Blood/Cardiovascular System** Flashcards
From the right side to lungs; sends deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
Pulmonary Circuit
From the left side to the body; sends oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to all the body cells and removes wastes
Systemic Circuit
What is the exception to the rules of arteries and veins?
Pulmonaries
Carries blood away from the heart
Arteries
Carries blood to the heart
Veins
Do arteries bring oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated
Do veins bring oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated
Divides the ventricles
Interventricular septum
Divides the atriums
Interatrial septum
What is the blood flow through the heart?
Superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta
Abnormally low neutrophil count
Neutropenia
Study of blood
Hematology
General coagulation defect disorder
Hemophilia
Clumping of cells
Aggulitination
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Process to stop bleeding
Hemostasis
Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Heme waste product made by the liver
Bilirubin
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Also called gamma globulins or immunoglobins
Antibodies
Major inflammatory granulocyte; releases histamine during inflammatory reactions
Basophil
Most abundant white blood cell
Neutrophil
Essential ion for coagulation
Calcium
Specialized shape of red blood cells
Biconcave
Activated by tissue factor
Extrinsic coagulation pathway
Lack of intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia
Major anti-helminth white blood cell; increases during allergic attacks
Eosinophil
Most abundant plasma proteins
Alumbins
Low hematocrit disorder
Anemia
Major positive accelerator for coagulation
Thrombin
Hormone that stimulates RBC production
Erythropoietin
After originating in bone marrow, may be formed in lymphoid tissue
Lymphocyte
What are the 3 granulocytes?
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
Ions in blood plasma
Electrolytes
Largest white blood cell; migrates to tissue to become macrophage
Monocytes
Oxygen binding portion of hemoglobin
Heme
% by volume of RBCs in blood
Hematocrit
Fluid portion of blood including clotting factors
Plasma
Layer of WBC in centrifuged blood tube
Buffy coat
Process of blood clotting
Coagulation
pH of blood is slightly ______
Alkaline
Protein threads; structural basis of a clot
Fibrin
Fluid portion of blood without clotting factors
Serum
Organ that secretes erythropoietin
Kidney
Prevents Rh- mother from reacting to Rh+ fetus
Rhogam
Platelets
Thrombocyte
What 2 organs are major RBC recycling organs
Spleen and Liver
What 2 leukocytes are agranulocytes?
Monocyte and Lymphocyte
Mass of specialized cardiac muscle located in the right atrium and near the opening of the superior vena cava
SA node/ Sinatorial node
Mass of specialized cardiac muscle located in the atria and ventricule junction
AV node/ Atrioventricular node
Receives impulse from AV node; located in the upper part of the interventricular septum and divides in to right and left branches
Bundle of His
Spread from the interventricular septum into the papillary muscles; impulses result in a ventricular contraction
Purkinje fibers
Contraction phase of the heart cavity
Systole
Period of relaxation of the heart during which it fills with blood
Diastole
What is the normal sinus rhythm?
60-100 bpm
Abnormal or irregular heartbeat
Arrhythmia
Rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle
Ventricular Fibrillation
Higher than normal heart rate
Tachycardia
Lower than normal heart rate
Bradycardia
Blood’s turbulence from closure of AV’s ventricles contract
Lubb sound
Blood turbulence from the closure of semi-lunar valves as ventricles relax
Dubb sound
Mass of merging fibers that act as a unit
Functional Synctium
Where are the function synctium located?
Atria and ventricles
Self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle
Sinatorial Node
Signals the depolarization of the atria
P wave
Results from the depolarization of the ventricles
QRS complex
Repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
How many heartbeats are in a day?
100,000
How many heartbeats are in a lifetime?
2.5 billion
How many liters of blood are pumped in a day?
7,000
Where is the heart located?
Mediastinum
Dense connective tissue that covers the heart
Fibrous Pericardium
Tightly hugs the external surface of the heart and is part of the heart wall
Visceral pericardium
Reduces friction between membranes as the heart moves
Pericardial cavity
Forms the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer of the heart
Epicardium
Middle layer of the heart that contains thick bundles of cardiac muscles
Myocardium
Inner layer of the heart that lines the chambers
Endocardium
Upper walled chambers of the heart; receiving chambers
Atria
Lower muscular walled chambers; pumping chambers of the heart
Ventricles
Fibrous strings that attach to cusps
Chordae tendinae
Between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary valve
Between left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Heart attack
Myocardial infarction
Supply blood to the tissues of the heart
Coronary arteries
Alternate pathways that develop over time if a coronary artery is blocked
Collateral circuit
Drain blood that has passed through the myocardium and empty into the coronary sinus and into the right atrium
Cardiac veins
Short vessel that connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Ductus arteriosus
A flap like opening in the interarterial septum
Foramen ovale
Rank the leukocytes from most common to least common
Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil
Blood is pumped by the heart into body cavities
Open circulatory system
Blood is pumped by the heart through vessels and doesn’t usually fill body cavities
Closed circulatory system
Has elastic, collagen fibers; outer coat of the arteries
Tunica external
The thickest layer of the arteries; has elastic fibers and smooth muscles, helps with vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Tunica media
Has the endothelium and basement membrane
Tunica interna
Has more elastic fibers and is thinner; pressure reservoir
Large arteries
Has more smooth muscles and is thicker; most vasodynamic
Medium arteries
Regulate blood into capillaries
Arterioles
Band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into each capillary
Precapillary sphincter
Plaque build up on the insides of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Consists of endothelium; smallest diameter blood vessel
Capillaries
What do capillaries connect?
Arterioles and venuoles
Force that blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
Blood pressure
What are 5 things that affect blood pressure?
Sympathetic nerves, kidneys, temperature, chemicals, diet
Causes vasoconstriction
Sympathetic nerves
What chemicals are vasoconstrictors?
Epinephrine, nicotine
What chemicals are vasodilators?
Histamine, alcohol
Affects BP by altering blood volume
Kidneys
What type of temperature do you need to cause vasodilation?
Hot
What type of temperature do you need to cause vasoconstriction
Cold
Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Systolic
Pressure when ventricles relax
Diastolic
What is the formula for blood pressure?
Systolic/diastolic
Recording of the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
What is the equation for the cardiac output?
CO= heart rate x stroke volume
Want are some factors that can increase cardiac output?
Fear, epinephrine, thyroxine, exercise, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, low BP, fever
Why are valves present in veins but not in arteries?
Valves prevent the back flow of blood in veins
Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity
Pulse
Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance
Constriction of Arterioles
Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made
Over Arteries
Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed
Sounds of korotkoff
What is the intrinsic conduction pathway?
SA node, AV node, bundle of his, AV bundle branches, purkinje fibers
The critical factor that determines the force of heartbeat, or stroke volume, is the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts
Starling’s law
