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A Level PE > 1.2 respiratory system > Flashcards

1.2 respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Define diffusion

A

the movement of gases from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure

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2
Q

Define gaseous exchange

A

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and CO2 from the blood into the air

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3
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • walls are only one cell thick so there is a short diffusion pathway
  • great blood supply due to extensive capillary network surrounding the alveoli
  • large surface area
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4
Q

What muscles are used for inspiration at rest?

A
  • diaphragm

- external intercostals

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5
Q

What muscles are used for inspiration during exercise?

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis minor
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6
Q

What muscles are used for expiration at rest?

A

passive: diaphragm and external intercostals relax

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7
Q

What muscles are used for expiration during active?

A
  • abdominals

- internal intercostals

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8
Q

What happens to the ribcage and diaphragm during inhalation?

A
  • ribcage moves up and outwards

- diaphragm contracts and is pulled flat

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9
Q

What happens to the ribcage and diaphragm during exhalation?

A
  • ribcage falls

- diaphragm relaxes and rises to dome shape position

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10
Q

Define tidal volume

A

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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11
Q

Define minute ventilation

A

the volume of air breathed in or out per minute

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12
Q

How do you work out minute ventilation?

A

number of breaths (per min) x tidal volume

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13
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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14
Q

Define expiratory reserve

A

the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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15
Q

Define residual volume

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

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16
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

A

increases

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17
Q

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

A

decreases

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18
Q

What happens to expiratory reserve volume during exercise?

A

slight decrease

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19
Q

What happens to residual volume during exercise?

A

stays the same

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20
Q

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise?

A

large increase

21
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

a device used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

22
Q

State the 2 purposes of gaseous exchange

A
  • getting oxygen in air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body
  • removal of CO2 from the blood
23
Q

Define partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

24
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

A

100mmHg

25
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillaries?

A

40mmHg

26
Q

Define the concentration/diffusion gradient

A

explains how gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. the steeper the gradient, the faster the diffusion occurs

27
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the capillaries?

A

45mmHg

28
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the alveoli?

A

40mmHg

29
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary membranes surrounding the muscles?

A

40mmHg

30
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood near the muscles?

A

100mmHg

31
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood near the muscles?

A

40mmHg

32
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the tissues?

A

46mmHg

33
Q

What 3 factors are involved in pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • neural control
  • chemical control
  • hormonal control
34
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on breathing rate?

A

increases breathing rate

35
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on breathing rate?

A

decreases breathing rate

36
Q

Where is the respiratory centre located?

A

medulla oblongata

37
Q

What does the respiratory centre control?

A

the rate and depth of breathing and uses neural and chemical control

38
Q

What are the 2 main areas of the respiratory centre?

A
  • inspiratory centre: responsible for inspiration and expiration
  • expiratory centre: stimulates the expiration muscles during exercise
39
Q

Which nerve does the respiratory centre send an impulse down to increase inspiration?

A

phrenic nerve

40
Q

Which nerve does the respiratory centre send an impulse down to increase expiration?

A

intercostal nerve

41
Q

What happens to breathing rate when there is an increase in carbon dioxide and lactic acid?

A
  • chemoreceptors (found in carotid arteries and aortic arch) detect changes in blood acidity
  • they send impulses to the inspiratory centre
  • the respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor)
  • as a result the rate, depth and rhythm of breathing increase
42
Q

How do stretch receptors work during exercise?

A
  • during exercise the lungs are stretched more
  • stretch receptors prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles (abdominals and internal intercostals)
  • so expiration occurs
43
Q

What effect does a decrease in blood pressure have on breathing rate?

A

increases breathing rate

baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure

44
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

45
Q

What are the effects of smoking on the alveoli?

A

Smoking can damage the walls of the alveoli meaning they break down and join together forming larger air spaces than usual which reduces gaseous exchange efficiency. The risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is also increased.

46
Q

What is the affect of smoking on the respiratory system?

A
  • Smoking can cause irritation to trachea and bronchi. It damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which are lined with cilia.
  • smoking reduces lung function and increases breathlessness caused by the swelling and narrowing of the arteries
47
Q

What happens when cilia are damaged?

A

When cilia are damaged, excess muscle builds up in the lung passages which leads to a smokers cough trying to clear the excess mucus

48
Q

How does smoking affect oxygen transport?

A
  • reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin much more readily than oxygen
  • causes breathlessness during exercise

A Level PE (31 decks)

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