Section 3: Sport And Society Flashcards
What are the social benefits of increasing participation in sport?
Happier, more positive outlook on life that makes you more approachable to others
Improved confidence/ self-esteem in the company of others
Improved communication skills
Form friendships with people with similar interests
What are the fitness benefits of regular participation in physical activity of sport?
Improved posture Improved flexibility Improved cardiovascular fitness Improved reaction time Improved speed/power Improved body composition Improved muscular strength Improved agility/balance
Explain the differences between the gentleman amateur and working-class professional and the impact these had on their participation during this time.
- wealth, gentleman amateur had more money so had access to more activities to participate in/ working class professional did not
- time, gentleman amateur had more free time so had the opportunity to participate in more activity/ working class professional had longer working hours
- commitment, gentleman amateur didn’t have the desire to improve performance so wouldn’t train/ working class professional committed to do well so trained
- morality, gentleman amateur had higher morality so participation had greater emphasis on taking part and fair play/ working class professional had lower morality and participation was win at all costs
What are the characteristics of life in pre-industrial Britain?
- communications and transport were limited
- illiteracy: lower classes uneducated with little ability to read or write
- cruel or violent lower classes
- upper class lived in comfort and luxury
- limited free time for as work based on land
- free time dictated by agricultural calendar and lower class worked very long hours
- class divisions clearly existed (2-tier)
- people lived in rural areas
What are the characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial times?
- occasional and restricted to annual breaks in the agriculture calendar
- local and specific to each community
- used natural resources available e.g. open land for mob games
- rules were basic and applied to specific communities
- aggressive and male-dominated
- wagers placed by upper classes
- some activities were functional e.g. footmen
Define mob football
an unruly form of football played by the lower classes
Define real tennis
upper-class activity of the time, with strict rules and moral code
Why was mob football banned?
- violent + unruly in nature
- led to injury + death in extreme cases
- led to damage of property
- involved gambling/wagering
- linked to alcohol consumption
Name the characteristics of real tennis
- courtly and royal
- played by upper class males
- complex rules
- played to a high moral code
- played on a regular basis
- expensive, purpose-built buildings
- specialist equipment e.g. racquets
- non-local
What is rational recreation?
in the 19th century, these were sports pastimes for lower classes designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled
Who was Dr William Penny Brookes?
the founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850 and campaigned for PE to be on the school curriculum
What did the Wenlock Olympian games entail?
mixture of athletics, quoits, football, cricket, running + hurdles.
Define the industrial revolution
occurred during the mid-18th to mid-19th centuries and marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class
State the initial effects of the industrial revolution in the first half of the 19th century
- migration of the lower classes into urban areas
- lack of leisure time
- lack of income
- poor health and hygiene
- loss of rights
- lack of public provision
State the effects of the industrial revolution in the second half of the 19th century
-improved health and hygiene e.g. public baths
-gradual increase in waged and more time for sport e.g. Saturday half-days
-development of new middle class e.g. now sport played to a high moral code, strict rules, leagues and competitions
-influence of ex-public schoolboys
-values of athleticism spread to lower class
-industrial patronage e.g. factory owners becoming
patrons of sport and setting up factory teams
-improvements in transport and communications e.g. via development of roads and steam trains
-became cheaper to travel
Define urbanisation
large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in factories
What are the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport?
- lack of space
- large working-class populations, needed entertainment
- loss of traditional sports, mob games banned
- change in working conditions
State the key ways in which the development of the railways contributed to the development of sport
- movement of teams/spectators
- improved access to different parts of the country
- cheaper train travel
- improved access to the countryside
Define social control
social control is the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
What is codification?
the gradual organisation and defining of the rules
How did the middle class support sporting developments during the 19th century?
- codification
- competitions
- public provision
- increased leisure time
- move to ‘professionalism’
What are the ways that sport spread through the British Empire?
- teachers
- factory owners
- clergy
- officers in the British army
- diplomats
- formed NGBs
Why did NGBs develop in England?
- sport increased in popularity
- more teams and clubs forming
- more national and international fixtures
- leagues and competitions required
- requirement of nationally agreed rules + codification
- maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle classes
Define public provision
local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate in
Name the characteristics of rational recreation
- respectability
- regionally and regularly played
- strict rules and codification
- referees/officials
- purpose-built facilities
- skill/tactics based
- fair play
What is the amateur and professional code
amateur code stresses that sport is played purely for the sake of it.
professional code places more emphasis of winning.
Define the term amateur
a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
Define a professional
a person who plays sport for financial gain
What are the values of amateurism?
- ‘manliness’, robustness, striving and physical endeavour
- appreciating the value of health and fitness
- appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
- high moral integrity
What are the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?
- respected member of society (public school background)
- social elite, wealth and time for sport
- training frowned upon
- participation of sport was character-building
- natural talents used to play a range of sports
- played to a high moral code
Give examples of playing sport to a high moral code
- immediate acceptance of the rules and refereeing decisions
- showing restraint in victory
- referee deemed unnecessary
State the positive effects of amateurism
- elite sport dominated by upper and middle classes
- amateurs held higher status than professionals
- adhered to code of ethics
- belonging to the social elite so could afford to play in free time
- participation more important than winning
- played to clearly set rules
- ‘all-rounder’ viewed with high regard
- elite performers of the 19th century
- admiration by the new middle classes
What are the key features of early 20th century amateurs?
- high status
- controllers of sport
- top performers
- highly moral
Key features of modern day amateurs
- lower status than professionals
- some high-level performers still not professional e.g. gymnasts
- blurring of amateurism and professionalism
- top level performance open to all
- some receive finance for training expenses etc, e.g. national lottery
Positives of modern day amateurism
- codes of amateurism still present e.g. fair play and sportsmanship
- amateurism viewed positively and promoted e.g. fair play awards in football, shaking hands, Olympic ideal based on amateurism principles
- sports maintained amateurism e.g. calling ref ‘sir’
Give the factors responsible for the growth of modern day professionalism
- all classes can compete
- people respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top
- high rewards for professionals
- more time to train so higher standards than amateurs
- increase in financial rewards through celeb status, more media coverage + investment in sport
- positive role models act as motivators
- more money invested into sports
- more spectators due to easier travel
Give reasons for the growth of Association Football
- urbanisation= gave captive audience and facilities built
- increased leisure/free time
- more disposable income
- improved transport= development of trains
- increased professionalism= broken time payments increased opportunity for professional jobs
- social class links= more respectability given by middle classes
- increased organisation= ex-public boys set up FA in 1863
What socio-cultural factors led to an increase in women’s football?
- equal opportunities, sec discrimination act passed
- increased media coverage
- more female role models
- more provision via school PE programmes
- increased approval by FA
- more clubs forming
- increased participation via more funding
- more free time
What are the key features of lawn tennis as it developed in the industrial/post-industrial era?
- middle-class intervention
- played by middle class
- organised by middle class
- use of specialist equipment
- use of standardised rules
- played by males and females
- public provision
Define the open era
when professional tennis players where allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money
What is media?
an organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
Define the golden triangle
refers to the relationship between sport, business and media
Identify the aims of the Wenlock Olympic Games
- form Olympian class
- promote moral improvements
- promote physical improvements
- promote intellectual improvements
- targeted at people in the town and neighbourhood or Wenlock
What are the benefits of sponsorship to companies investing large amounts of money into sport?
- increase in publicity/media coverage=increased sales/profit
- linking the company to an elite athlete=adds value to a brand and creates an association with a healthy image
- decreases tax paid by the company=due to tax relief afforded on money donated as sponsorship
- company provided with tickets=helps build relationships with customer and client
Define society
an organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or with shared common interests
Define socialisation
a lifelong purpose where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in society
Define primary socialisation
socialisation during early childhood through influence of immediate family
Give examples of the national partners Sport England work with
- Activity Alliance
- Sporting Equals
- Women in Sport
- StreetGames
Define the main concepts of social action theory
- considers how sport can impact a society
- society is created by social interaction
- by interacting with others, people create organisations e.g. schools/clubs/campaign groups
- these organisations influence a society
- interactions lead to change in the social processes that exist
