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A Level PE > 3.4 Sociological theory applied to equal opportunities > Flashcards

3.4 Sociological theory applied to equal opportunities Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sport England’s overall mission?

A

to create a sporting habit for life

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2
Q

Define county sport partnerships (CSPs)

A

national networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity (Sport England invest in CSPs)

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3
Q

What sport/physical activity providers do CSPs work with?

A
  • health organisations
  • local authorities
  • national governing bodies
  • sports clubs
  • schools/education providers
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4
Q

What does Sport England do on a local level to increase sport participation?

A
  • invest in CSPs
  • offers help to local authorities so they can develop sport in their area
  • implement schemes + initiatives for local authorities (specific to their needs)
  • local outreach teams, which offer support and advice
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5
Q

What were the aims of Sport England’s £1 billion National Lottery funding into organisations and projects?

A
  • help more people have a sporting habit for life
  • create more opportunities for young people to play sport
  • nurture and develop talent
  • provide the right facilities in the right places
  • support local authorities and unlock local funding
  • ensure real opportunities for communities
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6
Q

What national partners does Sport England work with?

A
  • Activity Alliance
  • Sporting Equals
  • Women in Sport
  • StreetGames
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7
Q

What is Activity Alliance?

A

a national charity (was the English Federation of Disability sport) dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people

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8
Q

What is Sporting Equals?

A

an organisation which exists to promote greater involvement by disadvantaged communities and particularly in the black and ethnic minority population

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9
Q

What is Women in Sport?

A

aims to make being active more attractive to women and teenage girls by trying to break down barriers

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10
Q

What is StreetGames?

A

a national charity dedicated to developing sport with disadvantaged communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances

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11
Q

What do StreetGames do?

A
  • work to create networks at national (e.g. NGBs) and local (e.g. local authorities or sports clubs) levels to strengthen commitment to doorstep sports
  • doorstep sport=access to sport in local communities where people live
  • they provide affordable, low-cost sessions within neighbourhoods (travel not an issue)
  • conveniently timed and informal sessions to make them more appealing to participation
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12
Q

Define society

A

an organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest

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13
Q

Define socialisation

A

a lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society

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14
Q

Define primary socialisation

A

socialisation during early childhood through influence of immediate family

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15
Q

Define secondary socialisation

A

socialisation in teenage years through influence of peer groups, friends and school

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16
Q

Define internalisation

A

the learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

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17
Q

Define gender socialisation

A

the act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation

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18
Q

What is social control?

A

the way in which people’s thoughts feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems

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19
Q

Define institution

A

an established organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose

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20
Q

Define social processes

A

forms of social interaction between individuals and groups which occur again and again

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21
Q

Define integration

A

able-bodied and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time e.g. London marathon

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22
Q

Define segregation

A

people with disabilities participating separately among themselves e.g. Paralympics

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23
Q

What are the common barriers of disabled people participating in sport?

A
  • negative self-image or lack of confidence
  • low income levels for cost of participation, transport costs
  • lack of access into and around facilities
  • low levels of media coverage/ lack of role models
  • lack of organised programmes
  • lack of specialised coaches/clubs/equipment/competitions to access
  • myths/stereotypes about capabilities of people with a disability, lower societal expectations, safety concerns (traditionally viewed as dangerous)
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24
Q

What solutions are there to the barriers of disabled people participating in sport?

A
  • providing more opportunities for high level success e.g. Paralympics
  • increased investment in disabled sport, making it more affordable
  • providing transport to facilities, improved access to facilities
  • improved technology e.g. prosthetics/wheelchairs
  • increased media coverage and promote role models to aspire to
  • training of more specialist coaches, set up more clubs
  • educating people on myths and stereotypes
  • designing activities specifically for individuals with a disability e.g. goalball/boccia
  • modifying activities e.g. wheelchair basketball
  • specialist organisations such as Activity Alliance and Sport England working to support and co-ordinate the development of sporting opportunities for people with disabilities
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25
Q

Define racism

A

a set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; it may lead to physical or verbal abuse

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26
Q

Define ethnic groups

A

people who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common

27
Q

Define stacking

A

the disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision making and communication qualities

28
Q

Define channelling

A

ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them

29
Q

What are the barriers to participation for ethnic minority groups?

A
  • conflict with religious/cultural observances
  • high value placed on education as opposed to sporting participation
  • fear of racist abuse, prejudice or discrimination
  • fewer role models to aspire to, particularly in coaching/managerial positions
  • fear of rejection/low levels of self-esteem
  • stereotyping/attempts at channelling ethnic minorities into certain sports
  • language barriers may exist
30
Q

What solutions are there to racial disadvantage in sport?

A
  • training more ethnic minority coaches and educating them on the effects of stereotyping
  • ensuring there is single sex provision e.g. for Muslim women to overcome cultural barriers
  • publicising and severely punishing any racist abuse
  • ensuring provision in PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences
  • organising campaigns against racism in sport
  • Kick it Out football’s equality and inclusion organisation, working to challenge discrimination + campaign for change
31
Q

What is the Rooney rule?

A

requires national football teams in the USA to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs

32
Q

Define sexism

A

the belief that one sex is inferior to the other, usually women

33
Q

What are the barriers to women participating in sport?

A
  • stereotypical myths in society e.g. women lacking aggression for sports like rugby
  • less media coverage of women’s sport
  • fewer positive/attainable role models for women to aspire to e.g. coaches, performers, officials or positions of power in sport
  • media pressure to be thin as opposed to healthy (ideal female body may not look like an active body)
  • fewer sponsorship opportunities/opportunities to become full time athletes
  • negative impact of school PE programmes e.g. rules on showering/kit, lack of appealing activities
  • lack of fitness, low levels of self-confidence, body image issues
  • lack of leisure time due to work, childcare/domestic responsibilities
  • lack of disposable income
  • channelling women into certain ‘female appropriate sports’
  • fewer leagues/competitions/clubs available for women to participate in
34
Q

What are the possible solutions to gender inequality in sport?

A
  • introduce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful e.g. the Sex Discrimination Act 1975
  • encourage greater social acceptance of women having jobs/careers with more disposable income
  • encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities so more leisure time for sport
  • increased media coverage of women’s sport, provide more positive/attainable role models to aspire to
  • increased sponsorship attracted to women’s sport
  • providing education to reject stereotypical myths, improved PE provision
  • more opportunities for women to join sports clubs
  • making sports facilities as clean and attractive as possible
  • social media to create friendships with like-minded individuals playing sport- to increase motivation
  • via the work of organisations e.g. Sport England and Women in Sport
35
Q

What are the socio-cultural reasons for the increase of female participation in football?

A
  • increased opportunities in society in general
  • increased media coverage of women’s football, more role models
  • more opportunities for girls to play football in school PE programmes
  • more football clubs to join in the area they live
  • the rejection of stereotypes affecting female participation in contact activities like football
  • general increase in leisure time and disposable income available to women
  • more opportunities to play professionally in England e.g. formation of the FA women’s super league
36
Q

State the health benefits of raising participation in physical activity/sport

A
  • decreased risk of heart disease/stroke
  • avoidance of high/low blood pressure
  • decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
  • maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
  • strengthening of bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis and back pain
  • improved mental health and stress management, decreased risk of conditions e.g. anxiety or depression
  • decreased risk of some cancers
37
Q

State the fitness benefits of raising participation in physical activity/sport

A
  • improved posture
  • improved body composition
  • improved cardiovascular fitness
  • improved muscular strength/endurance
  • improved flexibility
  • improved agility/balance/co-ordination
  • improved speed/power
  • improved reaction time
38
Q

State the social benefits of raising participation in physical activity/sport

A
  • improved sleep patterns, can enhance a person’s mood and their relationships
  • raised levels of serotonin and endorphins, help a person to feel happier, have a more positive outlook on life
  • develop new friendships with people who share a common interest
  • improved concentration, allowing a clearer focus on social relationships
  • increased confidence/self-esteem
39
Q

What are some of the initiatives in place by Sport England to increase participation of women in sport?

A
  • making women’s sport a major priority financially across 46 core sport NGBs in which they are investing millions of pounds
  • In 2015, they invested £2.3 million into ‘I Will If You Will’ in the local authority of Bury to help understand how to get more women playing sport
  • In 2015, they also introduced ‘This Girl Can’ a scheme designed to help overcome barriers for women and girls
  • ‘Go where women are’ an insight pack available from Sport England about engaging women in sport on their terms and in their space
40
Q

Identify the economic barriers which may account for the lower rate of participation of women in sport and physical activity

A
  • costs involved
  • fewer sponsorship opportunities available
  • fewer full-time sporting opportunities
  • long working hours/less leisure time available
41
Q

Identify schemes and initiatives Sport England has put in place to improve opportunities for women and young girls to participate in sport

A
  • This Girl Can
  • Women in Sport
  • I Will If You Will
  • Active Women
  • Breeze- by British Cycling to increase women participation, offers free rides up the country
  • Back to Netball
  • Us Girls- by StreetGames to increase and sustain young women’s sport participation in disadvanatged communities
42
Q

Define equal opportunities

A

the right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability

43
Q

Define prejudice

A

to form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts

44
Q

Define discrimination

A

the unfair treatment of a person or, minority group; to make a distinction and act on a prejudice

45
Q

Define stereotyping

A

a standardised image of a group, making simple generalisations about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly

46
Q

Define social change

A

an alteration in the social order of a society

47
Q

Define social issues

A

problems that affect many people within a society

48
Q

Define inequality

A

the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society

49
Q

State the key causes of inequality in sport participation

A
  • lack of money/cost of participation
  • lack of confidence/self-esteem
  • lack of role models to aspire to
  • myths or stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of women, ethnic minorities and disabled people
50
Q

Define social stratification

A

a type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic, such as wealth or status

51
Q

Give examples of social issues

A
  • gender or disability discrimination
  • drug abuse
  • low activity patterns linked to health/obesity problems
52
Q

What social structures exists that have an impact on sports participation?

A
  • the type of school you go to (impacts what activities you get to try out)
  • the amount of free time devoted to sport
  • the quality of teaching/coaching received to develop talents
  • the quality of facilities you train in
53
Q

Define social class

A

a term used to define social inequalities i.e. certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power than others

54
Q

What factors contribute to social class?

A

a person’s job, family background, education and income

55
Q

How are children from low-income families disadvantged?

A
  • poorer health, may undermine their physical and skill levels
  • less money to spend on sports equipment, additional specialist coaching etc
56
Q

How can participation in sport be increased among individuals in the working class?

A
  • increased publicity/advertisement of opportunities available
  • making sure they’re affordable
  • provide taster sessions
  • provide appealing activities
  • invest in areas of social deprivation
57
Q

Describe the main concepts of social action theory

A
  • social action theory considers how sport can impact society
  • society is created by social interaction/interactionist theory
  • by interacting with others, people create organisations e.g. schools/clubs
  • these organisations influence people e.g. expecting people to obey the rules of the organisation
  • interactions lead to changes in the social processes that exist
58
Q

State the individual benefits of raising participation in sport/physical activity

A

Health: increased health + fitness, lower body weight, lower blood pressure/stress levels, raised self-esteem
Social: improved social skills, improved ability to develop friendships
Crime: more positive use of free time
Employment: increased productivity at work, lower absenteeism
Economic: increased spending on healthy pursuits

59
Q

State the societal benefits of raising participation in sport/physical activity

A

Health: reduced strain on NHS, lower obesity levels
Social: increased community integration, improved community morale
Crime: lower crime statistics
Employment: workplace/employer benefits as less time off/higher productivity rates
Economic: more money is put into the economy via increased ‘leisure-spend’

60
Q

What are the general barriers to participation of physical activity

A
  • lack of time
  • negative social influences, poor PE influences
  • lack of motivation
  • lack of skill
  • lack of resources/high costs of participation
  • family obligations/domestic responsibilities
61
Q

What solutions are there to general barriers to participation for physical activity?

A
  • lack of time= add physical activity to a daily routine e.g. walk or cycle to work
  • negative social influences=invite family and friends to exercise with you, join a group where physical activity plays an important part
  • lack of motivation= invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis, join an exercise class
  • lack of skill= select activities requiring few or no skills e.g. walking/jogging
  • family obligations= exercise with the children e.g. go for a walk or swim
62
Q

What initiatives are in place by Sport England to increase participation of disabled sport?

A
  • Everyone Can: aims to change perceptions around disabled people’s participation in physical activity
  • from ‘Places People Play’ Sport England ring-fenced £10.2 million on improving sport for disabled people
  • Inclusive Sport: aimed to increase the number of disabled young people (14+) and adults regularly playing sport
  • Get Equipped: funding scheme that aimed to provide disabled performers with specialist equipment
63
Q

Explain how services provided by local partners allows Sport England to develop sport at a local level

A
  • club development allows more people to participate
  • coaching development/better coaches improves standard of performance
  • education programmes increases awareness of importance of health and fitness
  • equality/targeted campaigns working to increase participation among under-represented groups
  • better facilities allows more people to participate
  • funding and support for grassroots sports to provide facilities/coaches to increase participation
  • marketing and communication to allow local clubs to spread the work about available opportunities

A Level PE (31 decks)

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