Religious Wars (1550-1650ish)/more EMS Flashcards
Francis I
Ruler of France
Attempted to stomp out Protestants
Marguerite of Navarre
Francis I’s wife
Deeply religious and helped Protestants
Huguenot
French Calvinists
Appealed to aristocracy BC they thought they were the elect
Valois monarchy
Catholic
In France
Henry II
Strong king of France
Death plunged country into conflict over throne and religion
Catherine de Medici
Ruled France after Henry II’s death
Politique, wanted stability
Part of Valois monarchy
Henry bourbon
Against the Valois monarchy on the Huguenot side
Backed by Protestant nobles
Guise/ultra Catholics
Wanted a stronger, more catholic monarch for France
Backed by Jesuits, the pope, & Phillip II
St bartholomews day massacre
During wedding between Catherine de medicis daughter and Henry bourbon, rumors break out that the Protestants are plotting to take over
Caused murder of 10,000 french Protestants
Summary of french religious wars
13 short wars
Politique Catherine is attacked from both religious sides
Attempts at compromise by Catherine are rejected
War of three Henries
Henry guise (ultra catholic) takes Paris
Henry III (Valois) and Henry IV (bourbon Protestant) ally and assassinate him
Henry III is assassinated later
Henry IV takes throne, is blocked by spanish troops, eventually converts to Catholicism & sets bourbon dynasty
Paris is worth a mass
What Henry IV said when he converted to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes
Passed by Henry IV
Allowed Huguenots to practice
Burgundy
Aka Low Countries
Aka Netherlands
Iconoclast revolt
People in burgundy are upset with Philips IIs taxes and strict religious stuff
So they smash statues & church decorations
Duke of alba
Sent by Philip II to subdue the Netherlands harshly
Council of blood
Set up by duke of alba
Executed Protestant nobles
Only made things worse
William the silent
Leader of the Dutch revolution
From the house of orange
Sea beggars
Pirates against Spain
Joined revolutionary cause
Pacification of Ghent
Netherlands calls for end of spanish rule
Alexander Farnese
Philip II nephew
Sent to subdue Netherlands
Succeeded in winning back 10 southern provinces
Union of arras
10 of 17 Burgundian provinces agree to come back to Spain
Union of Utrecht
Northern provinces form it with the intent of leaving Spain
Spanish Armada
Phillip II is mad that elizabeth I is helping the Netherlands
So he sends an armada but the English ships are smaller and more maneuverable
Signaled rise of Protestantism/England
Twelve years truce
Signed by Phillip III
Granted Dutch independence
Spanish Netherlands
The southern 10 provinces that remained loyal
Why did the Spanish empire decline?
- Spain overextended itself, caused high taxes
- Crusading mentality led to persecution of talented minorities
- Internal revolts and population decline
Moriscos
Muslim concerts to Catholicism
Persecuted in Spain
German religious unions
Protestant Union and catholic league
Golden bull of 1356
HRE is elected emperor by catholic and Protestant states
Ferdinand II
How did he start the 30 years war?
To gain bohemias vote he promised to respect the nobles religious freedom
Once they elected him he went back on his promise
Defenestration of Prague
Bohemian nobles tossed two imperial officers out of a castle in Prague
Elected Frederick v as new king
4 phases of 30 years war (1618-1648)
Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
Franco-Swedish
Bohemian phase
Ferdinand II (catholic) beat Frederick v (Protestant) at white mountain
Ferdinand II is elected emperor, took away land from bohemian nobles and starts a counter reformation
Catholics are victorious!
Danish
Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) vs wallenstein (catholic?)
Wallenstein wins!
Edict of restitution
Ferdinand II issues it
Returns all confiscated church lands
Angered both catholic and Protestant nobles
Swedish phase
Swedens Gustavus adolphus enters (Lutheran) and defeats imperial forces
Magdeburg
During Swedish phase this city was sacked and burned, killing thousands of civilians
Cardinal Richelieu
Advisor under Louis xiii
Brought france into conflict to try to reduce power of the habsburgs
Peace of Prague
Signed by Ferdinand III
Ended the war and revoked edict of restitution
Didn’t actually end the fighting tho
Franco-Swedish phase
Most violent phase
Germany = battleground
France defeats Spain at battle of rocroi France is goin up!
Philip IV of Spain
Tried to keep fighting against France even tho they had internal rebellions in Portugal and Catalonia
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Major turning point!
Gaining power? France, Sweden, Prussia, Netherlands
Losing? HRE & Spain
No European religious unity
Military revolution
Gunpowder, mounted foot soldier, mass volleys, and more flexible tactics
Governments grew larger, more centralized, and more focused on warfare
Philip II
Ruler of Spain
Son of Charles I (v of HRE)
Protector of Catholicism, started religious wars
In which side of Europe was serfdom more strict?
East
Pugachev revolt (1770s)
Largest peasant uprising in history
In Russia
Eventually crushed
What happened to illegitimacy rate between 1750-1850
It skyrocketed!
Why? Cottage industry meant couples could get income and children were useful
Caused infanticide
Cottage industry
Earning money at home by finishing products
Views on child hood and how they changed
Traditionally? Sinful sprigs of adam that should be punished
1700’s? John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau stress that children need love, guidance, and shielding from the world
What country experienced greatest increase of cottage industry and in which field?
Great Britain with textiles
Scientific agriculture/agricultural revolution
Changes in crop and livestock farming in the 1700’s
Charles turnip Townsend (1674-1738)
Agricultural reformer
Supported fodder crops like turnips, clover, and alfalfa
Potato became a staple
Jethro tull (1674-1741)
Used drainage techniques like terracing to clear land
Used hoe and seed drill +selective breeding
Used enlight reason
Enclosure acts 1700’s
Allowed wealthy landowners to buy up land and enclose it in large manors
Produced a very unequal system
Drove people into cities
Triangular trade
Between Europe, Africa, and Americas
Allowed for exchange of goods and slaves
Effects of global trade
- Capitalist system of private property
- Middle class gets richer and merges with aristocracy through marriage
- Intensification of commercial rivalries -> war!
Big rivalries in 1700’s?
France vs England
Prussia vs Austria
Problems in France leading to Frev
- Louis xv sucked and didn’t really care about govt
- Parliament in Paris had legal and tax power, so clash with “absolute” monarchy
- Taxes/economic prices, see Mississippi bubble
Mississippi bubble (1720)
France Tried to reform tax system and get rid of war debt through stocks
Didn’t work, bankrupted thousands and created personal debt for the king
France’s credit industry lagged behind
King in parliament system
Unique! English monarch work with parliament and prime minister to pass stuff
Hanoverians
German dynasty that is the new english monarchy!
First? George I (1714-1727)
Unpopular, but Whigs thought they were better than Catholics
South sea bubble
England tried to issue stocks based on profit in SA
Stock is overvalued -> big loss
But unlike France? Gb recovers!
ROBERT Walpole
1sr prime minister
Responsible for britains cabinet system
Advance commerce and avoid war
Eighteenth century warfare?
Strategy! Not as deadly!
Infantry used inaccurate smoothbore muskets and bright uniforms
War of Austrian succession
Frederick II (Prussia) attacks Maria Teresa (austria) in defiance of pragmatic sanction
France joined Prussia to get rid of habsburgs
Britain joined Austria
Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
Treat between England and France, preserved most Austrian land
Results of war of Austrian succession?
- France is in a bad position
2. Austria and Prussia uneasily coexist
Maria Teresa’s reforms
Centralized collection of taxes and bureaucracy, tripled army, promoted primary education, outlawed torture and death penalty
Primary goal? Rep capture Silesia (lost in war)
Count Von kaunitz (1711-94) and the diplomatic revolution (1756)
Convinced France to ally with Austria
This forced gb to ally with Prussia
7 years war (1756-63$
Fights between gb and Prussia vs Austria and France
Treaty of Hubertusburg (1756)
Prussia gets to keep Silesia!
Frederick II fought , plus gb helped and France was disorganized
William Pitt the elder (1708-78)
Great Britain
Led hella victories over France on land and especially sea -> gb’s victory!
Treaty of Paris (1756)
Gb secured dominant position in North America and India
France wins back Caribbean
Gb is the winner, but France continues to grow
Results of treaty of Paris?
- Set stage for American Revolution in British colonists Bc
- Set stage for French Revolution BC
- Set up strong British colonial presence in India
