what are some common characteristics of cerebellar ataxia

Answer 25

dysmetria
slow, less accurate, increased variability
intersegmental coordination is decomposed
undershoot/overshoot