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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood/Cardiovascular System** > Flashcards

Blood/Cardiovascular System** Flashcards

1
Q

From the right side to lungs; sends deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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2
Q

From the left side to the body; sends oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to all the body cells and removes wastes

A

Systemic Circuit

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3
Q

What is the exception to the rules of arteries and veins?

A

Pulmonaries

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4
Q

Carries blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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5
Q

Carries blood to the heart

A

Veins

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6
Q

Do arteries bring oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated

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7
Q

Do veins bring oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated

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8
Q

Divides the ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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9
Q

Divides the atriums

A

Interatrial septum

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10
Q

What is the blood flow through the heart?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta

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11
Q

Abnormally low neutrophil count

A

Neutropenia

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12
Q

Study of blood

A

Hematology

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13
Q

General coagulation defect disorder

A

Hemophilia

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14
Q

Clumping of cells

A

Aggulitination

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15
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

Process to stop bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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17
Q

Oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

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18
Q

Heme waste product made by the liver

A

Bilirubin

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19
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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20
Q

Also called gamma globulins or immunoglobins

A

Antibodies

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21
Q

Major inflammatory granulocyte; releases histamine during inflammatory reactions

A

Basophil

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22
Q

Most abundant white blood cell

A

Neutrophil

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23
Q

Essential ion for coagulation

A

Calcium

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24
Q

Specialized shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave

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25
Q

Activated by tissue factor

A

Extrinsic coagulation pathway

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26
Q

Lack of intrinsic factor

A

Pernicious anemia

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27
Q

Major anti-helminth white blood cell; increases during allergic attacks

A

Eosinophil

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28
Q

Most abundant plasma proteins

A

Alumbins

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29
Q

Low hematocrit disorder

A

Anemia

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30
Q

Major positive accelerator for coagulation

A

Thrombin

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31
Q

Hormone that stimulates RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

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32
Q

After originating in bone marrow, may be formed in lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphocyte

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33
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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34
Q

Ions in blood plasma

A

Electrolytes

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35
Q

Largest white blood cell; migrates to tissue to become macrophage

A

Monocytes

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36
Q

Oxygen binding portion of hemoglobin

A

Heme

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37
Q

% by volume of RBCs in blood

A

Hematocrit

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38
Q

Fluid portion of blood including clotting factors

A

Plasma

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39
Q

Layer of WBC in centrifuged blood tube

A

Buffy coat

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40
Q

Process of blood clotting

A

Coagulation

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41
Q

pH of blood is slightly ______

A

Alkaline

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42
Q

Protein threads; structural basis of a clot

A

Fibrin

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43
Q

Fluid portion of blood without clotting factors

A

Serum

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44
Q

Organ that secretes erythropoietin

A

Kidney

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45
Q

Prevents Rh- mother from reacting to Rh+ fetus

A

Rhogam

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46
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocyte

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47
Q

What 2 organs are major RBC recycling organs

A

Spleen and Liver

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48
Q

What 2 leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A

Monocyte and Lymphocyte

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49
Q

Mass of specialized cardiac muscle located in the right atrium and near the opening of the superior vena cava

A

SA node/ Sinatorial node

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50
Q

Mass of specialized cardiac muscle located in the atria and ventricule junction

A

AV node/ Atrioventricular node

51
Q

Receives impulse from AV node; located in the upper part of the interventricular septum and divides in to right and left branches

A

Bundle of His

52
Q

Spread from the interventricular septum into the papillary muscles; impulses result in a ventricular contraction

A

Purkinje fibers

53
Q

Contraction phase of the heart cavity

A

Systole

54
Q

Period of relaxation of the heart during which it fills with blood

A

Diastole

55
Q

What is the normal sinus rhythm?

A

60-100 bpm

56
Q

Abnormal or irregular heartbeat

A

Arrhythmia

57
Q

Rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

58
Q

Higher than normal heart rate

A

Tachycardia

59
Q

Lower than normal heart rate

A

Bradycardia

60
Q

Blood’s turbulence from closure of AV’s ventricles contract

A

Lubb sound

61
Q

Blood turbulence from the closure of semi-lunar valves as ventricles relax

A

Dubb sound

62
Q

Mass of merging fibers that act as a unit

A

Functional Synctium

63
Q

Where are the function synctium located?

A

Atria and ventricles

64
Q

Self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle

A

Sinatorial Node

65
Q

Signals the depolarization of the atria

A

P wave

66
Q

Results from the depolarization of the ventricles

A

QRS complex

67
Q

Repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

68
Q

How many heartbeats are in a day?

A

100,000

69
Q

How many heartbeats are in a lifetime?

A

2.5 billion

70
Q

How many liters of blood are pumped in a day?

A

7,000

71
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum

72
Q

Dense connective tissue that covers the heart

A

Fibrous Pericardium

73
Q

Tightly hugs the external surface of the heart and is part of the heart wall

A

Visceral pericardium

74
Q

Reduces friction between membranes as the heart moves

A

Pericardial cavity

75
Q

Forms the inner lining of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

76
Q

Outer layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

77
Q

Middle layer of the heart that contains thick bundles of cardiac muscles

A

Myocardium

78
Q

Inner layer of the heart that lines the chambers

A

Endocardium

79
Q

Upper walled chambers of the heart; receiving chambers

A

Atria

80
Q

Lower muscular walled chambers; pumping chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

81
Q

Fibrous strings that attach to cusps

A

Chordae tendinae

82
Q

Between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

A

Pulmonary valve

83
Q

Between left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

84
Q

Heart attack

A

Myocardial infarction

85
Q

Supply blood to the tissues of the heart

A

Coronary arteries

86
Q

Alternate pathways that develop over time if a coronary artery is blocked

A

Collateral circuit

87
Q

Drain blood that has passed through the myocardium and empty into the coronary sinus and into the right atrium

A

Cardiac veins

88
Q

Short vessel that connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Ductus arteriosus

89
Q

A flap like opening in the interarterial septum

A

Foramen ovale

90
Q

Rank the leukocytes from most common to least common

A

Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil

91
Q

Blood is pumped by the heart into body cavities

A

Open circulatory system

92
Q

Blood is pumped by the heart through vessels and doesn’t usually fill body cavities

A

Closed circulatory system

93
Q

Has elastic, collagen fibers; outer coat of the arteries

A

Tunica external

94
Q

The thickest layer of the arteries; has elastic fibers and smooth muscles, helps with vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Tunica media

95
Q

Has the endothelium and basement membrane

A

Tunica interna

96
Q

Has more elastic fibers and is thinner; pressure reservoir

A

Large arteries

97
Q

Has more smooth muscles and is thicker; most vasodynamic

A

Medium arteries

98
Q

Regulate blood into capillaries

A

Arterioles

99
Q

Band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into each capillary

A

Precapillary sphincter

100
Q

Plaque build up on the insides of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

101
Q

Consists of endothelium; smallest diameter blood vessel

A

Capillaries

102
Q

What do capillaries connect?

A

Arterioles and venuoles

103
Q

Force that blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

104
Q

What are 5 things that affect blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic nerves, kidneys, temperature, chemicals, diet

105
Q

Causes vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic nerves

106
Q

What chemicals are vasoconstrictors?

A

Epinephrine, nicotine

107
Q

What chemicals are vasodilators?

A

Histamine, alcohol

108
Q

Affects BP by altering blood volume

A

Kidneys

109
Q

What type of temperature do you need to cause vasodilation?

A

Hot

110
Q

What type of temperature do you need to cause vasoconstriction

A

Cold

111
Q

Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

112
Q

Pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

113
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

Systolic/diastolic

114
Q

Recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram

115
Q

What is the equation for the cardiac output?

A

CO= heart rate x stroke volume

116
Q

Want are some factors that can increase cardiac output?

A

Fear, epinephrine, thyroxine, exercise, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, low BP, fever

117
Q

Why are valves present in veins but not in arteries?

A

Valves prevent the back flow of blood in veins

118
Q

Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity

A

Pulse

119
Q

Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance

A

Constriction of Arterioles

120
Q

Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made

A

Over Arteries

121
Q

Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed

A

Sounds of korotkoff

122
Q

What is the intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, AV bundle branches, purkinje fibers

123
Q

The critical factor that determines the force of heartbeat, or stroke volume, is the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts

A

Starling’s law

Anatomy and Physiology (33 decks)

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