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Anatomy and Physiology > Semester 2 Exam** > Flashcards

Semester 2 Exam** Flashcards

1
Q

Closes off the larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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2
Q

Windpipe

A

Trachea

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3
Q

Smallest conducting respiratory passageways

A

Bronchioles

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4
Q

Organs of gas exchange

A

Lungs

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5
Q

Known as the breathing muscle; separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

Helps keep particles from entering the trachea and aso houses the vocal cords

A

Larynx

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7
Q

Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

Hard palate

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8
Q

Breaks down starch during mechanical digestion

A

Amylase

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9
Q

Helps with mechanical digestion

A

Teeth

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10
Q

What are teeth made of?

A

Enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, nerves, blood vessels

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11
Q

Mixing food with saliva

A

Bolus

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12
Q

Series of muscular contractions

A

Peristalsis

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13
Q

Helps to break down protein

A

Pepsin

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14
Q

Watery mixture of stomach fluids and food

A

Chyme

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15
Q

Finger like projections in the small intestine

A

Villi

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16
Q

Keeps the small intestines together

A

Mesentary

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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18
Q

What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?

A

Ascending, traverse, descending, rectal

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19
Q

What accessory organ produces bile?

A

Liver

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20
Q

What does bile break down?

A

Fat, carbs, proteins, detoxes alcohol

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21
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin and pancreatic juices

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22
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produce insulin to regulate blood sugar levels, produce pancreatic juices to break down nutrients, produce sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

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23
Q

Detects tissue damage

A

Pain receptors

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24
Q

Responds to temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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25
Q

Small oval masses of flattened connective tissue; detects changes in pressure or movement

A

Mechanoreceptors

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26
Q

Detect light energy

A

Photoreceptors

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27
Q

Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

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28
Q

Low hematocrit disorder

A

Anemia

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29
Q

Senses change in the chemical concentration of substances

A

Chemoreceptors

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30
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Increase surface area and transporting gases

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31
Q

The production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoiesis

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32
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

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33
Q

What is the function of the leukocytes?

A

Protect against infection

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34
Q

Squeezing of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls

A

Diapedesis

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35
Q

The hormone that stimulates megakaryocytes and platelets develop from hemocytoblasts

A

Thrombopoietin

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36
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Help in blood clotting

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37
Q

A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel

A

Vasoconstriction

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38
Q

An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel

A

Vasodilation

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39
Q

Part of the pharynx in the posterior part of the nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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40
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Provides a passageway for air during breathing

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41
Q

Passageway for food moving downward fro the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity

A

Oropharynx

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42
Q

Binds food particles and lubricates the food during swallowing

A

Mucus

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43
Q

Secretion of the gastric glands in the stomach

A

Gastric juices

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44
Q

Hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets that releases stored glucose

A

Glucagon

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45
Q

Lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies that bind and destroy foreign antigens

A

B cell

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46
Q

Proteins that B cells of the immune system produce in response to nonself antigens

A

Antibodies

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47
Q

Chemicals that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

A

Antigens

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48
Q

A type of lymphocyte that interacts directly with antigens, producing the cellular immune response

A

T cell

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49
Q

What is the function of lacteals?

A

Absorb digested fats and transport them to the venous circulation

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50
Q

Where are lacteals located?

A

Lining of the small intestine

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51
Q

Beginning of the large intestine; a large dilated pouchlike structure that hangs slightly below the ileocecal opening

A

Cecum

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52
Q

Thick folds of the stomach’s inner lining

A

Rugae

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53
Q

Blood vessels located on the surface of the heart

A

Coronary blood vessels

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54
Q

Brings newly absorbed nutrients into the sinusoids and nourishes hepatic cells

A

Hepatic veins

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55
Q

Encloses, protects and regulates the temperature of the testes

A

Scrotum

56
Q

Produces sperm cells and secretes male sex hormones

A

Testes

57
Q

Stores sperm cells undergoing maturation

A

Epididymis

58
Q

Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct

A

Ductus deferens

59
Q

Helps to reduce the acidity of semen

A

Prostate gland

60
Q

Secretes fluid to lubricate penis

A

Cowpers/bulbourethral gland

61
Q

Conveys semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse

A

Penis

62
Q

Produces oocytes and female sex hormones

A

Ovaries

63
Q

Conveys secondary oocyte to the uterus; site of fertilization

A

Fallopian tubes

64
Q

Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy

A

Uterus

65
Q

Narrow inferior end of uterus that leads into the vagina

A

Cervix

66
Q

Provides an open channel for offspring during the birth process

A

Vagina

67
Q

Cartilage on rib bones that attaches to the sternum; helps rib cage to expand during inhaling/exhaling

A

Intercostal cartilage

68
Q

General defense mechanism against pathogens; born with it

A

Innate

69
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous

70
Q

What is the 2nd line of defense?

A

Chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever

71
Q

What are some examples of chemical barriers?

A

enzymes, HCl, gastric juices

72
Q

Defends against virus and cancer cells

A

Natural killer cells

73
Q

What is the 3rd line of defense?

A

Antigens (B-cells and T-cells)

74
Q

Target specific to pathogens (toxins, metabolic products produced by pathogens)

A

Adaptive

75
Q

What is the difference between B-cells and T-cells?

A

T-cells will need phagocytosis to happen before it can digest the antigen

76
Q

A response that must interact with another cell before it happens

A

Cell mediated response

77
Q

A response that happens in blood and bodily fluids

A

Humoral response

78
Q

What is the function of the lymph trunks?

A

Drain lymph from the body

79
Q

What are the names of the collecting ducts?

A

Thoracic and right duct

80
Q

What blood vessels do collecting ducts drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

81
Q

Bean shaped with blood vessel nerves and efferent lymphatic vessels attached to the hilum

A

Lymph nodes

82
Q

What does the lymph node contain?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

83
Q

Hormones that influences the maturation of T lymphocytes

A

Thymosin

84
Q

What is the function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

A

Filters blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria

85
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

To circulate different materials and to protect against pathogens

86
Q

What is the difference between veins and lymph vessels?

A

Lymph vessels have flap-like valves

87
Q

What happens when large lymph vessels merge?

A

Become lymphatic trunks

88
Q

Tiny close-ended tubes that extend into interstitial spaces

A

Lymph capillary

89
Q

Fluid inside of lymph capillaries

A

Lymph

90
Q

What do lymph capillaries receive?

A

Tissue fluid

91
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Immunity and the transportation of fluids

92
Q

What are the components of a lymphatic pathway?

A

Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunk, collecting ducts

93
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

Blood plasma leaving blood capillaries

94
Q

What is the composition of tissue fluid?

A

Water and dissolved substances

95
Q

How is lymph formed?

A

Tissue fluid entering a lymphatic capillary

96
Q

What is the function of lymph?

A

Transporting foreign particles to lymph nodes

97
Q

Describe the forces responsible for the circulation of lymph

A

Muscular activity and hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid

98
Q

A condition that interferes with the flow in lymph

A

Edema

99
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph; monitoring body fluids

100
Q

What is the the function of macrophages?

A

Engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris

101
Q

Inflammation of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

102
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

Releases thymosin that helps to mature T-cells

103
Q

What characteristics of the spleen allow it to function as a blood reservoir?

A

It has venous sinuses and blood capillaries in he pulp are permeable

104
Q

What characters in the spleen allow it to function in the defense against foreign particles?

A

It has macrophages in the splenic sinus

105
Q

What kinds of agents cause disease?

A

Pathogens

106
Q

What are 2 major types of defenses prevent disease?

A

Innate and adaptive

107
Q

An organism or species develops a disease that are unique to it

A

Species resistance

108
Q

What structures function as mechanical barriers?

A

mucus membranes and skin

109
Q

What enzymes help us resist infection?

A

Lysozyme, HCl, pepsin, salt

110
Q

Bind to receptors on uninfected cells, stimulating them to synthesize proteins to prevent replication

A

Interferon

111
Q

Tissue response to an injury or infection causing redness and swelling

A

Inflammation

112
Q

Blood vessel dilation that increases blood flow

A

Redness

113
Q

Increase in permeability of nearby capillaries

A

Swelling

114
Q

Blood from deeper body parts

A

Heat

115
Q

Stimulation of nearby pain receptors

A

Pain

116
Q

How does fever help protect the body from pathogens?

A

It helps to destroy enzymes that make pathogens grow

117
Q

Describe how inflammation is a defense against infection

A

Release chemicals that attract white blood cells to inflammation sites where they phagocytize pathogens

118
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate?

A

Red bone marrow

119
Q

What is the difference between B and T lymphocytes?

A

B originates in bone marrow while T is in the thymus

120
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

Respond to antigens; immunity

121
Q

How do lymphocytes carry out these functions?

A

Cell mediated and humoral response

122
Q

Involves a phagocyte digesting an antigen before this response can happen

A

Cell mediated

123
Q

Involves a B-cell digesting an entire antigen; happens in body fluids

A

Humoral

124
Q

B or T cells produced in the primary immune response that respond rapidly if the same antigen is encountered again

A

Memory cells

125
Q

Destroy specific antigens or antigen bearing particles

A

Antibodies

126
Q

The first time a B or T cells encounters an antigen, release some antibodies

A

Primary immune response

127
Q

Memory B or T cells will recognize the antigen right away and releases lots of antibodies

A

Secondary immune response

128
Q

Exposure to live pathogens

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

129
Q

Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

130
Q

Injection or gamma globulin containing antibodies

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

131
Q

Antibodies passed to the fetus from the mother

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

132
Q

Repeated exposure of the skin to certain allergens which activates T-cells to respond

A

Delayed allergic reaction

133
Q

Activates B-cells right away and attacks the allergen

A

Immediate allergic reaction

134
Q

How is a tissue rejection reaction an immune response?

A

Immune system may think of the tissue as foreign so it attacks it

135
Q

What could we do to reduce the possibility of tissue/organ rejection?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs

136
Q

Trace the flow of lymph capillaries to the subclavian veins

A

Lymph capillaries, afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels, lymph trunk, collecting duct, subclavian vein

Anatomy and Physiology (33 decks)

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