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A Level PE > Section 9: Information processing > Flashcards

Section 9: Information processing Flashcards

1
Q

Define information processing

A

the methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised

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2
Q

What is the input stage?

A

information picked up by the senses

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3
Q

What is the display?

A

the sporting environment

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4
Q

What are the receptor systems?

A

the senses that pick up information from the display

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5
Q

Name all the senses

A
  • sight/vision
  • auditory/ hearing
  • touch
  • balance
  • kinesthesis
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6
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

the inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension

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7
Q

What are examples of external senses?

A
  • sight

- hearing

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8
Q

What are examples of internal senses?

A
  • touch
  • balance
  • kinesthesis
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9
Q

What is selective attention?

A

filtering relevant information from irelevent information

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10
Q

Define stimuli

A

the important and relevant items of information from the display

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11
Q

Examples of stimuli

A

flight of the ball, incoming defender

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12
Q

What is perception?

A

the process of coding and interpreting sensory information

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13
Q

What are translatory mechanisms?

A

adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made

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14
Q

What is the effector mechanism?

A

the network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles

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15
Q

What is the central executive?

A

the control centre of the working memory model, it uses 3 other systems to control all the information moving in or out of the memory system

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16
Q

What 3 systems are used by the central executive?

A
  1. The phonological loop
  2. The visuospatial sketchpad
  3. The episodic buffer
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17
Q

What is the function of the phonological loop?

A

deal with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace

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18
Q

What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

used to temporarily store visual and spatial information

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19
Q

What are the 2 sections in the visuospatial sketchpad?

A
  • visual cache

- inner scribe

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20
Q

What is the function of the visual cache?

A

holds information about form and colour

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21
Q

What is the function of the inner scribe?

A

deals with spatial and movement information

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22
Q

What is the function of the episodic buffer?

A

co-ordinates sight , hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the LTM

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23
Q

Define the long-term memory

A

receives information from the working memory and has unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes

24
Q

Describe the features of the memory system

A
  • the working memory has a limited capacity- can only deal with up to 7 pieces of information at a time
  • the working memory has a limited time scale-around 30 seconds
  • long-term memory has a large capacity and can store information for a lifetime
25
Q

Describe the functions of the memory system

A
  • the working memory initiates the action by sending a memory trace
  • important info can be stored in the LTM in the form of a motor programme (a more permanent trace of a skill consisting of the components of the skill)
26
Q

State the strategies a coach could use to store information in the LTM

A
  • rewards: to motivate performer to remember correct actions
  • association: of actions you wish to learn with appropriate actions or emotions already stored in the memory
  • mental practice: when parts or sub-routines are imagined over and over, particularly helpful for serial skills
  • breaking the task down/chunking: prevents information overload
  • focus and concentrate: helps the selective attention process
  • repetition
  • chaining: when items of information are recalled as a sequence
27
Q

Define association

A

linking the stored actions of a skill to a stored emotion or another action

28
Q

Define chunking

A

breaking the skilled action into sub-routines or parts

29
Q

What is chaining?

A

when items of information are recalled as a sequence, so one movement links to the next

30
Q

What is a motor programme?

A

a set of movements stored in the memory that specify the components of the skill

31
Q

What are the 4 parameters of a schema?

A
  1. initial conditions
  2. response specifications
  3. sensory consequences
  4. response outcome
32
Q

Which 2 parameters of a schema are recall?

A

initial conditions and response specifications

33
Q

Which 2 parameters of a schema are recognition?

A

sensory consequences and response outcome

34
Q

Define initial conditions

A

information from the environment

35
Q

Examples of initial conditions

A
  • position on court
  • placement of limbs
  • location of performer with regard to other players
  • summed up as ‘where am I?’
36
Q

Define response specifications

A

information about what to do

37
Q

Examples of response specifications

A
  • how far away is the player so how far do i need to throw the ball
  • what type of pass is best
  • summed up as ‘what do I need to do?’
38
Q

Define recognition consequences schema

A

controls movement, happens during action and concerns the use of the senses to help guide the movement

39
Q

Examples of recognition consequences

A
  • grip of netball, controlled by touch

- strength of pass

40
Q

Define reaction time

A

the time taken from the onset of stimulus to the onset of response

41
Q

Define movement time

A

the time taken to complete the task

42
Q

Define response time

A

the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of the task. response time= reaction time + movement time

43
Q

Define simple reaction time

A

when there is one specific response to one stimulus

44
Q

Example of simple reaction time

A

a sprinter responding to the starting gun

45
Q

Define choice reaction time

A

choosing from numerus stimuli or choosing a number of responses once the correct stimulus has been chosen

46
Q

What is Hick’s law?

A

reaction time increases as the number of choices increases

47
Q

What is the single-channel hypothesis?

A

stimuli can only be processed one at a time

48
Q

What is the psychological refractory period?

A

a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed

49
Q

Define anticipation

A

pre-judging a stimulus

50
Q

What is temporal anticipation?

A

when is it going to happen

51
Q

What is spatial anticipation?

A

where is it going to happen and what will happen

52
Q

How do you improve response time?

A
  1. mental practice- the response preparation process is improved and action can be predicted
  2. training to a specific stimulus
  3. make stimulus intense so that performer focuses
  4. improving fitness
  5. using anticipation to predict the stimulus
53
Q

State implications for coaching when using schema

A
  • a novice may not have developed a motor programme when can be used to adapt and update information
  • changing environmental influences might affect initial conditions of the schema
54
Q

What are the 3 parts to information processing?

A

1) input
2) decision making
3) output

55
Q

What is a schema?

A

an adapted motor programme

a set of concepts that can be adapted to the situation

A Level PE (31 decks)

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