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AP Euro > Renaissance/Exploration > Flashcards

Renaissance/Exploration Flashcards

0
Q

Condotieri

A

Military leaders with mercenary armies

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1
Q

Popolo

A

Common people

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2
Q

Sforza family

A

Condotierri to signori, ruled Milan harshly

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3
Q

Medici, Lorenzo, Cosimo

A

Ruled Florence from behind the scenes

Great patrons

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4
Q

Pope Alexander VI and Cesare Borgia

A

Most ruthless political pope and son, established authority of Papal States

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5
Q

Charles VIII

A

French king, called by Milan to invade Italy and kinda took over

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6
Q

Savonarola

A

After French invasion, he became leader of Florence, wanted people to get rid of all sins, eventually got burned at the stake by the pope

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7
Q

Hapsburg-Valois wars

A

HRE and France fight for Italy

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8
Q

Charles V

A

HRE, sacks Rome

Becomes charles I to Spain

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9
Q

Francesco Petrarch

A

Studied ancient roman works and thought they should be models
Thought he was at dawn of new era
Proposed education based on classics
Father of humanism

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10
Q

Cicero

A

Roman author, prime example of what humanists looked at
Eloquent and persuasive
Supported republic

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11
Q

Leonardo Bruni

A

Linked decline of Latin to decline of roman republic
First to divide history into ancient, medieval, and modern
Was obsessed with Cicero

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12
Q

Marsilio Ficino

A

Lectured to florentine elite
“Platonic Academy”
Translated plato into Latin, attempted to synthesize Plato and Christian

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13
Q

Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola

A

Thought there was a chain of being
Man is great bc can ascend or descend
So no limits to mans capability

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14
Q

Vasari

A

Wrote about excellent artists who showed virtù

Includes himself

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15
Q

Leon Battista Alberti

A

True renaissance man: wrote, designed, and invented a lot
Wrote a biography of himself, kinda stuck up
Also wrote about ideal country house

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16
Q

Thomas more

A 
Wrote utopia, perfect society
Christian humanist
All kids educated in gr, adults do manual and intellectual stuff
No hunger
No disagreements or private property
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17
Q

Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier

A

Instructions for perfect gentleman
Should be good in academic, spiritual, and physical
Could sonnet, wrestle, sing, math, and be eloquent!!
Girls? Smart, musical, artistic, beautiful

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18
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

Wrote the prince
Ruler should protect order and security by any means
Wrote about Cesare Borgia, who used good military tactics and murdered enemies
Judged by effectiveness, not morals
Practical

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19
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Criticized popes in a praise of folly
Thought Bible should be translated so everyone can read
2 themes: education is means to reform and Christianity is an attitude
Condemned extremists

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20
Q

Filippo Brunelleschi

A

Built done on cathedral of Florence
Commissioned by merchant guilds
Inspired by classical past, designed architecture with balance and harmony

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21
Q

Ghiberti

A

Did bronze baptistery doors

Commissioned by merchant guild

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22
Q

Pope Julius II

A

Commissioned Michelangelo to paint ceiling of Sistine chapel
Had lots of criticisms
Warrior pope

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23
Q

Giotto

A

Artist, pioneer in realism
No more stiffness or fakeness
Late medieval period, served as inspiration

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24
Q

Piero Della Francesca and Andrea Mantegna

A

Pioneered perspective and 3d stuff

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25
Q

Donatello

A

Revived classical figure with balance and self awareness, free standing sculptures

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26
Q

Rogues van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck

A

Flemish painters, Northern Europe
Considered equal to Italians
Eyck used oil paints, very realistic

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27
Q

Michelangelo

A

Commissioned by Julius ii to do a bunch of stuff, especially saint peters dome and Sistine chapel ceiling and wall
Sculptures: David, pieta
Paintings: Sistine chapel, last judgment
Architecture: St. Peter’s dome, laurentian library

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28
Q

Raphael

A

Commissioned for frescoes
Oversaw a workshop and his own school of Athens
Write about imitating nature and developing order

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29
Q

Titian

A

Venetian artist
Fast
Used mannerism: distorted figures and exaggerated color to express emotion

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30
Q

Christine de Pizan

A

Defended women and tried to figure our why they didn’t have more rights

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31
Q

Charles VII

A

France, revived monarchy after 100 years war
Reconciled burgundy and Armagnac so no civil war
Expelled English
Organized royal council
Strengthened taxes
First permanent royal army

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32
Q

Louis XI

A

Spider king
Improved army and used it to control nobles and cities
Conquered burgundy, Anjou, bar, Maine, and Provence

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33
Q

Concordat of Bologna

A

Pope gets bishops first year of income
King gets to select bishops
Set up by Francis I of France

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34
Q

War of roses

A

Under Henry IV
Two factions of nobles: York vs Lancaster
Bad, hurt agriculture and trade

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35
Q

Edward IV

A

Yorkist, defeated Lancaster and reconstructed monarch with his bro Richard III and Henry VII
Crushed nobility
Established law
Used Machiavellian tactics
Avoided expensive wars so they didn’t depend on parliament for $$

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36
Q

Henry VII and royal council

A

Chose small landowners and urban people instead of nobles

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37
Q

Court of Star Chambers

A

Royal system of courts

Tortures, no juries, illegal, used to intimidate nobles

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38
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella

A

Loosely united two houses of Spain
Excluded nobles from council
Got right to pick bishops from Alexander VI
Had the spanish inquisition to investigate converters and forced Jews to leave
Their descendants eventually united Iberian peninsula

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39
Q

Prince Henry

A

Of Portugal
“The navigator”
Founded a school which trained sailors and explored west coast of Africa (got gold, pepper, and slaves)

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40
Q

Vasco de Gama

A

Portuguese
Made it to India!!
Returned with cannons and established choke points so Portugal could control trade

41
Q

Hernando Cortés

A

Spanish conquistador
Overwhelmed Aztecs with horses cannons and diplomacy
Established Spanish in NA

42
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Went through treacherous areas at tip of South America

First to circumnavigate

43
Q

John Cabot

A

Italian who helped claim NA for England

44
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

Got some of NA for French

45
Q

St Francis Xavier

A

Jesuit missionary
Used wit and zeal
Established Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan

46
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Brutal conqueror of Incas
Helped by disease
Claimed South America

47
Q

Vasco Nunez de balboa

A

Stowaway hijacked a ship across panama

Discovered Pacific Ocean

48
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Divided world in half for colonization

49
Q

Encomienda system

A

Theory: settlers given land and native labor, protected workers and taught Christianity
Reality: brutal exploitation of native people (potosi mine)

50
Q

Bartholome de las Casas

A

Defended native people
Write book about devastation and abuse
Reformed encomienda system, but was too late

51
Q

Middle Passage

A

12 million African slaves go across Atlantic

Horrible

52
Q

Council of the Indies

A

Spanish council that administered policies about natives

53
Q

Viceroyalty

A

New world was divided by Spain into two of these (New Mexico and Peru) which were subdivided for more control

54
Q

Audiencias

A

Advisory bodies and courts for Spanish governors overseas

55
Q

Gerardus Mercator

A

Flemish mapmaker

Produced first globe and modern world map

56
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

French lawyer and inventor of essay

Influenced by de las Casas and native culture, skeptically viewed European customs

57
Q

Commercial revolution

A

Acceleration in global trade involving new goods and techniques

58
Q

Effects of commercial rev

A

Population growth

Inflation

59
Q

Gentry

A

Independent farmers that produced cash crops for the market

Like bourgeoisie, everyone kinda hated them BC they tried to be nobles

60
Q

Fuggers

A

The Medici of Germany
Close with monarchs
Often funded exploration

61
Q

Putting out system

A

Entrepreneurs put out raw material for families to finish and sell
Especially in textile
Signaled end of guild system
Halfway to factories!!

62
Q

Three principles of mercantilism

A

Scarcity– resources are ltd, good thing to one hurts someone else
Wealth=specie(gold and silver) flowing into the nation (maximize exports and minimize imports)
Gov intervention– though didn’t own the production, took an active part in it

63
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

(1337-1453) Series of wars between France and England about french throne. Destroyed medieval warfare. Joan of arc turned tide towards France

64
Q

Babylonian captivity

A

Since 1307, papacy lived in exile in France

65
Q

Great schism

A

1378-1417

French and Italian popes forced Europe to choose sides

66
Q

Conciliarism

A

Attempt to use church councils to solve great schism and check power of the papacy

67
Q

John Wycliff & John Huss

A

Attacked power and wealth of the church, called for simpler Christianity, set stage for reformation

68
Q

Why was Italy where the Renaissance happened?

A
  1. Geography-crossroads for trade and classical history
  2. Urbanization- 25% of Italians lived in cities, magnet for trade/culture
  3. Social factors- poor nobles often married rich merchants, wealth and cultural achievements outweighed status
  4. Political variety- city states mean there’s no central government to censor and artists and intellectuals could move around freely
69
Q

Virtu

A

True excellence

Uses mind to contribute to ones city state

70
Q

Patria potesta

A

Make head of a family, had a lot of power

71
Q

Lorenzo valla

A

Excelled in ancient languages (philology)

Demonstrated important papal document was a forgery

72
Q

Masaccio

A

Employed perspective geometry and realism in eg expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden, depicts agony and shame

73
Q

Christine de Pisan

A

French noblewoman, published one of the first modern statements of feminism
First to make a living on her own writings

74
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

First lady of the world

Conducted diplomacy on behalf of husband, set up schools for gis

75
Q

Peace of Lodi

A

Ensured peace for Italian peninsula using balance of power for about 40 years

76
Q

Florence

A

Govt: republic led by guilds, but Medici secretly dominated
Center of banking and textiles
Queen City of the renaissance

77
Q

Milan

A 
Military dictatorship (viscontis)
Strategically located for trade
78
Q

Viscontis

A

Ruled Milan for centuries

79
Q

Condottiere

A

Mercenary soldiers

80
Q

Papal States

A

Technically ruled by pope, actually an elective monarchy

81
Q

Renaissance papacy

A

1417-1540s
Not good, popes concerned with politics, luxury, art, and rebuilding Rome
Caused Protestant reformation

82
Q

Venice

A

Technically a republic, really a wealthy oligarchy
Nicknames serene republic
Big trading power BC of contact with Byzantine empire

83
Q

Doge

A

Leader of Venetian govt, chosen by two bodies of wealthy merchants

84
Q

Book of gold

A

Registry of leading families in Venice

Full citizenship rights given if in book

85
Q

Naples

A

Feudal monarchy, eventually won by Ferdinand of Aragon

Didn’t participate much in the Renaissance

86
Q

What did the new Monarchs in Italy try to do after 14th century disasters?

A

Centralize power

87
Q

How new monarchs centralize power?

A
  1. Taxation
  2. Taming aristocracy
  3. Uniform laws
  4. Controlling war
  5. Bureaus
  6. Religious control
88
Q

Francis I

A

Renaissance king of France

Gained control of french clergy through concordat of Bologna

89
Q

Ivan III the great

A

Drove out Mongols from Russia

Claimed Moscow was the 3rd rome

90
Q

Ivan IV the terrible

A

Hated nobles a lot

Continued Russian expansion

91
Q

Mysticism

A

Belief that a Christian could bridge the gap between them and God through meditation, prayer, and devotion

92
Q

In which area did women experience the greatest opportunities during the ren?

93
Q

New inventions that helped with exploration and what did they do

A 
Compass/axial rudder- navigation
Quadrant/astrolabe- measure latitude 
Portolani- detailed maps
Caravel- light maneuverable craft 
Lateen sail- triangular sail 
Perspective geometry/ptolemy's geographica-provide grid like structure
94
Q

Key factor for exploration

A

Strong, centralized state and bureaucracies

This is why Spain and Portugal were first!

95
Q

New weapons that allows exploration

A

Cannons, steel weapons, plate armor

96
Q

Motivations for exploration

A

God, gold, and glory!

Plus technological developments and political motivations

97
Q

Columbian exchange

A

Cultural and economic diffusion of practices and goods across Atlantic
Old world got potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, cocoa, gold and silver, beans, corn, peanuts, & syphilis
New world got horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, bees, rice, wheat, sugar and hella hella diseases

98
Q

Mestizos

A

People of mixed race

99
Q

Bank of Amsterdam

A

Funded commercial dominance of the Netherlands

100
Q

Joint stock companies

A

Pool resources and share risk

Eg Dutch and British east India companies get a monopoly on trade

AP Euro (17 decks)

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