Section 13: Sport and society and the role of technology in physical activity and sport Flashcards
What is the sporting development continuum?
participation in various forms of physical activity at various stages of development. e.g. grass roots ‘foundation stage’ in primary school PE or ‘participation stage’ involvement as an adult in physical recreation
What is leisure?
free time during which individuals can choose what to do
What is physical recreation?
the active aspect of leisure
What are the key characteristics of physical recreation?
- fun, enjoyable, non-serious and informal, winning is not important as taking part
- physically energetic
- participation is a choice and voluntary for when you have free time
- tends to involve adults at the participation level of the sporting development continuum
- flexible, play for how long you want and adjustable rules
- self-officiated
What are the functions of physical recreation for an individual?
- increases health and fitness
- helps in development of physical skills
- provides a challenge
- sense of achievement, increased self-confidence and esteem
- stress relief
- socialization
What are the functions of physical recreation for a society?
- reduced strain on the NHS
- lowers obesity rates
- increase social integration and improve community cohesion
- increase in employment and economic benefits
- increases social control and reduces crime statistics
- potential progression to performance/ elite levels
Definition of sport
a serious and/or competitive experience
What are the key characteristics of sport?
- highly structured and has set rules
- involves use of specialist equipment/set kit
- officials present
- strategies and tactics used
- rewards received
- high skill levels visible
- high levels of commitment
- serious and competitive
What are the benefits of sports participation on society?
- reduced strain on NHS
- social control is increased
- social integration and community cohesion increased
- employment opportunities increase
- economic benefits
- equality of opportunities
What are the benefits of sports participation on an individual?
- increased self-confidence through skill improvement and success
- feel-good factor for participants
- increased social opportunities
- develops positive sporting morals and attitudes e.g. fair play and sportsmanship
- positive use of free time
What are the key characteristics of PE?
- compulsory
- involves formally taught lessons
- has 4 key stages as part of the national curriculum for ages 5-16
- begins at primary school ‘foundation level’
- teachers in charge and deliver lessons
- lessons are pre-prepared, highly structured
- in school time
What are the objectives of National Curriculum PE?
- mental skills
- self-esteem
- physical skills
- social skills
- active leisure
- leadership
- health and fitness
- self-esteem
State the functions of outdoor and adventurous activities
- teamwork
- social/communication skills
- leadership skills
- self- discovery/ self-esteem
- knowledge of/ respect for natural environment
- awareness of safety/ perceived risk only
Definition of outdoor education
activities which take place in the natural environment and utilize nature/ geographical resources such as mountains, river, lakes, etc.
Definition of perceived risk?
a challenge that stimulates a sense of danger and adventure for beginners or inexperienced performers in a safe environment, with danger minimized via stringent safety measures e.g. wearing a safety harness
What are the functions of outdoor education?
- helps children learn to appreciate and engage with the natural environment
- learning to develop new physical and survival skills
- increased self-esteem
- increased levels of health and fitness
- increased co-operation and improved social skills and leadership
- learning how to deal with challenging situations
- increased cognitive and improved decision making
What are the problems PE departments face with regards to outdoor education?
- a lack of time
- a lack of money
- lack of qualified or motivated staff
What are the key characteristics and aims of school sport?
- competitive
- develop talent
- increase in health, fitness and skill levels
- increase in self-esteem
- new groups and friendships developed via extra-curricular involvement
- improved cognitive abilities due to decision making
- students more motivated to attend and achieve in school
Definition of school sport
extra- curricular competitive sport
What is talent identification?
the multi-disciplinary screening of athletes in order to identify those with the potential for world class success
Identify the key personal factors and qualities needed for an elite performer
- commitment and self-discipline
- determination to succeed, single-minded and mentally tough
- highly motivated with the desire to succeed
- willing to self-sacrifice
- high pain tolerance
- high levels of self-confidence and self-efficacy
- highly skilled physically
- high physical fitness levels
Define socio-economic status
an individual’s position in the social structure, which depends on their job, income and area they live
What is doping?
the use of banned performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors
What are stimulants?
drugs that induce a temporary improvement in mental and physical function
What are anabolic steroids?
artificially produced hormones e.g. THG
State the benefits of using anabolic steroids
- aid in protein storage
- promote muscle growth and development of muscle tissues resulting in increased strength and power
- less fat in the muscle, lean bodyweight
- improve the body’s capacity to train longer at a higher intensity
- decreases fatigue
What kind of athletes are likely to use anabolic steroids?
power athletes like sprinters
State the side-effects of using anabolic steroids
- liver damage
- heart and immune system problems
- acne
- behaviour changes e.g. aggression, paranoia, mood swings
What is tetrahydrogestrinone, THG?
a banned steroid used to increase power, tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable in normal tests
What are beat-blockers/their function?
help to calm and individual down and decrease anxiety by counteracting the adrenaline that interferes with performance by preventing it from binding to nerve receptors
State the benefits of beta-blockers
- improve accuracy through steadying nerves
- calm performance anxiety
- keep heart rate low
- decrease tremble in hands
- widen the arteries for increased blood flow
- reduce involuntary muscle spasms
What is erythropoietin, EPO?
a natural hormone produced by the kidneys to increase red blood cells, it can now be artificially manufactured to increase haemoglobin levels
State the benefits of using EPO
- stimulates red blood cell production, leading to an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body
- more work can be performed
- increases endurance
- delays onset of fatigue
- athletes can keep going for longer and recover quicker
Which athletes use beta-blockers?
high precision sports e.g. snooker, archery and golf
State the side-effects of beta-blockers
- tiredness from low blood pressure
- slower heart rate which effects aerobic capacity
Which athletes use EPO?
endurance performers e.g. long-distance runners and cyclists