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AP Euro > Sci Rev/Enlight > Flashcards

Sci Rev/Enlight Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

A

Edited the encyclopedie, tried to record all human knowledge
Atheist, critical of religion

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1
Q

David Hume (1711-1776)

A

Scottish
Really empirical, thought we shouldn’t form ideas or universal laws
Ethics based on sentiments not reason

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2
Q

Kant (1724-1804)

A

Combined empirical and rationalist things in constructivism

Use reason to determine morals

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3
Q

De Montesquieu (1689-1755)

A

The spirit of the laws
The size of the country affects what gov it will have, and each gov has its flaws
Favored system of checks and balances

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4
Q

Adam smith and physiocrats

A

Laissez faire economics
Labor is #1
Supply and demand should determine market
Wants a national economy and division of labor (like an assembly line)

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5
Q

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A

Argued for religious toleration
Deist
Admired England
Yay freedom and rights
Thought we couldn’t understand why God allows bad things to happen
Wrote candide in response to people’s stupid optimism
We should tend to our own garden (intellectual capacities)

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6
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

A

civilization=corrupting
Yes noble savage
Social contract– everyone gives up their rights for the general will
Inspired romantic movement (weep openly, speak emotionally, and glorify nature)
Thought only humans produced evil, not God
Thought women should be in the domestic sphere and children should have positive experiences

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7
Q

Baron d’holbac (1723-89)

A

Thought Christianity was holding back humanity
Wrote the system of nature, saying God souls and angels couldn’t exist bc they had no physical properties
No free will

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8
Q

Marquis de condorcet (1743-94)

A

Science and scientific thinking advanced society and happiness!
Wanted equality, justice, and liberty for all

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9
Q

Frederick 2 (1740-1786)

A 
Prussian 
An enlightened ruler
Really tolerant 
Improved schools, etc, but still kept monarchy and social classes 
Codified laws 
Often put state above ideals tho
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10
Q

Catherine the great (1762-1796)

A

Was an enlightenment ruler, but when a serf rebellion threatened her power she gave the nobles even more rights
Added hella territory through ottoman and Poland

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11
Q

Maria Theresa

A

Tried to reform Austria but not super cray
Joseph 2’s mom
Strengthened bureaucracy
Slightly gave serfs rights

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12
Q

Joseph 2

A

Super radical
Abolished serfdom and said peasants could pay in cash instead of working, but they didn’t have cash
Granted religious toleration, freedom of the press, and legal equality
Tried to control church
Fast paced reform was way too much

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13
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

We can’t know anything!!

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14
Q

Pierre bayle

A

Historical and critical dictionary
Provides conflicting opinions given by authorities on every subject
Question everything!!
Get closer to the truth by finding errors

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15
Q

Descartes

A

I think therefore I am is above all doubt
Deductive thinking (general principles to particular cases)
Cartesian dualism, there’s an immaterial and a material world (coordinate system)
Find gods laws
Hella skeptical

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16
Q

Francis bacon

A

New organon
Knowledge=power
Observe to predict, understand, and apply
True knowledge is useful
Empiricist, inductive
Science is always changing and needs to involve a bunch of people
Idols of the tribe(emotion) cave(quirks) marketplace(language) and theatre(books)

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17
Q

Galileo

A

God is perfect, but interpretation of scripture isn’t
Used experimental method and empiricism, built one of first telescopes
Formulated law of inertia
Discovered Jupiters moons
Persecuted for teaching it as not a theory

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18
Q

Blaise pascal

A

Math Genius who defended religion bc it made sense (pascals gamble)
Humans are insignificant
Man is a reed, but he is a thinking reed

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19
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Pessimistic, thought everyone would compete for power
Everyone should sign a social contract pledging allegiance to a monarch
Wrote leviathan

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20
Q

John Locke

A 
People have rights to life liberty and happiness and a ruler should not overstep these 
People have right of rebellion 
Blank slate when born (tabula rasa)
Private property 
Bridge between srev and enlight
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21
Q

Kepler

A

Proved the copernican theory using brahes data
Theorized that things traveled in elliptical paths
Stated 3 laws of planetary motion (equations)
Super religious

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22
Q

Newton

A 
His law of gravitation was mathematical and synthesized everything!! 
Published principia Mathematica
Invented calculus 
Everything is natural laws! 
 super religious
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23
Q

Vesalius

A

Studied anatomy by dissecting humans

Published book with 200 precise drawings

24
Q

Old philosophers?

And what did they think

A

Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen
Qualitative, humans could determine nature of objects
Scholasticism=this is absorbed into Christianity

24
Q

Copernicus

A

Published on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

Humans aren’t the center of the earth!

25
Q

Tycho BRAHE!!

A

Charted path of a comet that traveled in an irregular path

Never fully accepted heliocentrism, but helped prove it

26
Q

William Harvey

A

Developed modern theory of blood flow

27
Q

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

A

Father of microbiology
Used lots of microscopes
Criticized alchemy
Worked with Boyle (boyles law)

28
Q

Did sci rev really change medicine?

A

No, lots went on using medieval practices for a while

29
Q

Maria winkeann and Maria sybilla Merian

A 
Women scientists (astronomer and entomologists) 
Not allowed access to universities or societies
30
Q

What did scientific discoveries do for women?

A

Gave them very few opportunities

Supposedly proved they were weaker

31
Q

Views of scientists on religion?

A

Most tried to reconcile them, but it did cause a rise in skepticism

32
Q

Current calendar?

A

Gregorian calendar! (Under pope Gregory xiii)

33
Q

Baruch Spinoza

A

Tried to reconcile science and religion
Reject Cartesian dualism- everything is one substance (God)
Monism is rejected by most

34
Q

How did governments view science?

A

They supported it in hopes of gaining navigation and military technologies
Royal society of London and french Academy of Sciences

35
Q

What happened to literacy rate during enlight?

A 
Went wayyyy up!! 
Lots of newspapers (spectator) and historical books 
Novels are biggest sellers
Censorship rarely succeeded 
Lower class read chapbooks and almanacs
36
Q

How much did schools change during enlighte?

A

Not a lot, still mostly for rich people and still taught Greek and Latin
Some opportunities available, like the realschule in Germany or various science institutes

37
Q

Rococo

A

Light hearted and pensive themes of romance and nature of life

Rich creams and golds, subtle curves, and lush settings portray material pleasures of aristocracy

38
Q

Rococo artists

A

Antoine Watteau, Jean-honoré Fragonard, and Balthasar Neumann

39
Q

Neoclassical

A

Drew from stories of Ancient Greece and Rome
Men-firm straight lines and bold colors
Women- muted colors and curves
Eg Jacques-louis david

40
Q

Great age of classical music (1750-1830)

A

Haydn and Mozart
Full orchestrations with complex patterns
Don Giovanni and the magic flute

41
Q

Cesare beccaria

A

Wrote on crimes and punishment condemning the lack of modern police during the enlight
Harsh and public punishments? Not effective
Promoted some reform, especially in us

42
Q

2 Examples of religious revival in the enlight

A 
Methodism under John Wesley appeals to the lower class
Pietist revival of Lutheranism
43
Q

Monarchs response to religious revival?

A

Generally tried to create a barrier between private and public religious beliefs
Jesuits are banned

44
Q

Edict of toleration (1781)

A

Passed by Joseph II of Austria

Granted full toleration for Jews, but they still experienced some prejudice

45
Q

Carnival and other leisure activities

A

Huge festival still central to many Europeans even after pref
Stronger and cheaper drinks sold in taverns -> alcoholism is a major problem
Blood sports (fighting) became popular
Leisure activities show the widening gap between popular and elite

46
Q

Def of enlight

A

An effort to apply the methods and principles of the srev to issues of political, economic, and social reforms

47
Q

Leading country of enlight?

A

France!

48
Q

Progress of feminism?

A

Women ran salons and Mary Wollstonecraft was the first feminist, but no tangible benefits

49
Q

Venues for enlight ideas

A 
Mainly salons
Middle class met in coffee houses or reading clubs 
Freemason lodges attracted famous intellectuals
50
Q

4 principles of enlight

A
  1. Reason (optimism-we can discover natures laws)
  2. Secularism- not totally against religion, but against dogma, tradition, and unreason ability
  3. Equality- not always full democracy tho
  4. Progress
51
Q

Deism

A

God is clockmaker with many natural laws

52
Q

What happened to the enlight after 1760?

A

Philosophers got more insistent and radical in their mechanistic and materialistic views

53
Q

We’re enlightened rulers really enlightened?

A

Most viewed enlight ideals as just a tool to exercise power, chose state over ideals
Still, they set an agenda for the future!

54
Q

Partitions of Poland (1772, 93, 95)

A

Austria, Prussia, and Russia all take land

Maintained balance of power in Eastern Europe

55
Q

Reforms in England

A

Quakers founded the first abolitionist society, led to abolition of slavery in 1807
Rotten boroughs, patronage, and wealthy voters were criticized (“Wilkes and liberty!”) but not much happened
Ireland and British east India company are more centralized!

56
Q

American enlightenment thinkers

A

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine

AP Euro (17 decks)

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