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AP Euro > Religious Wars (1550-1650ish)/more EMS > Flashcards

Religious Wars (1550-1650ish)/more EMS Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Francis I

A

Ruler of France

Attempted to stomp out Protestants

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2
Q

Marguerite of Navarre

A

Francis I’s wife

Deeply religious and helped Protestants

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3
Q

Huguenot

A

French Calvinists

Appealed to aristocracy BC they thought they were the elect

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4
Q

Valois monarchy

A

Catholic

In France

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5
Q

Henry II

A

Strong king of France

Death plunged country into conflict over throne and religion

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6
Q

Catherine de Medici

A

Ruled France after Henry II’s death
Politique, wanted stability
Part of Valois monarchy

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7
Q

Henry bourbon

A

Against the Valois monarchy on the Huguenot side

Backed by Protestant nobles

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8
Q

Guise/ultra Catholics

A

Wanted a stronger, more catholic monarch for France

Backed by Jesuits, the pope, & Phillip II

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9
Q

St bartholomews day massacre

A

During wedding between Catherine de medicis daughter and Henry bourbon, rumors break out that the Protestants are plotting to take over
Caused murder of 10,000 french Protestants

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10
Q

Summary of french religious wars

A

13 short wars
Politique Catherine is attacked from both religious sides
Attempts at compromise by Catherine are rejected

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11
Q

War of three Henries

A

Henry guise (ultra catholic) takes Paris
Henry III (Valois) and Henry IV (bourbon Protestant) ally and assassinate him
Henry III is assassinated later
Henry IV takes throne, is blocked by spanish troops, eventually converts to Catholicism & sets bourbon dynasty

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12
Q

Paris is worth a mass

A

What Henry IV said when he converted to Catholicism

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13
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Passed by Henry IV

Allowed Huguenots to practice

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14
Q

Burgundy

A

Aka Low Countries

Aka Netherlands

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15
Q

Iconoclast revolt

A

People in burgundy are upset with Philips IIs taxes and strict religious stuff
So they smash statues & church decorations

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16
Q

Duke of alba

A

Sent by Philip II to subdue the Netherlands harshly

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17
Q

Council of blood

A

Set up by duke of alba
Executed Protestant nobles
Only made things worse

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18
Q

William the silent

A

Leader of the Dutch revolution

From the house of orange

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19
Q

Sea beggars

A

Pirates against Spain

Joined revolutionary cause

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20
Q

Pacification of Ghent

A

Netherlands calls for end of spanish rule

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21
Q

Alexander Farnese

A

Philip II nephew
Sent to subdue Netherlands
Succeeded in winning back 10 southern provinces

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22
Q

Union of arras

A

10 of 17 Burgundian provinces agree to come back to Spain

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23
Q

Union of Utrecht

A

Northern provinces form it with the intent of leaving Spain

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24
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Phillip II is mad that elizabeth I is helping the Netherlands
So he sends an armada but the English ships are smaller and more maneuverable
Signaled rise of Protestantism/England

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25
Q

Twelve years truce

A

Signed by Phillip III

Granted Dutch independence

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26
Q

Spanish Netherlands

A

The southern 10 provinces that remained loyal

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27
Q

Why did the Spanish empire decline?

A
  1. Spain overextended itself, caused high taxes
  2. Crusading mentality led to persecution of talented minorities
  3. Internal revolts and population decline
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28
Q

Moriscos

A

Muslim concerts to Catholicism

Persecuted in Spain

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29
Q

German religious unions

A

Protestant Union and catholic league

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30
Q

Golden bull of 1356

A

HRE is elected emperor by catholic and Protestant states

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31
Q

Ferdinand II

How did he start the 30 years war?

A

To gain bohemias vote he promised to respect the nobles religious freedom
Once they elected him he went back on his promise

32
Q

Defenestration of Prague

A

Bohemian nobles tossed two imperial officers out of a castle in Prague
Elected Frederick v as new king

33
Q

4 phases of 30 years war (1618-1648)

A

Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
Franco-Swedish

34
Q

Bohemian phase

A

Ferdinand II (catholic) beat Frederick v (Protestant) at white mountain
Ferdinand II is elected emperor, took away land from bohemian nobles and starts a counter reformation
Catholics are victorious!

35
Q

Danish

A

Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) vs wallenstein (catholic?)
Wallenstein wins!

36
Q

Edict of restitution

A

Ferdinand II issues it
Returns all confiscated church lands
Angered both catholic and Protestant nobles

37
Q

Swedish phase

A

Swedens Gustavus adolphus enters (Lutheran) and defeats imperial forces

38
Q

Magdeburg

A

During Swedish phase this city was sacked and burned, killing thousands of civilians

39
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Advisor under Louis xiii

Brought france into conflict to try to reduce power of the habsburgs

40
Q

Peace of Prague

A

Signed by Ferdinand III
Ended the war and revoked edict of restitution
Didn’t actually end the fighting tho

41
Q

Franco-Swedish phase

A

Most violent phase
Germany = battleground
France defeats Spain at battle of rocroi France is goin up!

42
Q

Philip IV of Spain

A

Tried to keep fighting against France even tho they had internal rebellions in Portugal and Catalonia

43
Q

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

A

Major turning point!
Gaining power? France, Sweden, Prussia, Netherlands
Losing? HRE & Spain
No European religious unity

44
Q

Military revolution

A

Gunpowder, mounted foot soldier, mass volleys, and more flexible tactics
Governments grew larger, more centralized, and more focused on warfare

45
Q

Philip II

A

Ruler of Spain
Son of Charles I (v of HRE)
Protector of Catholicism, started religious wars

46
Q

In which side of Europe was serfdom more strict?

A

East

47
Q

Pugachev revolt (1770s)

A

Largest peasant uprising in history
In Russia
Eventually crushed

48
Q

What happened to illegitimacy rate between 1750-1850

A

It skyrocketed!
Why? Cottage industry meant couples could get income and children were useful
Caused infanticide

49
Q

Cottage industry

A

Earning money at home by finishing products

50
Q

Views on child hood and how they changed

A

Traditionally? Sinful sprigs of adam that should be punished

1700’s? John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau stress that children need love, guidance, and shielding from the world

51
Q

What country experienced greatest increase of cottage industry and in which field?

A

Great Britain with textiles

52
Q

Scientific agriculture/agricultural revolution

A

Changes in crop and livestock farming in the 1700’s

53
Q

Charles turnip Townsend (1674-1738)

A

Agricultural reformer
Supported fodder crops like turnips, clover, and alfalfa
Potato became a staple

54
Q

Jethro tull (1674-1741)

A

Used drainage techniques like terracing to clear land
Used hoe and seed drill +selective breeding
Used enlight reason

55
Q

Enclosure acts 1700’s

A

Allowed wealthy landowners to buy up land and enclose it in large manors
Produced a very unequal system
Drove people into cities

56
Q

Triangular trade

A

Between Europe, Africa, and Americas

Allowed for exchange of goods and slaves

57
Q

Effects of global trade

A
  1. Capitalist system of private property
  2. Middle class gets richer and merges with aristocracy through marriage
  3. Intensification of commercial rivalries -> war!
58
Q

Big rivalries in 1700’s?

A

France vs England

Prussia vs Austria

59
Q

Problems in France leading to Frev

A
  1. Louis xv sucked and didn’t really care about govt
  2. Parliament in Paris had legal and tax power, so clash with “absolute” monarchy
  3. Taxes/economic prices, see Mississippi bubble
60
Q

Mississippi bubble (1720)

A

France Tried to reform tax system and get rid of war debt through stocks
Didn’t work, bankrupted thousands and created personal debt for the king
France’s credit industry lagged behind

61
Q

King in parliament system

A

Unique! English monarch work with parliament and prime minister to pass stuff

62
Q

Hanoverians

A

German dynasty that is the new english monarchy!
First? George I (1714-1727)
Unpopular, but Whigs thought they were better than Catholics

63
Q

South sea bubble

A

England tried to issue stocks based on profit in SA
Stock is overvalued -> big loss
But unlike France? Gb recovers!

64
Q

ROBERT Walpole

A

1sr prime minister
Responsible for britains cabinet system
Advance commerce and avoid war

65
Q

Eighteenth century warfare?

A

Strategy! Not as deadly!

Infantry used inaccurate smoothbore muskets and bright uniforms

66
Q

War of Austrian succession

A

Frederick II (Prussia) attacks Maria Teresa (austria) in defiance of pragmatic sanction
France joined Prussia to get rid of habsburgs
Britain joined Austria

67
Q

Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle

A

Treat between England and France, preserved most Austrian land

68
Q

Results of war of Austrian succession?

A
  1. France is in a bad position

2. Austria and Prussia uneasily coexist

69
Q

Maria Teresa’s reforms

A

Centralized collection of taxes and bureaucracy, tripled army, promoted primary education, outlawed torture and death penalty
Primary goal? Rep capture Silesia (lost in war)

70
Q

Count Von kaunitz (1711-94) and the diplomatic revolution (1756)

A

Convinced France to ally with Austria

This forced gb to ally with Prussia

71
Q

7 years war (1756-63$

A

Fights between gb and Prussia vs Austria and France

72
Q

Treaty of Hubertusburg (1756)

A

Prussia gets to keep Silesia!

Frederick II fought , plus gb helped and France was disorganized

73
Q

William Pitt the elder (1708-78)

A

Great Britain

Led hella victories over France on land and especially sea -> gb’s victory!

74
Q

Treaty of Paris (1756)

A

Gb secured dominant position in North America and India
France wins back Caribbean
Gb is the winner, but France continues to grow

75
Q

Results of treaty of Paris?

A
  1. Set stage for American Revolution in British colonists Bc
  2. Set stage for French Revolution BC
  3. Set up strong British colonial presence in India

AP Euro (17 decks)

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