Section 6: Sports Psychology Flashcards
What is personality?
a unique psychological make-up of a person
What are the 3 theories of personality?
- trait theory
- social learning theory
- interactionist perspective
What is trait theory?
a theory that suggests innate characteristics produce consistent behaviour
Give an example for trait theory
An extroverted basketballer will behave in a extroverted manner at training, group discussions and while playing
What are the problems with trait theory?
- behaviour can’t always be predicted
- doesn’t take into account personality change
- doesn’t account for a change in situation
- doesn’t consider that personalities can be formed by experience
What is the social learning approach?
a theory suggesting that behaviour is learned from significant others e.g. role models, parents, friends
How does social learning work? (4 words)
observe –> identify –> reinforce –> copy
When are we more likely to copy behaviour?
- if it is seen to be successful and powerful
- if it is consistently shown to us
- witnessed live not through media
- performed by people we hold in high esteem
What is the interactionist perspective?
a theory which combines trait and social learning theory to predict behaviour for a specific situation
State Lewin’s formula
B=f(PxE) behaviour is a function of personality and the environment
What is the Hollander approach to interactionist theory?
personality is made up of 3 components:
- The core
- Typical responses
- Role-related behaviour
Explain the 3 components of personality.
- The core is stable and solid, it isn’t likely to change. It represents the values and beliefs of an individual (e.g. belief in the benefits of team sports)
- Typical responses are the usual responses the player would make in a given situation
- Role-related behaviour implies that further changes to behaviour may be needed as the situation demands
How can a coach use interactionist theory to improve performance?
- predict potential aggressive behaviour and remove the player from the situation by subbing them, to avoid red cards or being sent off
- identify situations that cause inappropriate actions or a drop in performance and create similar situations in training so players learn to cope (e.g. a nervous player learning to cope with a crowd at training)
- change player behaviour by encouraging players to adapt to specific circumstances
Define attitude
a value aimed at an attitude object
How are attitudes formed?
associating with others and picking up on their views and values- called socialisation (learn from significant others)
more likely to repeat behaviour if it is repeated/reinforced and we begin to accept beliefs and attitudes- called familiarisation
What is the triadic model?
the 3 parts of an attitude: cognitive, affective, behavioural
What is the cognitive component?
a belief, e.g. the belief in the ability to win
Define the affective component
relates to feelings and interpretation e.g. enjoyment
Define the behavioural component
the actions of the performer
What are the 2 concepts used to change attitudes?
- cognitive dissonance
- persuasive communication
Define cognitive dissonance
new information given to the performer to cause unease and motivate change
What is persuasion?
an effective communication to promote change
Name the key features needed for effective persuasive communication
communication needs to be:
- relevant
- important
- understood
- quality
- think about timing of the communication
What does the giver of the persuasive communication need to be?
- high status
- role model or expert
Define arousal
a level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform
What is the drive theory to explain arousal?
as arousal increases, so does performance P=f(DxH) (performance is a function of drive x habit)
What is the dominant response?
the stand-out response that the performer thinks is correct
Define the inverted-U theory
theory linking arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal
What is the catastrophe theory?
theory suggesting that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic reduction in performance when arousal increases beyond optimal
Why does a dramatic reduction in performance occur?
combination of somatic and cognitive anxiety
Define cognitive and somatic anxiety
cognitive= psychological anxiety e.g. loss of concentration + worries about performance somatic= physiological anxiety e.g. increased HR and muscular tension
What is the zone of optimal functioning?
area of controlled arousal and high level performance
Define peak flow
the ultimate intrinsic experience felt by athletes from a positive mental attitude, with supreme confidence, focus and efficiency
State the factors affecting the peak flow experience
- poor mental prep and failure to reach optimal arousal levels
- environmental influences e.g. pressure from coach
- injury or fatigue during game
What is anxiety?
a state of nervousness and worry, a negative response to a threatening sporting situation
What is competitive trait anxiety?
a disposition to suffer from nervousness in most sporting situations
Define competitive state anxiety
a nervous response to a specific sporting situation
What are the 4 types of others that can be present during sport?
- audience
- co-actors
- competitors
- social reinforces
Define co-actors
those who are doing the same task but are not involved in direct competition e.g. jogger on the other side other road
Define competitive co-actors
those who are in direct competition e.g. runner in a 100m competitive race
What are social reinforcers?
those who have direct influence on the event e.g. coach
What role does the audience and co-actors play in sport?
they are passive as they do not exert a direct influence on the event but their presence causes arousal
What role does the competitors and social reinforces have in sport?
active because they are directly involved in the event and can give advice, cause distractions or offer encouragement
How will a beginner react to being watched?
experience anxiety and over-arousal and may not cope with the pressure, causing poor execution of skills or social inhibition
How will an expert react to being watched?
be able to cope with the demands of the crowd and be motivated/encouraged by support. skills performance can be enhances- social facilitation
Define social inhibition
the negative effect of the presence of others on performance