Section 9: Information processing Flashcards
Define information processing
the methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
What is the input stage?
information picked up by the senses
What is the display?
the sporting environment
What are the receptor systems?
the senses that pick up information from the display
Name all the senses
- sight/vision
- auditory/ hearing
- touch
- balance
- kinesthesis
What is kinesthesis?
the inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
What are examples of external senses?
- sight
- hearing
What are examples of internal senses?
- touch
- balance
- kinesthesis
What is selective attention?
filtering relevant information from irelevent information
Define stimuli
the important and relevant items of information from the display
Examples of stimuli
flight of the ball, incoming defender
What is perception?
the process of coding and interpreting sensory information
What are translatory mechanisms?
adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made
What is the effector mechanism?
the network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles
What is the central executive?
the control centre of the working memory model, it uses 3 other systems to control all the information moving in or out of the memory system
What 3 systems are used by the central executive?
- The phonological loop
- The visuospatial sketchpad
- The episodic buffer
What is the function of the phonological loop?
deal with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace
What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?
used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
What are the 2 sections in the visuospatial sketchpad?
- visual cache
- inner scribe
What is the function of the visual cache?
holds information about form and colour
What is the function of the inner scribe?
deals with spatial and movement information
What is the function of the episodic buffer?
co-ordinates sight , hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the LTM
Define the long-term memory
receives information from the working memory and has unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
Describe the features of the memory system
- the working memory has a limited capacity- can only deal with up to 7 pieces of information at a time
- the working memory has a limited time scale-around 30 seconds
- long-term memory has a large capacity and can store information for a lifetime
Describe the functions of the memory system
- the working memory initiates the action by sending a memory trace
- important info can be stored in the LTM in the form of a motor programme (a more permanent trace of a skill consisting of the components of the skill)
State the strategies a coach could use to store information in the LTM
- rewards: to motivate performer to remember correct actions
- association: of actions you wish to learn with appropriate actions or emotions already stored in the memory
- mental practice: when parts or sub-routines are imagined over and over, particularly helpful for serial skills
- breaking the task down/chunking: prevents information overload
- focus and concentrate: helps the selective attention process
- repetition
- chaining: when items of information are recalled as a sequence
Define association
linking the stored actions of a skill to a stored emotion or another action
Define chunking
breaking the skilled action into sub-routines or parts
What is chaining?
when items of information are recalled as a sequence, so one movement links to the next
What is a motor programme?
a set of movements stored in the memory that specify the components of the skill
What are the 4 parameters of a schema?
- initial conditions
- response specifications
- sensory consequences
- response outcome
Which 2 parameters of a schema are recall?
initial conditions and response specifications
Which 2 parameters of a schema are recognition?
sensory consequences and response outcome
Define initial conditions
information from the environment
Examples of initial conditions
- position on court
- placement of limbs
- location of performer with regard to other players
- summed up as ‘where am I?’
Define response specifications
information about what to do
Examples of response specifications
- how far away is the player so how far do i need to throw the ball
- what type of pass is best
- summed up as ‘what do I need to do?’
Define recognition consequences schema
controls movement, happens during action and concerns the use of the senses to help guide the movement
Examples of recognition consequences
- grip of netball, controlled by touch
- strength of pass
Define reaction time
the time taken from the onset of stimulus to the onset of response
Define movement time
the time taken to complete the task
Define response time
the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of the task. response time= reaction time + movement time
Define simple reaction time
when there is one specific response to one stimulus
Example of simple reaction time
a sprinter responding to the starting gun
Define choice reaction time
choosing from numerus stimuli or choosing a number of responses once the correct stimulus has been chosen
What is Hick’s law?
reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
What is the single-channel hypothesis?
stimuli can only be processed one at a time
What is the psychological refractory period?
a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
Define anticipation
pre-judging a stimulus
What is temporal anticipation?
when is it going to happen
What is spatial anticipation?
where is it going to happen and what will happen
How do you improve response time?
- mental practice- the response preparation process is improved and action can be predicted
- training to a specific stimulus
- make stimulus intense so that performer focuses
- improving fitness
- using anticipation to predict the stimulus
State implications for coaching when using schema
- a novice may not have developed a motor programme when can be used to adapt and update information
- changing environmental influences might affect initial conditions of the schema
What are the 3 parts to information processing?
1) input
2) decision making
3) output
What is a schema?
an adapted motor programme
a set of concepts that can be adapted to the situation
