Renaissance/Exploration Flashcards
Condotieri
Military leaders with mercenary armies
Popolo
Common people
Sforza family
Condotierri to signori, ruled Milan harshly
Medici, Lorenzo, Cosimo
Ruled Florence from behind the scenes
Great patrons
Pope Alexander VI and Cesare Borgia
Most ruthless political pope and son, established authority of Papal States
Charles VIII
French king, called by Milan to invade Italy and kinda took over
Savonarola
After French invasion, he became leader of Florence, wanted people to get rid of all sins, eventually got burned at the stake by the pope
Hapsburg-Valois wars
HRE and France fight for Italy
Charles V
HRE, sacks Rome
Becomes charles I to Spain
Francesco Petrarch
Studied ancient roman works and thought they should be models
Thought he was at dawn of new era
Proposed education based on classics
Father of humanism
Cicero
Roman author, prime example of what humanists looked at
Eloquent and persuasive
Supported republic
Leonardo Bruni
Linked decline of Latin to decline of roman republic
First to divide history into ancient, medieval, and modern
Was obsessed with Cicero
Marsilio Ficino
Lectured to florentine elite
“Platonic Academy”
Translated plato into Latin, attempted to synthesize Plato and Christian
Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola
Thought there was a chain of being
Man is great bc can ascend or descend
So no limits to mans capability
Vasari
Wrote about excellent artists who showed virtù
Includes himself
Leon Battista Alberti
True renaissance man: wrote, designed, and invented a lot
Wrote a biography of himself, kinda stuck up
Also wrote about ideal country house
Thomas more
Wrote utopia, perfect society Christian humanist All kids educated in gr, adults do manual and intellectual stuff No hunger No disagreements or private property
Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier
Instructions for perfect gentleman
Should be good in academic, spiritual, and physical
Could sonnet, wrestle, sing, math, and be eloquent!!
Girls? Smart, musical, artistic, beautiful
Niccolo Machiavelli
Wrote the prince
Ruler should protect order and security by any means
Wrote about Cesare Borgia, who used good military tactics and murdered enemies
Judged by effectiveness, not morals
Practical
Desiderius Erasmus
Criticized popes in a praise of folly
Thought Bible should be translated so everyone can read
2 themes: education is means to reform and Christianity is an attitude
Condemned extremists
Filippo Brunelleschi
Built done on cathedral of Florence
Commissioned by merchant guilds
Inspired by classical past, designed architecture with balance and harmony
Ghiberti
Did bronze baptistery doors
Commissioned by merchant guild
Pope Julius II
Commissioned Michelangelo to paint ceiling of Sistine chapel
Had lots of criticisms
Warrior pope
Giotto
Artist, pioneer in realism
No more stiffness or fakeness
Late medieval period, served as inspiration
Piero Della Francesca and Andrea Mantegna
Pioneered perspective and 3d stuff
Donatello
Revived classical figure with balance and self awareness, free standing sculptures
Rogues van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck
Flemish painters, Northern Europe
Considered equal to Italians
Eyck used oil paints, very realistic
Michelangelo
Commissioned by Julius ii to do a bunch of stuff, especially saint peters dome and Sistine chapel ceiling and wall
Sculptures: David, pieta
Paintings: Sistine chapel, last judgment
Architecture: St. Peter’s dome, laurentian library
Raphael
Commissioned for frescoes
Oversaw a workshop and his own school of Athens
Write about imitating nature and developing order
Titian
Venetian artist
Fast
Used mannerism: distorted figures and exaggerated color to express emotion
Christine de Pizan
Defended women and tried to figure our why they didn’t have more rights
Charles VII
France, revived monarchy after 100 years war
Reconciled burgundy and Armagnac so no civil war
Expelled English
Organized royal council
Strengthened taxes
First permanent royal army
Louis XI
Spider king
Improved army and used it to control nobles and cities
Conquered burgundy, Anjou, bar, Maine, and Provence
Concordat of Bologna
Pope gets bishops first year of income
King gets to select bishops
Set up by Francis I of France
War of roses
Under Henry IV
Two factions of nobles: York vs Lancaster
Bad, hurt agriculture and trade
Edward IV
Yorkist, defeated Lancaster and reconstructed monarch with his bro Richard III and Henry VII
Crushed nobility
Established law
Used Machiavellian tactics
Avoided expensive wars so they didn’t depend on parliament for $$
Henry VII and royal council
Chose small landowners and urban people instead of nobles
Court of Star Chambers
Royal system of courts
Tortures, no juries, illegal, used to intimidate nobles
Ferdinand and Isabella
Loosely united two houses of Spain
Excluded nobles from council
Got right to pick bishops from Alexander VI
Had the spanish inquisition to investigate converters and forced Jews to leave
Their descendants eventually united Iberian peninsula
Prince Henry
Of Portugal
“The navigator”
Founded a school which trained sailors and explored west coast of Africa (got gold, pepper, and slaves)