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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System** > Flashcards

Nervous System** Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

Major controlling, regulatory, and communication, keeps us in touch with the internal and external environment, responsible for maintaining and regulating homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

All nerves of the body residing outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

PNS

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4
Q

Consists of brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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5
Q

Skeletal system

A

Somatic

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6
Q

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, glands

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

Contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm

A

Cell body

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8
Q

Projections that bring impulses into the neuron

A

Dendrite

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9
Q

Long projection that carries impulses away form the neuron

A

Axon

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10
Q

Insulating layer produced by Schwann cells

A

Myelin Sheath

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11
Q

Sheath formed form Schwann cells on the exterior of some axon

A

Neurlilemma

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12
Q

Gaps between Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

Junction between 2 communicating neurons

A

Synapse

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14
Q

Has many processes and part of brain or spinal cord

A

Multipolar neuron

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15
Q

2 processes; eyes nose, ears

A

Bipolar neuron

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16
Q

1 process; outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Unipolar neuron

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17
Q

Carry impulses from the body part into the brain or spinal cord

A

Sensory neuron

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18
Q

Most common type of neuron that communicates from one neuron to the other; relays information

A

Interneurons

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19
Q

Carry nerve impulses out of brain or spinal cord to effectors (glands or muscles)

A

Motor neuron

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20
Q

Support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris, part of the immune system

A

Microglial cells

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21
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

CNS

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22
Q

Provide insulating layers of myelin around axons within brain and spinal co

A

Oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

Structural support, join parts by their abundant cellular processes, help regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions within tissue

A

Astrocytes

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24
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

Align along nerve fibers

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25
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

between neurons and blood vessels

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26
Q

Specialized epithelial cells in the CNS that produce CSF

A

Ependymal cell

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27
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

Forms a myelin sheath around axons

A

Schwann cells

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29
Q

Where are Schwann cells found?

A

PNS

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30
Q

Brings impulse to synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron

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31
Q

Receiving neuron at synapse

A

Postynaptic neuron

32
Q

Chemical in a synaptic cleft which relays information across the gap

A

Neurotransmitter

33
Q

Houses neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicle

34
Q

The action of the neurotransmitter on a postynaptic cell is either _______ or _____.

A

Excitatory or inhibatory

35
Q

Turning a process on

A

Excitatory

36
Q

Turning a process off

A

inhibitory

37
Q

Areas of high concentration or low concentration

A

Gradient

38
Q

There is an uneven arrangement of ions inside and outside the membrane of the neuron

A

Cell membrane potential

39
Q

Why does a cell membrane potential occur?

A

There are ion pumps that for K+ into the cell and Na+ outside of the cell. There are also ion gates

40
Q

In a resting neuron, all Na+ gates are ____(open or closed)

A

Closed

41
Q

What is the result when the Na+ gates are closed?

A

There are more positive ions on the outside of the cell

42
Q

What happens when there is a stimulus applied to a dendrite?

A

Na+ channels open

43
Q

As the generator potential builds in the dendrite, what do the ions begin to do?

A

spread to the cell body and then to the initial segment of the axon

44
Q

Chemicals that cross the synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

45
Q

What do the neurotransmitters do?

A

Bond to receptor sites on the dendrite of the next neuron

46
Q

How does the myelin sheath help?

A

Speeds up the process

47
Q

Bring sensory information towards CNS

A

Afferent/sensory fibers

48
Q

Carry impulses form CNS to effectors

A

Efferent/motor neurons

49
Q

The routes that nerve impulses follow as they travel through the nervous system

A

Nerve pathways

50
Q

Simplest of the nerve pathways

A

Reflex arc

51
Q

Automatic Responses to a change in the environment

A

Reflex

52
Q

What do reflexes help with?

A

Maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntary processes like heart rate, breathing rate, etc.

53
Q

What do monosynaptic reflexes include?

A

2 neurons and 1 synapse

54
Q

Reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled

A

Stretch reflex

55
Q

Reflexes associating with maintaining normal body posture

A

Postural reflex

56
Q

Involves one or more integrated neurons in the reflex arc pathway

A

Polysynaptic

57
Q

Nerve cells

A

Neuron

58
Q

How long do neurons last?

A

Lifetime

59
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS/PNS

A

nuclei

60
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers running through the CNS

A

tracts (nerves)

61
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers running through the PNS

A

Ganglia

62
Q

What’s the difference between white and gray matter?

A

Gray is unmyelinated while white is

63
Q

Gradient of electrochemical potential for an ion that can move across a membrane

A

Electrochemical gradient

64
Q

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane

A

Resting membrane potential

65
Q

Loss of an electric charge

A

Depolarization

66
Q

Change in cell membrane making it more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

67
Q

Second phase of the action potential

A

Repolarization

68
Q

What is the state of sodium channels during the resting state, depolarization, repolarization, and after hyperpolarization?

A

Close, close, open, close

69
Q

What is the state of channels during the resting state, depolarization, repolarization, and after hyperpolarization?

A

Close, open, close, close

70
Q

How is an action potential propagated?

A

Na+ ions travel down the axon; resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

71
Q

The neurons responds completely not partway through

A

All or nothing response

72
Q

What variables influence the conduction velocity of a neuron?

A

If it is myelinated or not, thickness of axon

73
Q

Is there an accumulation of positive or negative charges in a resting neuron?

A

negative

74
Q

A drug that blocks the opening of sodium channels

A

Novocaine

75
Q

What are 2 important factors that drive the movement of Na+ and K+ across the membranes?

A

Electrochemical and concentration gradient

76
Q

How many Na+ ions get out of the cell?

A

3

77
Q

How many K+ ions get into the cell?

A

2

Anatomy and Physiology (33 decks)

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