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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System** > Flashcards

Endocrine System** Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones and control prolonged continuous processes

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2
Q

How does the endocrine and nervous system work together?

A

Coordinate and direct the activity of the body’s cells and to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What kind of cells are in the endocrine system?

A

Glandular epithelium

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4
Q

What kind of chemical signals does the endocrine system have?

A

Hormones

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5
Q

What is the specificity of response in the endocrine system?

A

Receptors on target cells

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6
Q

What is the speed of onset in the endocrine system?

A

Seconds to hours

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7
Q

How long is the duration of action in the endocrine system?

A

May be brief or may last for days if secretion ceases

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8
Q

Release their products at the body’s surface (epithelium) or into body cavities through ducts; ducted

A

Exocrine Glands

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9
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

A

Sweat, oil, saliva, pancreas, liver

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10
Q

Produce hormones that release into the blood or lymph; ductless

A

Endocrine glands

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11
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, thymus

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12
Q

Chemical messengers released into the blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body

A

Hormones

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13
Q

Cells with specific receptors on which hormones exert their effect

A

Target cells

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14
Q

Where must protein receptors be present so the hormone can attach?

A

Plasma membrane

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15
Q

What does a hormone depend on so it could interact with its customers’ receptors?

A

Molecular structure

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16
Q

Made from cholesterol; can pass straight through the target cell’s membrane and cytoplasm and into its nucleus

A

Steroid

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17
Q

What are steroid hormones soluble in?

A

Lipids

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18
Q

What are steroid hormones insoluble in?

A

Water

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19
Q

Amino acid based molecules; activates/deactivates enzymes that trigger the desired change to the cell’s activities

A

Non-steroid hormones

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20
Q

What prompts the endocrine glands to release or not release their hormones?

A

Negative feedback

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21
Q

What is hormone secretion activated by?

A

Internal or external stimulus

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22
Q

What do rising hormones inhibit?

A

Further hormone release

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23
Q

Endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones

A

Hormonal stimuli

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24
Q

What are some examples of hormonal stimuli?

A

Hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormone

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25
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients

A

Humoral stimuli

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26
Q

What are some examples of humoral stimuli?

A

Decreasing calcium levels stimulates the parathyroid ormone

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27
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

A

Neural stimuli

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28
Q

What are some examples of neural stimuli?

A

Adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine during periods of stress

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29
Q

What types of chemicals can hormones be?

A

Steroids, peptides, amines, proteins, glycoproteins

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30
Q

Locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced with a variety of effects

A

Prostaglandins

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31
Q

What are some effects of Prostaglandins?

A

Relax or contract smooth muscle, stimulate secretion, influence blood pressure

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32
Q

Hormones that have another endocrine gland as their target

A

Tropic hormones

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33
Q

What 2 hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

Growth hormones, prolactin

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34
Q

Stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce

A

Growth hormone

35
Q

What factors influence growth besides GH?

A

Nutritional status

36
Q

What hormones from the hypothalamus control the levels of GH?

A

GH-releasing and GH-inhibiting

37
Q

What disorders may result from a lack/too much GH?

A

Gigantism, dwarfism

38
Q

Promotes milk production in lactating women

A

Prolactin

39
Q

What hypothalamic hormones affect prolactin?

A

PRL releasing hormone

40
Q

Controls secretions of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

41
Q

What hypothalamic hormone affects the release of the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

TRH

42
Q

What hormone does ACTH affect the release of?

A

Cortisol

43
Q

What is the name of te hormone that controls ACTH’s release?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

44
Q

Hormone that makes testes produce sperm and ovaries to produce eggs and release estrogen

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

45
Q

What hormone from the hypothalamus controls the release of follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

46
Q

Causes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary which releases estrogen and progesterone

A

Luteinizing hormone

47
Q

What controls the relase of luteinizing hormones?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

48
Q

What structure actually produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Cause kidneys to conserve water

A

Antidiuretic hormone

50
Q

What disease can occur if not enough antidiuretic hormone is released?

A

Diabetes

51
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

52
Q

Causes contractions of the uterus wall and milk letdown during breastfeeding

A

Oxytocin

53
Q

What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

54
Q

Regulates metabolism

A

T4 and T3

55
Q

Lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions

A

Calcitonin

56
Q

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue and release calcium into blood and influences kidneys to conserve calcium ions

A

Parathyroid Hormone

57
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

58
Q

What effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the body?

A

Similar effects to those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

59
Q

What 3 hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone, Glucocorticoids, sex hormones

60
Q

Controls the levels of sodium ions by conserving them in the kidneys

A

Mineralcorticoids

61
Q

Influence the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat

A

Glucocorticoids

62
Q

Supplement hormones released by the gonads and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs

A

Sex hormones

63
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon

64
Q

Increases the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose

A

Glucagon

65
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

66
Q

Involves the regulation of circadian rhythms in the body

A

Melatonin

67
Q

What does the thymus gland secrete?

A

Thymosin

68
Q

Affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important in immunity

A

Thymosin

69
Q

What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

70
Q

What 4 hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, Human chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin

71
Q

What hormone does the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

72
Q

Secrete hormones associated with the processes of digestion

A

Digestive gland

73
Q

Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide affecting sodium

A

Heart

74
Q

Secrete erythropoietin for blood cell production

A

Kidneys

75
Q

What do salivary glands secrete?

A

Amylase

76
Q

Active in breaking down starches

A

Amylase

77
Q

Releases when food passes through the pyloric sphincter

A

Gastrin

78
Q

Produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder until it is released into the small intestine to break down lipids

A

Bile

79
Q

Released when acidic food enters the first part of the small intestine (duodenum)

A

Secretin

80
Q

Causes mother’s pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible

A

Relaxin

81
Q

Prepare breasts for lactation

A

Human placental lactogen

82
Q

Produced by the embryo & then by the fetal part of the placenta

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

83
Q

What 4 hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

Anatomy and Physiology (33 decks)

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