1850-1914 Society

Question 1

Developments of 2nd irev

Answer 1

Mass production (assembly line) 
Reinforced concrete (skyscrapers)
Chemicals
Electricity (light, streetcars)
Petroleum-> internal combustion engines
Refrigeration, photography, elevators, kitchen appliances, movies, x Rays

Question 2

Advances in transportation

Answer 2

Steamships allowed faster ocean journeys
Suez Canal & Panama Canal
Airplanes had military uses
Streetcars and subways-> suburbs

Question 3

Communication advances

Answer 3

Transatlantic telegraph cable
Telephone
Standardized time zones
Radio

Question 4

What did European economy go through?

Answer 4

Boom and bust cycles

Question 5

Advances in business

Answer 5

Modern corporation is born
Some form cartels to control prices/ consortia to control interest rates
Horizontal and vertical integration allowed companies to control the entire process
Still relied on gold standard
Move towards protectionism

Question 6

Consumerism

Answer 6

Advances in billboards, newspapers, and catalogs causes this

Paris opens first department store in the world, Bon marché

Question 7

How did irev2 change the balance of power?

Answer 7

Germany surpassed Britain in steel, iron, coal, and chemicals
Us beats both
But? European economy dominated the world-hella colonies

Question 8

What happened to pop between 1850-1914?

Answer 8

Soared by 75%! And later? Leveled off!
Why? Drop in death rate caused by improved public health and medical care
Why leveling off? European families become smaller

Question 9

Developments in medicine

Answer 9

Lots!!
Louis Pasteur demonstrated how bacteria causes disease, develops pasteurization, and creates rabies vaccine
Joseph lister developed antiseptic and anesthetics-> safer surgery
John Hopkins university is created, focus on research
Governments jump in to track diseases

Question 10

Urban reform

Answer 10

Address problems like pollution, living conditions, and transportation
Create parks, monuments, etc
Rebuilding of Paris caused workers to lose their housing
Vienna=rebuilt, ringstrasse is a bvd
Some public housing for the poor

Question 11

Leisure time activities?

Answer 11

Reformers were concerned what the lower class would do with extra time, so they created dance halls, amusement parks, and sports
Established first Olympics

Question 12

Education and literacy reforms

Answer 12

Literacy skyrocketed
Governments use state schools to support national interests
Education act of 1870- establish British elementary schools

Question 13

Developments in family and childhood

Answer 13

Victorian ideal! 
Men dominate business, politics, war
Women do domestic stuff 
Home=refuge from harsh world 
People invested more in their children (schooling, toys, books, activities, boy/Girl Scouts)

Question 14

3 characteristics of mass politics

Answer 14

1. Mass communication (govts could manipulate people, but also people could get informed)
2. Democracy and authoritarianism (leaders were most influential)
3. Increase in conflict (ethnic and class)

Question 15

Liberal achievements by 1880

Answer 15

Constitutional government 
Representatives
Free trade
More votes 
More rights
Middle class influence 
More education 
Weakening of churches
Self determination

Question 16

How do liberals change?

Answer 16

Classical liberalism is weakening bc of mass politics and the side effects of irevs (crime, conditions, etc)
Most governments use protectionism
So liberals abandon Laissez faire for extending social welfare

Question 17

Third republic of France

Answer 17

Kind of a shitty start (Franco Prussian war and class conflict)
Moderates establish parliamentary democracy
But? Catholic Church and monarchists are still mad
Still divided!

Question 18

General Boulanger of France

Answer 18

Was going to take over and establish military rule, but got nervous and fled
Embarrassing!

Question 19

Dreyfus affair

Answer 19

France finds Alfred Dreyfus (a Jew) guilty of treason from not much evidence
Republicans and other countries got mad
Emile Zola condemned authoritarianism in j’accuzd
Eventually Dreyfus is pardoned

Question 20

Victorian age in gb

Answer 20

Period of prosperity, imperial greatness, and parliamentary democracy!
Reform driven by conservatives and liberals, not by a centralized bureaucracy
Vote is expanded to all men!

Question 21

Liberal/conservative leaders

Answer 21

Liberal? William Gladstone-> universal schooling, legalized unions, etc
Conservative? Benjamin Disraeli-> protect workers with acts on housing and sanitation

Question 22

Liberal reforms in gb

Answer 22

They become kinda socialist to compete with labor party
National insurance act (1911)- Initiate welfare system of sickness, old age, accident, unemployment
Strikes and unions are allowed
Progressive income tax created
Women want more rights

Question 23

Parliament act of 1911

Answer 23

Removed veto power of House of Lords

Question 24

GBS biggest issue?

Answer 24

Situation in Ireland

Gladstone got rid of Anglican Church, but Catholics still wanted home rule (granted in 1914)

Question 25

Bismarcks policies on church?

Answer 25

At first? Liberal, tries to attack power of clergy, expel Jesuits, and jail bishops in response to pope pius ix
After it failed, he abandoned it and allied with catholic center party

Question 26

Bismarcks policies on social Democratic Party

Answer 26

Passed anti socialist laws, restrict meetings
Initiated welfare program to win over workers (state socialism) of old age, accident, unemployment, and health
Created pan German league to please nationalists

Question 27

Kaiser William II

Answer 27

Fires Bismarck
Aggressive foreign policy
Breaks alliance with Russia
Just generally an idiot

Question 28

Austria Hungary on eve of wwi

Answer 28

Continued to experience ethnic tensions

Anti-semitism forms, enforced by Christian social party and Karl lueger

Question 29

Transformismo

Answer 29

Italy forms around shifting relationships, not a party system

Question 30

Working class unions did what?

Answer 30

Bargain collectively for better wages and working conditions- bread and butter approach
Used strikes to achieve demands

Question 31

Socialist parties and leaders

Answer 31

SDP in Germany, largest party (eduard Bernstein)
Second international (1889)- broken up when wwi starts
Fabian- more moderate (led by h g wells and Bernard shaw) in GB
Labour Party- became GBS second biggest party
All in all? Revisionist socialism, not Marxist

Question 32

What developed in less developed nations instead of moderate socialism?

Answer 32

Militant socialism (France) or anarchy (Russia)
George’s sorel and anarcho-syndicalists want to create one strike
Mikhail Bakunin led anarchism in Russia through assassinations

Question 33

Women’s place in the work force?

Answer 33

Some gained white collar jobs as phone operators, clerks, nurses, etc
However, many forced to assemble simple items at home while raising children (sweating)

Question 34

Annie besant
Margaret Sanger
Josephine butler

Answer 34

Championed cause of birth control, which was often banned
Gained rights in western states to property, divorce, and custody
Contagious disease act=prostitutes have to be tested-> Josephine gets mad and has it repealed

Question 35

Pankhurst family

Answer 35

Led the suffragette movement
Organized women’s social and political union
Used militant actions to gain vote (eggs, arson, hunger strikes, etc)
Most gained vote after wwi

Question 36

New women

Answer 36

Though most werent like this, some females gained freedom! 
Maria Montessori (schools)
Florence nightingale- nursing 
Elizabeth Blackwell- doctor
Literature reflects themes of independent women (doll house)

Question 37

Anti semitism

Answer 37

Jews are liberated and go into business
Prominent Jewish intellectuals promoted backlash of a-s
Fueled by darwins theories
Russia organized pogroms against Jews

Question 38

Zionism

Answer 38

Founded by theodor Herzl

Called for a Jewish homeland, thousands go to Palestine

Question 39

Bessemer process

Answer 39

Allowed steel to replace iron as essential metal for construction