Section 13: Sport and society and the role of technology in physical activity and sport Flashcards
What is the sporting development continuum?
participation in various forms of physical activity at various stages of development. e.g. grass roots ‘foundation stage’ in primary school PE or ‘participation stage’ involvement as an adult in physical recreation
What is leisure?
free time during which individuals can choose what to do
What is physical recreation?
the active aspect of leisure
What are the key characteristics of physical recreation?
- fun, enjoyable, non-serious and informal, winning is not important as taking part
- physically energetic
- participation is a choice and voluntary for when you have free time
- tends to involve adults at the participation level of the sporting development continuum
- flexible, play for how long you want and adjustable rules
- self-officiated
What are the functions of physical recreation for an individual?
- increases health and fitness
- helps in development of physical skills
- provides a challenge
- sense of achievement, increased self-confidence and esteem
- stress relief
- socialization
What are the functions of physical recreation for a society?
- reduced strain on the NHS
- lowers obesity rates
- increase social integration and improve community cohesion
- increase in employment and economic benefits
- increases social control and reduces crime statistics
- potential progression to performance/ elite levels
Definition of sport
a serious and/or competitive experience
What are the key characteristics of sport?
- highly structured and has set rules
- involves use of specialist equipment/set kit
- officials present
- strategies and tactics used
- rewards received
- high skill levels visible
- high levels of commitment
- serious and competitive
What are the benefits of sports participation on society?
- reduced strain on NHS
- social control is increased
- social integration and community cohesion increased
- employment opportunities increase
- economic benefits
- equality of opportunities
What are the benefits of sports participation on an individual?
- increased self-confidence through skill improvement and success
- feel-good factor for participants
- increased social opportunities
- develops positive sporting morals and attitudes e.g. fair play and sportsmanship
- positive use of free time
What are the key characteristics of PE?
- compulsory
- involves formally taught lessons
- has 4 key stages as part of the national curriculum for ages 5-16
- begins at primary school ‘foundation level’
- teachers in charge and deliver lessons
- lessons are pre-prepared, highly structured
- in school time
What are the objectives of National Curriculum PE?
- mental skills
- self-esteem
- physical skills
- social skills
- active leisure
- leadership
- health and fitness
- self-esteem
State the functions of outdoor and adventurous activities
- teamwork
- social/communication skills
- leadership skills
- self- discovery/ self-esteem
- knowledge of/ respect for natural environment
- awareness of safety/ perceived risk only
Definition of outdoor education
activities which take place in the natural environment and utilize nature/ geographical resources such as mountains, river, lakes, etc.
Definition of perceived risk?
a challenge that stimulates a sense of danger and adventure for beginners or inexperienced performers in a safe environment, with danger minimized via stringent safety measures e.g. wearing a safety harness
What are the functions of outdoor education?
- helps children learn to appreciate and engage with the natural environment
- learning to develop new physical and survival skills
- increased self-esteem
- increased levels of health and fitness
- increased co-operation and improved social skills and leadership
- learning how to deal with challenging situations
- increased cognitive and improved decision making
What are the problems PE departments face with regards to outdoor education?
- a lack of time
- a lack of money
- lack of qualified or motivated staff
What are the key characteristics and aims of school sport?
- competitive
- develop talent
- increase in health, fitness and skill levels
- increase in self-esteem
- new groups and friendships developed via extra-curricular involvement
- improved cognitive abilities due to decision making
- students more motivated to attend and achieve in school
Definition of school sport
extra- curricular competitive sport
What is talent identification?
the multi-disciplinary screening of athletes in order to identify those with the potential for world class success
Identify the key personal factors and qualities needed for an elite performer
- commitment and self-discipline
- determination to succeed, single-minded and mentally tough
- highly motivated with the desire to succeed
- willing to self-sacrifice
- high pain tolerance
- high levels of self-confidence and self-efficacy
- highly skilled physically
- high physical fitness levels
Define socio-economic status
an individual’s position in the social structure, which depends on their job, income and area they live
What is doping?
the use of banned performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors
What are stimulants?
drugs that induce a temporary improvement in mental and physical function
What are anabolic steroids?
artificially produced hormones e.g. THG
State the benefits of using anabolic steroids
- aid in protein storage
- promote muscle growth and development of muscle tissues resulting in increased strength and power
- less fat in the muscle, lean bodyweight
- improve the body’s capacity to train longer at a higher intensity
- decreases fatigue
What kind of athletes are likely to use anabolic steroids?
power athletes like sprinters
State the side-effects of using anabolic steroids
- liver damage
- heart and immune system problems
- acne
- behaviour changes e.g. aggression, paranoia, mood swings
What is tetrahydrogestrinone, THG?
a banned steroid used to increase power, tweaked by chemists to make it undetectable in normal tests
What are beat-blockers/their function?
help to calm and individual down and decrease anxiety by counteracting the adrenaline that interferes with performance by preventing it from binding to nerve receptors
State the benefits of beta-blockers
- improve accuracy through steadying nerves
- calm performance anxiety
- keep heart rate low
- decrease tremble in hands
- widen the arteries for increased blood flow
- reduce involuntary muscle spasms
What is erythropoietin, EPO?
a natural hormone produced by the kidneys to increase red blood cells, it can now be artificially manufactured to increase haemoglobin levels
State the benefits of using EPO
- stimulates red blood cell production, leading to an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body
- more work can be performed
- increases endurance
- delays onset of fatigue
- athletes can keep going for longer and recover quicker
Which athletes use beta-blockers?
high precision sports e.g. snooker, archery and golf
State the side-effects of beta-blockers
- tiredness from low blood pressure
- slower heart rate which effects aerobic capacity
Which athletes use EPO?
endurance performers e.g. long-distance runners and cyclists
State the side-effects of using EPO
- blood clotting
- strokes
- death
What are the social reasons for taking drugs in sport?
- win-at-all-costs attitude
- fame and fortune attached to success at elite levels
- high level of pressure to win
- lack of effective deterrents
- poor role models
State the negatives of drug taking in sport
- damages the reputation of a sport
- creates suspicion for clean athletes in the sport
- provides negative role models
- damaging to a performer’s health
- athletes involved in doping lose their positive reputation
- future career prospects impacted
- loss of income and sponsorship deals
- legal action against individual
- fines, banned, stripped of medals and earnings, jail
- social isolation from peers
State the positives of drug taking in sport
-fame and fortune to those who avoid detection
State the strategies for preventing drugs in sports (DOPING)
D- drug-free culture created education programmes
O- organisations involved in drug detection/enforcement work together
P- punishments need to be harder
I- investment required into new testing programmes and technology
N- name and shame negative role models
G- guilty should lose funding and sponsorship deals
State the arguments for drug taking and testing
- drugs are sometimes taken accidently
- sacrifices made by performer are a personal choice
- if everyone takes drugs it levels the playing field and increases performance standards
- the battle against drugs is expensive and time-consuming
- easy to access and very difficult to eliminate
- detection isn’t always effective
- if drug taking is properly monitored, health risks can be lessened
- athletes don’t ask to be role models
- individuals have the right to do what they want to their body
- drugs can be helpful for recovery
State the arguments against drug taking and testing
-health risks and dangerous side-effects
-create negative role models and sets a poor example for young people
gives a negative image to certain sports
-pressure to take drugs increases
-success in sport should be about hard work and talent
-gives an unfair advantage, immoral, unethical and against the fair play ethic
-taking drugs is cheating
-only richer countries can afford it
-variety of negative consequences if caught cheating e.g. loss of sponsorship and medals
-drug taking is illegal
Define violence in sport
Physical acts committed to harm others in sports
What are the causes of player violence in sports? (WINNER)
- win ethic and high rewards for success
- importance of the event
- nature of the sport e.g. rugby has high contact levels
- NGBs are too lenient with their punishments
- excitement/over-arousal
- refereeing decisions leading to frustration
Name the strategies used to try and prevent player violence
- supporting decisions of match officials using TMO/video replays to church decisions made, change or clarify rules, train officials in skills to prevent violence
- punishing violence missed by officials after the match using video evidence
- use of post-match video evidence for further investigation
- positive role models
- harsher punishments for on field violence
- education campaigns or fair play awards e.g. FA respect campaign
Define hooliganism
Acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths
Define football hooliganism
Unruly, violent and destructive behaviour committed by over-zealous supporters of association football clubs
State the causes of football hooliganism
- emotional intensity and ritual importance of the event
- too much alcohol or drugs
- pre-match media hype which stirs up tension
- poor policing,stewarding and crowd control
- lack of effective deterrents and punishments
- working class think middle class are taking over their game
- diminished responsibility by individuals in a group e.g. gang violence
- poor officiating
- violence on pitch reflected in crowd
- frustration at team losing
- display of masculinity caused by adrenaline rush
State the possible solutions to combat football hooliganism
- ban or control alcohol sales
- increase use of police intelligence
- impose tougher deterrents and punishments
- use CCTV
- remove terraces and move to all-seater stadiums
- encourage responsible media reporting prior to matches
- playing games at kick-off times imposed by police
- specific laws preventing trespass onto the pitch
Name some negative consequences of football hooliganism
- image of football declines
- decline in participation of football
- decline in spectators of football
- some teams banned from entering competitions due to their fans
Define amateurism
Participation in sport for the love of it, receiving no financial gain (based on the concept of athleticism, physical endeavour with moral integrity)
In what ways are amateurism still present in modern day sport?
- fair play and sportsmanship, viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways
- Ruby Union has maintained its amateurism, calls referees sir
Define sportsmanship
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a short
What’s stimulation?
Trying to deceive an official by over-acting
Define citing
Players can be cited (i.e. reported or investigated) for dangerous play, whether seen by the referee or not
State the reasons why sports legislation is important for performers
- to protect from injuries obtained through sport/violence or deviance
- to protect against potential spectator behaviour
- dispute contracts with employers/sponsors
- can be compensated for loss of earnings
- equal opportunities
- protection from sexual abuse
- protection from media intrusion
Outline how coaches can show a duty of care
- provide first aid provision to injured players
- maintain the right supervision numbers to allow safe participation/balanced competition
- collect medical details
- risk assessment
- adapt sessions based on ability/needs
- suitably trained e.g. DBS and safeguarding
What are the positive impacts of commercialisation on officials?
- increased profile which increases awareness and the need for officials
- increase in salary so it could become a full time profession
- increased funding so more money can be invested into technology to allow more accurate decisions
- increased funding leads to a better network of officials so better training available
What are the negative impacts of commercialisation on officials?
- increased coverage of sport leads to increased pressure on officials to make the right decision`
- reputation could be damaged if wrong decision made
- officials may become dependent on technology
Define positive deviance
behaviour which is outside the norms of society but with no attempt to harm or break the rules. involves the over-adherence to the norms of society
Define negative deviance
behaviour that goes against the norms of society and has a detrimental effect on individuals and society in general
Give examples of positive deviance
- a performer might over-train despite being injured
- a performer striving to win within the rules of a sport but accidently injures another player (without intent)
Give examples of negative deviance
- taking illegal PEDs
- deliberately fouling or harming an opponent through aggression
- accepting a bribe to lose
- diving to win a penalty or free kick
Define sports law
the laws, regulations and judicial decisions that govern sports and athletes who perform in them
What are damages in terms of sport and the law?
individuals seeking legal redress for the compensation of loss of earnings must prove they have suffered an actual injury as the result of the deliberate, harmful, reckless actions of an opponent
What is the restraint of trade?
action that interferes with free competition in a market. may involve a clause in a contract which restricts a person’s right to carry out their profession
What are the reasons that sports performers may need assistance from the law/ sports legislation during their sporting careers?
Spectators attacking players Opponents being 'too violent' Contractual issues with sponsors Contractual issues with employers Equality of opportunities issues Refereeing negligence
Define talent identification
the multi-disciplinary screening of athletes in order to identify those with the potential for world class success
Define the elite
the best, highest levels ports’ performers at ‘excellence’ level
What are the key personal factors and qualities necessary to develop as an elite performer?
- commitment + self-discipline
- determination to succeed, as well as being single-minded and mentally tough
- highly motivated with the desire to achieve
- willing to self-sacrifice in order to succeed
- high pain tolerance
- high levels of self-confidence and self-efficacy
- highly skilled physically
- high levels of fitness
Define socio-economic status
an individual’s position in the social structure, which depends on their job, level of income and where they live
Define sexism
discrimination on the basis of sex/gender
Define sports equity
fairness in sport; equality of access for all; recognising inequalities in sport and taking steps to address them
What is a National Governing Body? (NGB)
an organisation that has responsibility for managing its own particular sport e.g. England Netball
What are the key social and cultural factors necessary to progress as an elite performer?
- high socio-economic status
- evidence of equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory practice within a sport and setting of equity targets
- high quality, supportive educational provision
- structured levels of competition to progress through
- high levels of media coverage and role models to aspire to
What does UK sport do?
invest and distribute National Lottery funding for elite performer development in order to maximise the performance of UK athletes in the Olympic and Paralympic Games
What are the roles and purposes of the National Institutes of Sport?
Sport science and sport medicine support
Performance lifestyle programmes are provided
Organisations work in partnership e.g. EIS and UK Sport
Research and innovation
Top quality facilities and high level coaches
State the ways in which NGBs try to provide equality of opportunity
Positive role models used to promote sport to target groups
Accessible facilities provided and developed for groups with a particular need
Meet government polices on sport and recreation
Polices put in place to target under-represented groups e.g. ethnic minorities
Employment of sport-specific sport development officers (SDOs) to promote sport to under-represented groups
Resources invested in inner city centres
State the reasons for using talent ID programmes
- all potential performers can be screened
- performers directed to sports most suited to their talents
- development process can be accelerated as a result of info gained
- efficient use can be made of available funding for talent ID schemes
- chance of producing medallists improved
- provide a co-ordinated approach between organisations e.g. NGBs, EIS and UK Sport
State the possible disadvantages of Talent ID programmes
- may miss late developers
- require high levels of funding
- require large numbers to be tested to be of use
- no guarantee of success
- most sports in competition for the same talent pool, high profile sports attract the best performer
What are the key features
of an effective talent ID programme using TALENT?
Testing facilities of a high standard
Analysis of performance via a clear data base
Links between organisations involved in Talent ID ensure a co-ordinated approach
Equal opportunities for all to apply
National development squads exist to develop through
Talent spotting via high level coaches
What is the performance pathway team?
a combination of EIS and UK Sport expertise used to identify and develop world-class talent
What are the 5 main areas of support for talent ID?
1) Pathway frontline technical solutions
2) Pathway education
3) Pathway analytics
4) Performance pathway health check
5) Pathway strategy
State the 2 levels of the world class performance programme?
1) Podium- designed to support athletes with realistic medal-winning capabilities at the next Olympics/Paralympics (max 4 years away from the podium)
2) Podium potential- designed to support athletes whose performance suggest they have realistic medal-winning capabilities at subsequent Olympics/Paralympic Games (max 8 years away from the podium)
State the objectives of the gold event series
- supporting high performance successes
- creating high profile opportunities for people to engage in sport
- using and demonstrating the legacy of London 2012 and Glasgow 2014
- driving positive economic and social impacts for the UK
Define gamesmanship
bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught; using whatever dubious methods possible to achieve the desired result
Give examples of gamesmanship
- delaying play at a restart to get back in defence
- time wasting when ahead in a game
- verbally sledging an opponent to distract or upset them
- psyching out an opponent pre-match press conference
- taking an injury time out, toilet break or appealing an umpire’s decision to disrupt the rhythm of a game
- deliberate deception of an official to try gain an advantage
Define negligence
conduct that falls below a reasonable person standard and leads to a breach of the duty of care, which results in foreseeable harm to another
What is duty of care?
a legal obligation imposed on someone if they are responsible for a group of people
What is an in loco parentis?
‘in the place of a parent’ the authority parents assign to another responsible adult who will be taking care of their child
