1815-1850 Isms Flashcards
Examples of conservatives
Edmund Burke (1729-97) Joseph de maistre (1753-1821)
Liberalism
Classical liberalism (different than now) Embraced Laissez-faire, enlight reason, and limited monarchy Most came from middle class Eg John Stuart mill (1806-73) defends freedom
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Utilitarianism- gov should find greatest good for greatest number
Wanted separation of church and state, women’s rights, and end of slavery
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Socialist and textile entrepreneur
Built a model factory in Scotland that was really nice to workers (high wages, school, etc)
Tried to start one in Indiana, but it fails
Other examples of socialists
Henri de saint-Simon (1760-1825) Charles Fourier (1772-1837) Wanted cooperation and shared property Louis blanc and national workshops Early socialists? Utopian!
Flora Tristan (1803-1844)
Oppression of women springs from unequal ownership of property
Volksgeist
Created by Johann gottfried herder (1744-1803)
Spirit of the people
Germans celebrate music and traditions (Beethoven and Grimm brothers)
Hegel (1770-1831)
Dialectic process!
History is a clash of opposing ideas-> a synthesis
Giuseppe Mazzini and the carbonari
1805-1872
Secret nationalist society to expel habsburgs from Italy
Later becomes young Italy
Pan-slavism
Indication of all Slavs (poles, Serbs, Croatians, Czechs, Slovaks)
Causes some uprisings, but were quickly crushed
Romanticism
React to enlights reason and science
Emphasize emotions, intuition, nature (mysterious and powerful), nationalism, religion, and the unique individual
Examples of romantic writers
Lord Byron Thomas Carlyle Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (passion) Edgar Allen Poe Mary Shelley Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe) Percy bysshe Shelley William Wordsworth (nature)
Romantic artists
Eugene Delacroix (liberty leading the people) Houses of Parliament J m w turner Beethoven (bridge) Berlioz
Conservatism
Change through adaption, not violent revolution
Customs and traditions are wiser than individual people!
Motives for imperialism
- Economic- need access to raw materials and market for goods, want self-sufficiency
- Political- strategic bases, competition driven by nationalism, outlet for population
- Cultural- missionaries, our duty to civilize inferior people (racial Darwinism and the white mans burden)
Means for imperialism
- Irev2 brings steam power, telegraphs, medical advances, and railroads-> penetrate interior
- Overwhelming military superiority
- Corporate capitalism allowed long term presence and systematic exploitation
King Leopold II of Belgium
Private bankers founded him
Conquered the Congo and brutally exploited resources to get rubber and ivory
Berlin conference
Called by Bismarck in response to Leopold
You have to establish coastal control to get the inside
Had the opposite effect, caused a scramble for Africa
All except Liberia and Ethiopia are controlled
Joseph chamberlain and Cecil Rhodes
British
Chamberlain favored tariff Union between colonies, with independent rule but strong economic ties
Rhodes was an adventurer, dreamed of a cape to Cairo connection
African imperialism? More like Rhodes!
Boer war
Provoked by Rhodes, gb vs Netherlands
Showed how imperialism can cause conflict
Now gb wants allies
How was European control in Asia different than in Africa?
In Asia? Plug in to existing power structure
Africa? Establish control by creating hierarchy and just brutal tactics
Sepoy mutiny
British army subdued Indian revolt with lots of violence
Established direct rule with Queen Victoria
Tried to imbibe India with english language and culture
Imperialism in China?
England and France sell hella opium, China gets mad -> opium wars!
Treaty of Nanking - China has to create free trade ports and surrender hong kong
Russia and Germany? Carve out spheres of influence
Meiji restoration
Japan borrows from western techniques to modernize and avoid being colonized!
Even beats China for the Korean Peninsula!
